Bridging Connectivity Gaps and Harnessing e-Resilience | IGF 2023 Networking Session #104

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The analysis explores the challenges and potential solutions for fibre connectivity in remote areas. One of the main challenges identified is the distance between villages, which presents a significant hurdle for fibre connectivity without the use of repeaters. However, the analysis points out that fibre connectivity has evolved over time, offering solutions such as low earth satellites or microwave links to connect remote areas.

These alternatives may be cost-effective in the short term, but it is acknowledged that fibre connectivity provides a much greater transmission capacity compared to satellites and microwaves.

The analysis also notes that fibre connectivity can provide up to ten times more transmission capacity than satellites or microwaves.

Additionally, the size of a cable, which can be as small as a finger, can accommodate up to 48 fibre cores. While satellites have a lifespan of five to seven years, fibre connectivity offers a more durable and long-lasting option.

It is suggested that cost-effective options like satellites and microwaves may be initially considered for remote areas, with fibre connectivity being implemented as economies develop.

The cost of fibre connectivity is estimated to be £6,000 per kilometre, while satellites offer a transmission capacity of one giga BPS per beam and fixed microwaves have a transmission capacity of one giga BPS.

The analysis raises important questions about the extent to which fibre connectivity can cover underserved areas in Nepal and the projected timeline for implementation.

Furthermore, there is interest in comparing the current solution to TV-wise space technology, which indicates a desire for understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each system.

In addition to infrastructure and technology concerns, the analysis delves into the composition of the LUGs device, particularly inquiring about the integration of open software and hardware.

Furthermore, there is an interest in the possibilities of customisation for local communities to cater to their specific needs. This highlights the importance of ensuring that connectivity solutions are adaptable and tailored to the unique requirements of different communities.

In terms of sustainability, the analysis addresses concerns about the supply chain in the event of breakdowns and device replacements.

It also raises potential issues with e-waste, showing concern for responsible consumption and production.

Overall, the analysis provides an insightful exploration of the challenges and potential solutions for fibre connectivity in remote areas. It highlights the need for repeaters to overcome the distance obstacle, while also recognising the significant advantages and capacity of fibre connectivity compared to other alternatives.

The analysis prompts important considerations and questions related to coverage, timeline, technology comparisons, customisation, and sustainability, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

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The Indian government is putting substantial effort into digitalising governance and infrastructure. They have plans to conduct trials not only in India but also in other developing nations. This effort is particularly important because currently, 50% of the population in India does not have access to the internet.

By digitalising governance and infrastructure, the government aims to bridge this digital divide and ensure that all citizens have access to crucial services and information.

The adoption of LUX for digital infrastructure in developing nations is also supported.

The LUX project highlights the significance of access to information, especially in the aftermath of disasters. By implementing LUX, countries can have a more resilient and reliable digital infrastructure that can provide vital information during and after catastrophes. This emphasises the role of technology in building sustainable cities and communities, as outlined in SDG 11.

Another area of focus is the potential of local AI services.

These services have various applications, particularly in e-education and public distribution systems. By utilising local AI services, data can be processed faster, security can be enhanced, and there can be a reduction in bandwidth consumption and energy usage. This has implications for SDG 4, which aims to ensure quality education for all, and SDG 9, which focuses on industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

Furthermore, training local individuals for device maintenance is seen as beneficial in terms of ensuring the smooth operation of digital infrastructure.

A case study in the Philippines demonstrated the effectiveness of training local people to address any issues that may arise with the devices. This approach promotes local capacity building and empowers communities to take ownership of their digital infrastructure.

In terms of hardware, the availability of components for sustainable production is worth noting.

Lugs, a project built using off-the-shelf components, highlights the accessibility of these components in various locations, not just specific to Japan. This promotes responsible consumption and production, as stated under SDG 12.

Additionally, there is the possibility of incorporating open hardware, such as Raspberry Pi, into future products.

Chandraprakash Sharma hints at this potential, highlighting the advantages of open hardware for their products. Open hardware can foster innovation and collaboration, encouraging the development of new technologies and solutions.

Overall, the efforts towards digitalising governance and infrastructure in India and other developing nations are commendable.

By addressing issues such as internet access, device maintenance training, and utilising local AI services, these countries can harness the power of technology for the betterment of society. The availability of hardware components and the potential of incorporating open hardware further contribute to sustainable production and innovation.

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Dr. Haruo Okamura proposes a solution for connecting unconnected rural areas in a phased manner using Rural Area Connectivity (RACs) and optical fibre cables called BIRD. The approach begins with the implementation of independent RACs intranet in villages, which are then interconnected using BIRD cables.

BIRD cables, which can be easily laid on the ground surface, are submarine cables known for their high robustness.

The success of this connectivity solution has been demonstrated through its implementation in an unexplored jungle in a Nepal mountain village in 2019.

The optical fibre cable was laid by local residents using their own hands, showcasing the potential of this approach.

Fibre connectivity, such as that offered by BIRD cables, offers several advantages over wireless technologies. It has been found that a single fibre can provide more than ten times the capacity of wireless options.

BIRD cables consist of up to 48 fibre cores enclosed in a stainless welded tube, making them suitable for various terrains. With state-of-the-art technologies, fibre connectivity can operate without repeaters for distances exceeding 500 km. Furthermore, BIRD cables achieve cost reductions of up to 90% due to their simple construction on the ground surface.

The successful implementation and innovation of BIRD cables in rural connectivity have gained recognition, as evidenced by the World Summit for Information Society championship awarded to the project.

The National Telecom Authority of Nepal has also granted permission to use BIRD technology in the regions of Mount Everest and Mount Annapurna.

While TV white space spectrum can cover large areas, it is important to note that it does not match the capacity provided by fibre cables.

Fibre cables, like BIRD, offer significantly higher capacity compared to TV white space spectrum. This highlights the importance of optical fibre cables in connecting rural areas effectively.

In summary, Dr. Haruo Okamura proposes utilising RACs and BIRD cables to connect unconnected rural areas.

The success of this approach has been demonstrated in Nepal mountain villages, with BIRD cables providing high capacity and significant cost reductions. The recognition and permits granted for BIRD technology further validate its effectiveness in rural connectivity.

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LUX, an innovative communication system, has been successfully implemented and fully tested in the Philippines. It offers a range of features, including voice calls, messaging, and bulletin systems, seamlessly integrated into local use cases, such as learning management systems. The successful implementation of LUX was demonstrated through the testing of its performance and functionality, including its ability to operate in remote areas.

One notable aspect of LUX is its ability to operate in remote areas, thanks to its methodology that incorporates both local and cloud storage.

This means that even in areas with limited connectivity, LUX can still provide reliable communication capabilities. All data on the local LUX system can be synced to the cloud when internet connectivity becomes available, ensuring continuous access to communication services.

This feature makes LUX a reliable and effective solution for areas with limited connectivity.

Furthermore, LUX has significant potential impacts on the community, particularly in the area of disaster management. During times of disaster, access to critical information is vital for making informed decisions.

LUX improves this access by providing a reliable communication channel, facilitating efficient and effective decision-making processes. Additionally, LUX enhances coordination among different stakeholders involved in disaster response, enabling faster and more coordinated efforts.

LUX also plays a key role in promoting community engagement in disaster management.

By providing a platform for communication, it encourages more inclusive and community-driven approaches to disaster response. This ensures that local communities have a voice in the decision-making process and strengthens their resilience and ability to seek aid and communicate during these events, reducing feelings of isolation.

Another significant advantage of LUX is its contribution to capacity building in disaster communication and response.

By utilizing LUX, individuals and organizations can develop essential skills in disaster management, response, and communication. This helps enhance overall resilience and the ability to effectively respond to and recover from future disasters.

In conclusion, the successful implementation of LUX in the Philippines showcases its capabilities as an innovative communication system.

Its integration into local use cases and its ability to operate in remote areas highlight its adaptability and reliability. Furthermore, LUX has the potential to bring about positive changes in disaster management by improving access to critical information, enhancing coordination, promoting community engagement, and building capacity.

Overall, LUX enables better communication and resilience in communities, making it an invaluable tool for addressing challenges.

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Several projects have been discussed in the Philippines to address the issue of internet connectivity and infrastructure. One of these projects is the CBISnet Foundation, which operates under the Department of Science and Technology. Their main objective is to implement a locally accessible cloud system on Hilutungan Island, aiming to bridge the gap in internet access.

The project timeline is set from 2019 to 2023.

To ensure the success of these projects, the involvement of various stakeholders, such as ATR and APNIC, is essential. Collaboration with different partners and stakeholders has been established, demonstrating a commitment to fostering partnerships.

Continuous training is also provided to various stakeholders, including schools, local communities, fishermen, housewives, and students. One notable achievement is the training of teachers to troubleshoot and install the system, enabling them to support the implementation process.

A key emphasis of these projects is the importance of grassroots penetration and user adaptability.

The aim is to introduce technology in a simplistic manner to island communities, working at a grassroots level. Infrastructure is installed, and teachers and students are trained to ensure system accessibility. Furthermore, the projects are being introduced during non-disaster times, enabling their application for normal scenarios and experiences.

These projects have demonstrated their adaptive potential during crises.

For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, new use cases, such as a learning management system, were introduced. This highlights the flexibility and versatility of the cloud-based learning system in addressing unexpected challenges. Additionally, during disasters in 2022, the cloud system was utilized as a charging station, facilitating device charging and supporting communities in times of need.

A platform called LUX, which initially started with file repositories and calls, evolved into different modules based on real scenarios in the community.

It proved to be an effective charging station for devices on islands during emergencies. This adaptability and evolution of LUX exemplify the project’s dedication to meeting the evolving needs of the community.

Recognising the need for low-cost solutions to connectivity challenges, there have been suggestions to explore low-cost fiber optics.

This demonstrates a commitment to finding cost-effective alternatives to improve connectivity in the country.

Overall, these projects, including Project LUX and the new Frontline Operations System, aim to advance and adapt to meet the needs of the community.

The continuous evolution of LUX and the introduction of the Frontline Operations System reflect the commitment to innovation and ensuring that the projects remain relevant and effective.

In conclusion, these projects in the Philippines highlight the efforts to improve internet connectivity and infrastructure.

Through collaboration with stakeholders, an emphasis on grassroots penetration, and an adaptive approach, these projects aim to bridge the gap in internet access and meet the evolving needs of the community. The pursuit of low-cost solutions and the commitment to continuous advancement demonstrate a dedication to achieving sustainable connectivity in the country.

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The analysis delves into several discussions revolving around internet access, connectivity, and the digital divide. It highlights the persistent issue of a large proportion of the global population, particularly in less developed countries, lacking access to the internet. Supporting this finding, it is mentioned that 64% of the population in less developed countries currently do not have internet access.

This statistic emphasises the significant gap that exists in terms of digital connectivity across the world.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of connectivity became increasingly evident. As countries adapted to the new normal, various sectors and services, including education and healthcare, heavily relied on online platforms and connectivity.

This dependency underscored the critical role that connectivity plays in providing access to essential services and maintaining continuity in times of crisis.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the vulnerability of connectivity during disasters. It asserts that connectivity tends to be disrupted in such situations, further exacerbating the challenges faced by affected populations.

To address this issue, the argument leans towards making internet access resilient and readily available to unconnected populations. This stance is supported by the need for a backup plan to ensure continuous connectivity, even in the face of disasters.

Several concepts have been proposed to overcome the challenges associated with disaster-affected areas.

MDRU (Mobile DRT for Restoration of Unserviceable Communications) and LUGS (Local Ultrawideband Geosynchronous System) are mentioned as potential solutions for restoring communication services. MDRU involves bringing resources for restoring communication services to disaster-affected areas, while LUGS focuses on restoring internet services like social networking through the use of portable devices.

The successful development of a LUGS prototype demonstrates its potential to bridge internet connectivity gaps, particularly in areas with limited broadband or internet penetration.

LUX, a platform designed for disaster management, proves its usefulness in various scenarios. Through its file repositories, call functionalities, and capability to serve as a charging station for devices during disasters, LUX facilitates better coordination among different stakeholders, improves access to critical information, increases community engagement, and reduces isolation during crises.

The push for digitalisation of governance and infrastructure, especially in India, is highlighted as a means to address the digital divide.

It is stated that around 50% of the population in India lacks internet access. The lax network technology emerges as a potential solution, particularly in disaster-hit regions, e-education, and the distribution of government aid information.

AI technology, when applied at a local or edge level, is seen as highly beneficial to underserved populations in various sectors.

AI offers faster data processing, enhanced security while consuming less bandwidth, and can provide insights for farmers, healthcare workers, safety workers, emergency responders, and educational sectors. The potential of AI, combined with the energy-efficient nature of AI systems, such as being capable of charging through solar panels, further underscores its benefits.

The continuous learning and development of the LUX platform are highlighted, with potential plans for low-cost fibre optics as a solution.

This demonstrates the platform’s adaptability and commitment to meeting the evolving needs of connectivity.

Notably, collaboration and networking are emphasised as crucial factors in bridging the digital divide. The analysis suggests that by working together and sharing knowledge, participants can find innovative solutions that address the challenges arising from the lack of access to the internet.

In conclusion, the analysis sheds light on the pressing issue of internet access, connectivity, and the digital divide.

It underscores the importance of connectivity in various aspects of life, particularly during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and in disaster situations. The proposed concepts, such as MDRU, LUGS, and LUX, offer potential solutions to address connectivity challenges. Additionally, the potential of digitalisation, AI technology, and collaboration highlight the avenues available to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to the internet and its benefits.

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Toshikazu Sakano, a dedicated researcher at the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International in Kyoto, Japan, is devoted to researching and developing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for disaster countermeasures. His passion for this area of study was ignited after the devastating earthquake that struck Japan in 2011.

Sakano’s commitment to finding innovative solutions that enhance disaster response and mitigate the impacts of such events is commendable.
In addition to his research, Sakano has recently established a startup company called Negro Networks. The main objective of this venture is to commercialise the LUGS (Local User Gateway System) project.

LUGS aims to address the crucial need for restoring local communication during disasters. The project offers a portable device that enables individuals to access social networking services through wifi even in emergency situations. This initiative has immense potential to facilitate vital communication and coordination among those affected by disasters worldwide.
It is noteworthy that LUGS extends beyond disaster response applications.

It can also bridge the internet accessibility gaps experienced by approximately one-third of the global population. In areas with limited broadband connectivity, LUGS can be used to provide internet access, thereby reducing the digital divide and contributing to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities).

This represents a remarkable opportunity to leverage technology and innovation to address disparities and promote global inclusivity.
Furthermore, a feasibility study conducted by Sakano and his team demonstrated the versatility of LUGS. They installed e-learning management software into the devices, showcasing their potential for edge computing.

This flexibility and adaptability allow LUGS to be tailored to various contexts, making it a valuable tool for a wide range of uses and empowering local communities to make effective use of its functions.
In summary, Toshikazu Sakano’s research and development efforts in ICT for disaster countermeasures, combined with his entrepreneurial endeavors through Negro Networks to commercialise the LUGS project, highlight his dedication to leveraging innovation and technology for societal benefit.

LUGS, with its ability to restore local communication during disasters, bridge internet accessibility gaps, and offer versatile functionality, has the potential to significantly impact disaster response, global connectivity, and local community empowerment.

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Toshikazu Sakano is undertaking research and development in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to mitigate the impact of disasters. His project, known as the Lux project, was initiated following the 2011 earthquake that struck various parts of Japan. Sakano is collaborating with the Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International in Kyoto, Japan to carry out this important work.

One major focus of Sakano’s research is the restoration of local communication networks during disaster situations.

He recognizes the significance of communication locality, which refers to people’s tendency to communicate more with those physically close to them. By incorporating this understanding, Sakano aims to enhance communication systems in disaster-affected areas, enabling affected individuals to stay connected and informed.

Sadly, statistics reveal that the Asia-Pacific region has experienced a high number of disasters in 2021.

This highlights the urgent need for effective disaster management strategies and innovative approaches to minimize the impact of such catastrophes. However, during disasters, conventional communication networks, including base stations and communication buildings, often suffer severe disruptions. As a result, access to internet and phone services is severely limited, leading to a significant gap between the demand and supply of crucial communication services.

Sakano’s research acknowledges this challenge and seeks to address it.

By implementing robust ICT solutions that can withstand the impact of disasters, he aims to bridge the communication gap and ensure that affected communities receive the necessary communication services. Sakano recognizes the crucial role of restoring and maintaining effective local communication in assisting affected communities during emergency situations.

In conclusion, Toshikazu Sakano’s research within the Lux project focuses on the development of ICT for disaster countermeasures.

His primary emphasis lies in restoring local communication networks and addressing communication locality to enable effective communication and information dissemination during disasters. Given the increasing frequency of disasters in the Asia-Pacific region, it is of utmost importance to develop resilient communication systems to ensure timely and efficient coordination, thus mitigating the adverse effects of such catastrophes.