Advancing digital inclusion and human-rights:ROAM-X approach | IGF 2023

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Kenya has implemented a comprehensive policy, legal, and institutional framework for human rights that adheres to international standards. This framework encompasses various aspects, including freedom of expression, access to information, association, participation in public affairs, privacy, and socio-economic and cultural rights.

Notably, in 2022, the first review report on Kenya’s human rights was released, demonstrating the country’s commitment to transparency and evaluation.

One positive aspect highlighted is that Kenya does not have specific legislation in place that blocks internet access.

This unrestricted access to the internet supports the freedom of expression and dissemination of information. It allows individuals to express their opinions, engage in online activities, and stay informed about local and global issues.

However, challenges have been observed in effectively implementing and enforcing human rights laws in Kenya.

These challenges became evident during the general election in August 2022 and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. These events revealed gaps in the protection of human rights, as legal restrictions were imposed during the election and pandemic, hindering the full exercise of individuals’ rights.

Additionally, threats and instances of disinformation have emerged, indicating gaps in internet freedom.

The presence of legal restrictions during critical events and the occurrence of disinformation emphasize the need for continuous improvement in safeguarding human rights in Kenya.

While the comprehensive framework provides a solid foundation, there is still work to be done to ensure consistent respect and upholding of human rights.

In conclusion, Kenya’s dedication to a comprehensive policy, legal, and institutional framework for human rights is commendable.

The integration of international standards and the absence of legislation restricting internet access are positive aspects. However, challenges in implementing and enforcing these rights, along with threats of disinformation, highlight areas for improvement. Ongoing efforts to address these challenges are crucial in creating a society that fully respects and protects human rights for all citizens.

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The analysis reveals several significant findings and insights related to gender equality, internet access, and empowerment. One key observation is that while many countries have implemented laws aimed at improving gender equality and facilitating women’s access to technology and education, the effectiveness of these measures is questionable.

There is still a considerable gap between men and women in terms of accessing the internet, acquiring digital skills, and achieving positions of responsibility.

The analysis also highlights persistent challenges in areas such as data collection, e-waste management, and internet access, especially in less connected regions.

This emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to address these issues and ensure equitable access to the internet and its associated benefits for all individuals and communities. The use of Internet and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is deemed crucial for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals, making it imperative to tackle these challenges effectively.

On a positive note, the analysis recognizes the popularity of online financial services, attributing their success to their ability to provide instant, tailor-made, and affordable banking and financial solutions.

These services not only cater to the public’s desire for convenience but also offer new opportunities for businesses and economic growth. This highlights the importance of online financial services in supporting SDG 8, which aims to promote decent work and economic growth.

Regarding legal frameworks, the analysis highlights the delicate balance that must be struck between combating online hate speech and protecting free speech.

It is crucial to approach the regulation of hate speech in a manner that upholds human rights and ensures that freedom of expression is not unduly curtailed. Ethical considerations are also deemed vital in the fight against hate speech, emphasizing the importance of finding an appropriate balance between these competing interests.

The analysis asserts that achieving the universality of the internet requires both local and macro approaches.

Sub-regional forums are seen as valuable platforms for shared reflections on the issue, fostering collaboration and cooperation in achieving universal internet access.

Furthermore, the analysis underscores the significance of thoughtful follow-up to evaluations. It is essential to evaluate initiatives and programs aimed at promoting industry, innovation, and infrastructure and to use the findings to inform future decision-making and planning.

Additionally, communicating the benefits and progress made through these evaluations is important to foster support and understanding among stakeholders.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of issues related to gender equality, internet access, and empowerment.

It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and collaborative approach to address challenges and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of balancing the regulation of hate speech with the protection of free speech, the significance of online financial services in driving economic growth, and the necessity of ongoing evaluation and communication to ensure effective implementation of initiatives and policies.

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The analysis examines various aspects of digital governance in Namibia and presents several key points. Firstly, it highlights the crucial role played by a multistakeholder advisory board in addressing different indicators relevant to various categories. The board is seen as pivotal in Namibia’s digital governance and is generally viewed positively.

The analysis also notes that the assessment process in Namibia is currently ongoing, indicating the government’s commitment to evaluating and improving its digital governance practices.

Regarding consumer protection, the analysis points out the lack of a specific legal framework in Namibia for protecting consumers in terms of open data.

This gap in legislation is seen as a negative aspect and underscores the need for a legal framework to safeguard consumer interests in the digital sphere.

The analysis also stresses the importance of prioritizing national cybersecurity without compromising the openness of the internet.

While openness is vital for innovation and growth, it should not come at the expense of national security. The analysis suggests that different sectors should have specific regulations in place to strike a balance between openness and security.

Regulations for internet-based businesses are viewed positively in the analysis.

Such regulations would ensure that entrepreneurs looking to establish web-based businesses or digital e-commerce platforms adhere to certain standards. The analysis cites the Access to Information Bill, which was enacted in Parliament and allow for proactive disclosure of information, as an example of positive measures to ensure compliance with required standards.

In terms of inclusivity, the analysis advocates for the inclusion of people with disabilities in the openness of digital resources.

It argues that data should be presented in a format accessible to individuals with disabilities. This emphasis on inclusivity is seen as a positive step towards reducing inequalities and promoting accessibility for all.

Collaboration with various government bodies, including the office of the prime minister and ministries of ICT and education, is considered essential for capacity building and enriching openness aspects.

The analysis underscores the importance of collaboration in these areas and views it positively in terms of fostering partnerships and achieving the goals of capacity building and openness.

Engagement with various ministries and institutions is also highlighted as a key aspect of research in digital governance.

The analysis points out that the Internet Society in Namibia has successfully established partnerships with various ministries and engaged directly with them on research exercises. This approach is seen as positive in facilitating research and promoting cooperation between different stakeholders.

The analysis raises concerns about global standards.

While Namibia has adopted ISO 27001 standards, it acknowledges that they do not fully meet the country’s needs. This critique suggests the call for tailored solutions that are specific to Namibia’s context, as opposed to adopting international standards that may not be suitable.

Encouraging more countries to participate in voluntary government assessments is seen as positive in the analysis.

It highlights the efforts of civil society in Namibia, which successfully pushed for the assessment to be undertaken and gained government agreement. The analysis sees this as an opportunity to promote transparency, accountability, and stronger institutions through voluntary assessments.

The analysis also applauds UNESCO’s contribution in terms of both technical and financial resources.

This recognition demonstrates the value placed on international partnerships and support in enhancing digital governance and its associated goals.

Finally, the analysis notes that the assessment process itself is simplified and straightforward. This observation suggests that the process is designed to be accessible and manageable, contributing to its effectiveness.

In conclusion, the analysis of Namibia’s digital governance landscape reveals various strengths and areas for improvement.

It emphasizes the importance of multistakeholder involvement, the need for a legal framework to protect consumers in the digital realm, prioritizing national cybersecurity while maintaining internet openness, implementing regulations for internet-based businesses, promoting inclusivity, fostering collaboration and engagement, tailoring solutions to local contexts, encouraging voluntary assessments, and recognizing international contributions.

These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to consider when shaping Namibia’s digital governance strategies and practices.

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The analysis of the provided arguments highlights several important points regarding internet governance, internet universality, community engagement, project implementation, and volunteer work. Firstly, it is observed that framing internet governance as digital questions may exclude certain stakeholders from actively participating in the decision-making process.

The perceived complexity of digital issues is identified as a barrier that prevents some stakeholders from engaging. This raises concerns about the inclusivity and representation of all stakeholders in shaping internet governance policies.

On the topic of internet universality, it is argued that the concept should consider how well the internet is working for different communities.

The impact of the internet varies across communities, and it is essential to engage various stakeholders to ensure its universality. By involving diverse groups of people, the aim is to address inequalities and reduce disparities in access to and benefits from the internet.

Libraries are highlighted as potential venues for community engagement on internet universality.

It is noted that libraries provide access to the internet, making them valuable spaces for individuals to encounter internet-related issues. By leveraging libraries, community members can come together to discuss and address internet-related concerns, further promoting inclusivity and universality in internet usage.

The analysis also stresses the importance of governments and companies, such as UNESCO, in ensuring that projects reach out to the local communities where they are implemented.

It is argued that close collaboration with local owners is crucial for successful project implementation. This emphasizes the need for strong partnerships and coordination between different stakeholders to effectively implement projects that benefit the local population and align with sustainable development goals.

Another noteworthy argument is that volunteer work is not a sustainable solution for long-term projects.

While volunteerism can provide short-term support and assistance, it is not an adequate or lasting solution for achieving sustainable development. This highlights the importance of creating opportunities for decent work and economic growth to support long-term sustainability.

In conclusion, the analysis sheds light on various aspects of internet governance, internet universality, community engagement, project implementation, and volunteer work.

It highlights the need for inclusive and participatory approaches to internet governance, the importance of engaging diverse stakeholders, the potential role of libraries in promoting community engagement, the significance of involving local communities in project implementation, and the limitations of volunteer work in achieving long-term sustainability.

These insights and arguments contribute to the understanding and discussion of these topics and can guide future efforts in promoting a more inclusive and universally accessible internet.

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Claire Mélanie Popineau highlights the importance of including contextual indicators when examining Internet Universality Indicators. These indicators are essential for understanding, gaining perspective, and making comparisons. Popineau emphasizes the significance of considering a country’s gross national income when interpreting connectivity rate indicators, as their meaning can vary depending on economic status.

The issue of accessibility, particularly illiteracy, is also addressed.

Popineau argues that illiteracy poses a significant barrier to accessing and benefiting from the internet in France. This highlights the diverse challenges faced by different countries in achieving internet universality.

Despite the importance of indicators, Popineau raises concerns about their interpretation due to the influence of country contexts.

The example of electricity access in France is used to illustrate this issue. In France, electricity access is not a major concern, which affects the evaluation of certain indicators. It is essential to contextualize and interpret indicators carefully to avoid generalizing conclusions across diverse national scenarios.

The complex relationship between rights and indicators is explored as well.

Certain laws aimed at preventing harassment and hate speech are criticized for potentially creating ad hoc and infra-legal procedures. Popineau questions their effectiveness and the balance of rights they achieve. Furthermore, it is emphasized that comprehensive assessments of indicators require constant updates and consideration of ongoing legislative changes.

In conclusion, Claire Mélanie Popineau underscores the importance of incorporating contextual indicators when studying Internet Universality Indicators.

These indicators provide a nuanced understanding and enable meaningful comparisons. The interpretation of indicators is influenced by country-specific contexts, making it crucial to consider each nation’s unique circumstances and challenges. The relationship between rights and indicators introduces further complexities, particularly regarding effectiveness and balancing.

Continuous updates and vigilance regarding legislative changes are necessary for accurate and insightful evaluations.

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The analysis of Paraguay’s internet access and connectivity highlights several challenges and opportunities. Firstly, there has been an 11% growth in internet users between 2018 and 2022. However, the country still faces issues with high connection speeds and unequal access, particularly through zero-rating plans, which provide limited free access to certain social media platforms.

This uneven access to the internet and information remains a challenge for Paraguay.

Gender equality in terms of internet access also requires improvement. Unfortunately, difficulties were encountered in finding gender-disaggregated data on internet access in Paraguay. It is crucial to have gender-specific data to develop appropriate gender policies and ensure equal access to the internet for all individuals.

Furthermore, the analysis reveals a shortfall in adequately representing Paraguay’s official languages, Spanish and Guarani Indigenous language, on online platforms, including government websites.

Regulations exist to ensure that both languages are represented, but this is not generally practised. This lack of language inclusion undermines the accessibility and inclusivity of online platforms in Paraguay.

Discrepancies in connectivity percentages further complicate the understanding of the country’s internet access.

Different methodologies used by the ICT and National Statistics Agency result in varying numbers, indicating the need for government agencies to collaborate closely and provide accurate representation of the country’s connectivity.

The Romex methodology, which assesses data availability, should also consider local realities and the challenges faced in obtaining data.

In Paraguay, there is a general lack of data availability, and it is suggested that slightly outdated data could be used initially where current data is unavailable. This approach would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the country’s internet access and connectivity.

On a positive note, the analysis identifies the digital economy as a potential area for growth in Paraguay.

It is expected that the digital economy will continue to expand. To ensure its benefits are distributed equitably, a more careful approach is needed to consider its impact on workers. This intersection between the digital economy and workers’ rights should be addressed to promote decent work and economic growth.

In conclusion, the analysis of Paraguay’s internet access and connectivity reveals a mix of challenges and opportunities.

While there has been growth in internet users, issues with connection speeds and unequal access persist. Gender equality in internet access needs improvement, and language inclusion on online platforms is inadequate. Collaboration between government agencies is necessary to accurately represent connectivity percentages, and the Romex methodology should accommodate local realities.

The digital economy has the potential for growth but requires careful consideration of its impact on workers. Ultimately, states in Paraguay need to be thoughtful in their digitalisation processes to ensure inclusivity and equitable distribution of benefits.

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The analysis highlights key points regarding the Internet Universality Indicators (IOI) and potential improvements. The IOI process begins with the establishment of a multistakeholder advisory board and consultations with relevant stakeholders. This inclusive approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of a country’s internet environment, identifying data gaps and creating roadmaps for action.

The sentiment towards the IOI process is positive, as it promotes inclusivity and collaboration.

Suggestions for improvement include revising the IOI framework to incorporate developments in the digital ecosystem over the past five years. This involves consultations with 15 countries and an online survey with responses from 23 countries.

The sentiment towards this revision is positive, recognizing the need for the IOI to adapt to technological advancements.

Furthermore, there is a call for deeper connection between the IOI and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This would enhance alignment and coherence between the IOI indicators and the SDGs.

This suggestion is viewed positively, strengthening the IOI’s relevance to the broader development agenda.

There is also support for integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the IOI framework, given its significant impact on the internet environment. Currently, AI is only represented in one indicator out of 303, developed five years ago.

The sentiment towards this proposal is positive, acknowledging the need to accurately reflect the modern technological landscape.

Lastly, it is proposed that the IOI address aspects such as mental health and sustainable development. These dimensions emerged during the consultation process.

This suggestion is positively received, reflecting the growing recognition of the Internet’s influence on mental health and the importance of sustainability in the digital age.

Overall, there is a need for an updated IOI framework that considers developments in the digital ecosystem, aligns with the SDGs, incorporates AI impact, and addresses mental health and sustainable development.

These enhancements will ensure the IOI remains relevant in assessing and promoting a thriving and inclusive internet environment.

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Bulgaria is currently conducting its first National Assessment on Internet Development, which is part of the Digital Decade Programme of the European Union. The aim of this assessment is to evaluate the internet development in the country and identify areas for improvement.

It is worth noting that this assessment is an ongoing national evaluation that is also being conducted in two other European countries.

The assessment highlights the need for enhanced performance in digital transition and infrastructure distribution, particularly in rural areas.

It recognizes the importance of ensuring that all regions have equal access to digital infrastructure to promote sustainable cities and communities. Additionally, the assessment emphasizes the importance of promoting digital skills among the population to ensure the successful transition to a digital economy.

A key aspect of conducting the National Assessment is the adoption of a multi-stakeholder approach.

The assessment is guided by a diverse advisory board with extensive knowledge and experience in relevant fields. This board plays a crucial role in developing the research methodology and identifying relevant information sources. Their involvement ensures a comprehensive and robust assessment.

However, there is room for improvement in the consultation and validation process with the multi-stakeholder advisory board.

The experts on the board should have a vested interest in the project and be provided with all relevant documents in advance to facilitate their ability to provide significant and relevant feedback. Additionally, the direct involvement of relevant national authorities in the board can enhance their understanding and prolong their engagement, leading to a more effective assessment process.

In conclusion, Bulgaria’s National Assessment on Internet Development, as part of the Digital Decade Programme of the European Union, aims to evaluate and improve internet development in the country.

The assessment focuses on enhancing digital transition and infrastructure distribution in rural areas, promoting digital skills, and reducing administrative burdens. The process is guided by a multi-stakeholder approach, although there is room for improvement in the consultation and validation process with the advisory board.

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The current accessibility of the internet for persons with disabilities, language minorities, and the elderly in Mongolia is a pressing issue. The government has implemented a website standard, MNS 6285-2017, for planning requirements of government websites. However, this standard does not adequately address the barriers faced by these specific demographics.

Several challenges hinder internet accessibility for these groups.

For instance, Mongolian government websites do not fully comply with the globally recognized Web Content Accessibility Guideline, developed by the World Web Consortium. This non-compliance exacerbates the difficulties faced by persons with disabilities, language minorities, and the elderly.

The Web Content Accessibility Guideline is crucial in many countries, including the United States and the European Union.

In the US, it is followed under section 508, while the EU has a similar guideline called EN-301549. These guidelines emphasize the importance of ensuring accessibility for all users.

To address these challenges, it is suggested that the IUI (internet usability and impact) assessment of accessibility be revised to incorporate inquiries about whether the country adheres to the Web Content Accessibility Guideline or a similar guideline.

This revision would help improve internet accessibility and promote inclusive practices in Mongolia.

In conclusion, the current state of internet accessibility in Mongolia poses barriers for persons with disabilities, language minorities, and the elderly. The existing website standard for government websites does not adequately address their needs, and Mongolian government websites do not fully comply with the globally recognized Web Content Accessibility Guideline.

By revising the IUI assessment to include adherence to accessibility guidelines, progress can be made towards enhancing internet accessibility and achieving greater inclusion for all demographics in Mongolia.

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Argentina’s legal framework is largely in line with international human rights standards, providing a solid foundation for safeguarding individual freedoms and ensuring justice. However, concerns have been raised about the expansion of surveillance and the use of facial recognition technology, which raises questions about privacy infringement and potential misuse of this technology.

While Argentina ensures freedom of expression through its legal framework, there is a notable absence of specific regulations regarding intermediary liability.

This lack of clarity poses challenges in holding intermediaries accountable for content that may infringe on individuals’ rights.

One area where Argentina’s legal framework falls short is data protection. The existing framework is considered outdated and does not adequately safeguard the privacy and security of individuals’ personal information.

Additionally, there is a growing use of biometric data for security-related activities at the subnational level, raising concerns about potential abuse and misuse of this sensitive information.

In order to improve local monitoring strategies, it is recommended that UNESCO focuses on realistic work preparation and scheduling.

This will ensure effective and efficient monitoring of relevant instances. Furthermore, it is crucial for UNESCO to emphasize the relevance and viability of recommendations by engaging in consensus building with all relevant actors. This inclusive approach enhances the likelihood of implementing effective strategies and policies.

In conclusion, while Argentina’s legal framework aligns with international human rights standards in many aspects, certain areas require attention and improvement.

The growing use of surveillance and facial recognition technology, coupled with the lack of specific regulations regarding intermediary liability, necessitates an update to the legal framework. Additionally, enhancing data protection measures and addressing the increased use of biometric data are imperative for safeguarding individuals’ privacy and security.

By implementing realistic work preparation and scheduling, and engaging in consensus building, UNESCO can enhance its monitoring strategies and ensure the relevance and viability of its recommendations.

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The UNESCO Romex Indicators have played a crucial role in assisting countries in evaluating their digital landscape. These indicators, which were introduced in 2018, serve as a comprehensive tool that allows nations to voluntarily assess their digital environment. So far, over 40 countries have either completed or are currently undergoing a national Romex assessment.

This demonstrates the widespread adoption and recognition of the indicators as a valuable resource.

The internet has experienced significant evolution over the past five years. More than 1 billion new users have joined, leading to a substantial increase in online activities such as e-commerce, e-government, and e-learning.

This growth reflects the expanding influence and accessibility of the internet on a global scale.

In response to the ever-changing nature of the internet, UNESCO is actively revising the ROMAX framework in collaboration with the UNESCO Category 2 Centre, CETIC.br.

The objective of this revision is to adapt the existing indicators to match the evolution of the digital environment. By updating the framework, UNESCO ensures that the Romex assessment remains relevant and applicable in assessing the digital landscape of countries.

Efforts to shape the internet and promote its development require collective action.

Stakeholders from various sectors are urged to participate in this endeavor. An example of this collaboration is the Internet Governance Forum, which serves as a platform for stakeholders to come together and actively contribute to shaping the internet. The session conducted by these stakeholders aims to shape Internet of Individuals (IOIs) and understand the role of Internet Governance.

Furthermore, stakeholders are encouraged to share their experiences in implementing the ROMAX framework.

This includes highlighting both the opportunities and challenges encountered during the process. These shared insights will contribute to the ongoing revision of the internet universality indicators. By learning from each other, stakeholders can further refine the Romex assessment and promote effective digital development.

In conclusion, the UNESCO Romex Indicators have proven to be a valuable tool in empowering countries to evaluate their digital landscape.

With the internet continually evolving, UNESCO’s efforts to revise the ROMAX framework demonstrate its commitment to ensuring the indicators remain relevant. Collaboration and the sharing of experiences among stakeholders contribute to shaping the internet and advancing its development in a meaningful manner.

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The analysis highlights the importance of multi-stakeholderism in the development of assessments, under the guidelines of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It emphasises the need to involve all relevant stakeholders in the process and suggests consulting a diverse range of stakeholder groups to ensure comprehensive input.

The analysis recommends creating separate indicator categories and appointing a consultant for stakeholder engagement to enhance the assessment’s quality and credibility.

Additionally, the analysis suggests sharing the assessment’s output with a broad range of societal stakeholders for review and input.

This allows for valuable perspectives to be incorporated, ensuring a robust and inclusive assessment. Furthermore, the analysis proposes holding a final review meeting with sounding board members acting as devil’s advocates to ensure scrutiny and improve the assessment’s robustness.

On the other hand, the analysis critically evaluates common multistakeholder exercises that fail to include an adequate number of diverse stakeholders, leading to biases and limitations.

Instead, it argues for involving a larger number of societal stakeholders to gain a broader representation of views and insights.

The analysis also underscores the effectiveness of a multi-stakeholder-based review phase. By sharing the assessment output with a wide range of stakeholders and seeking their feedback, the report can be refined and improved, ultimately enhancing its quality and credibility.

Moreover, the analysis observes a global rise in multistakeholderism, indicating a growing recognition of its importance in decision-making processes.

Lastly, the analysis cites the International Ocean Institute (IOI) as a successful example of multistakeholderism in practice, highlighting the positive outcome of engaging various stakeholders in the assessment process.

In conclusion, the analysis emphasises the significance of multi-stakeholderism in assessment development.

By involving a diverse range of stakeholders and considering their perspectives, assessments can become more comprehensive, credible, and reflective of societal needs. The analysis also stresses the value of a robust review phase, involving a large number of stakeholders for feedback.

The observed global trend towards multistakeholderism further demonstrates its increasing prominence. The IOI serves as a successful case study, showcasing the benefits of effective multistakeholder engagement. Overall, the analysis provides valuable insights into the advantages and challenges of multi-stakeholderism in assessment processes.

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The Internet Universality Indicators (IUI) offer a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to assessing a country’s digital landscape. The assessment is guided by principles such as human rights-based, open to all, accessible by all, nurtured by multi-stakeholder participation, and cross-cutting issues.

So far, 40 countries have completed or are in the process of conducting a national IUI assessment.

The IUI framework is currently being revised to adapt to evolving technological developments and trends. The revision process aims to improve the framework by addressing gaps, establishing a closer relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and incorporating emerging dimensions like artificial intelligence and platform regulation.

Stakeholder participation is a crucial aspect of the IUI assessment process.

It begins with the establishment of a multi-stakeholder advisory board consisting of representatives from government, academia, the private sector, and civil society organizations. This board plays a vital role in validating the assessment report and monitoring the impact of policies and changes.

CETIC.br, a UNESCO Category 2 Center focused on Internet Governance, has been instrumental in implementing IUI assessments worldwide.

They have provided support for the implementation of IUI assessments in various countries and actively contribute to the revision process.

The IUI framework is undergoing revision after five years, and the International Governance Forum (IGF) serves as a platform for diverse stakeholder discussions and contributions to the revision process.

Stakeholder involvement ensures a balanced perspective and enhances the implementation of recommendations.

Apart from national assessments, contextual indicators and interpretation of indicators play a significant role in understanding and comparing progress. The interpretation of indicators may vary between countries, emphasizing the importance of considering each country’s unique context.

Efforts are underway in countries like Cambodia and Argentina to secure and regulate the digital space, address issues like harassment and hate speech, and protect digital rights.

However, legal gaps exist in Cambodia when it comes to online and offline human rights, highlighting the need for comprehensive legislation in this area.

UNESCO has formed partnerships with countries like Cambodia and Argentina to conduct IUI assessments.

These assessments involve multi-stakeholder participation, legal drafting, capacity building, and collaboration between government and civil society.

Libraries are recognized as important stakeholders in promoting internet access and media and information literacy. They serve as a pivotal point of contact, disseminating knowledge, and facilitating digital inclusion.

The evaluation process of IUI assessments should include effective communication about the assessment’s benefits, actions taken, and progress made.

Cooperation, collaboration, and contributions from various stakeholders, including government and global organizations, are vital for successful data collection and implementation of assessment recommendations.

In summary, the IUI framework offers a comprehensive and inclusive approach to assessing a country’s digital landscape.

The ongoing revision process aims to adapt the framework to keep pace with technological advancements. Stakeholder participation, diverse representation, and multi-stakeholder involvement play essential roles in achieving accurate and comprehensive evaluations.

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During the discussion, several challenges and issues were highlighted. One of the main challenges is the difficulty of government-led studies in finding common ground with civil society organisations (CSOs) on various issues. This has led to disagreements and hindered the progress of research.

Sadaf, a researcher from Pakistan, pointed out this issue, emphasising the struggle faced by government organisations in reaching agreements with CSOs.

Another challenge that emerged is the pressure to reflect the government’s perspective and position in research.

Sadaf highlighted the issue of digital authoritarianism in her country, which puts significant pressure on researchers to align their studies with the government’s viewpoint. This pressure compromises the objectivity and impartiality of research outcomes.

The involvement of the government in the validation process was also identified as a challenge.

Sadaf described the difficulties encountered when the government is engaged in the multi-stakeholder validation process. This involvement often brings about complications and slows down the validation process.

Furthermore, the issue of whitewashing in research was raised. Swaran highlighted this problem, referring to the act of concealing or ignoring certain aspects of research in order to present a more favourable outcome.

Whitewashing hampers transparency and makes it difficult to produce objective and accountable research.

On a more positive note, Swaran emphasised the importance of mutual understanding between stakeholders and the government. It was highlighted that successful research outcomes require a reciprocal understanding between these two parties.

This understanding helps to bridge the gap and facilitates collaboration for the betterment of research results.

Additionally, Sergio Martinez posed a question regarding the development of sector-specific regulations in the context of Namibia. It was suggested that developing regulations tailored to specific sectors such as e-commerce, digital business, and people with disabilities can support digital development in countries like Namibia.

This approach promotes inclusivity and supports the growth of the digital sector.

In conclusion, the discussion shed light on various challenges and issues related to government-led research and the involvement of stakeholders. The difficulties in finding common ground with civil society organisations, the pressure to reflect the government’s perspective, and the challenges in the validation process were highlighted as major obstacles.

The issue of whitewashing in research was identified as a hindrance to transparency. On a positive note, the importance of mutual understanding between stakeholders and the government was acknowledged. Furthermore, the development of sector-specific regulations was seen as a way to support digital development in countries like Namibia.

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The IUI (Indicators for Universal Internet Access) assessment in Cambodia has faced significant delays due to data gaps and other issues. Initiated by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication and UNESCO Phnom Penh in 2022, the project aims to evaluate Cambodia’s progress in achieving universal internet access.

However, the assessment process has been impeded by insufficient data and other challenges. This has hindered the accurate understanding of internet access in Cambodia, which is crucial for fostering innovation and development according to SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure and SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions.

In addition to data gaps, the assessment has also encountered challenges related to human rights.

Although the Royal Government of Cambodia has ratified various regional and international human rights agreements, there is no specific regulation defining the equivalence of rights in the online and offline realms. This inconsistency in interpretation and practice, particularly concerning defamation and cybercrimes, poses challenges to upholding fundamental human rights in the digital sphere.

While Cambodia’s constitution enshrines fundamental human rights, the absence of specific regulations leaves room for ambiguity and potential violations.

Another area of concern is the legal framework for data interception in Cambodia. The introduction of the telecommunications law for legal interception in 2015 led to contention between the Royal Government of Cambodia and civil society organizations (CSOs).

Furthermore, the implementation of measures such as the national internet gateway, which allows authorities to monitor and control internet traffic, has been postponed due to its contentious nature. The vague and contentious nature of these legal frameworks hampers transparency and accountability.

To address these challenges, there is a need for legal refining and adoption, capacity building for judiciary and policymakers, and encouraging multi-stakeholder participation.

Human rights have been a contested issue between the government and CSOs. Establishing a multi-stakeholder advisory board that represents various stakeholders, including the government, academia, and CSOs, could ensure a balanced and inclusive approach. Additionally, the voices of all stakeholders should be incorporated into the text of the IUI assessment report, ensuring a comprehensive and representative analysis.

UNESCO plays a crucial role in moderating the IUI assessment report, acting as a balancing force to reconcile differing opinions between the government and CSOs.

By ensuring the report’s text is agreeable to both parties, UNESCO promotes a collaborative and constructive dialogue for addressing internet access and human rights in Cambodia.

Additionally, it is important to revise the IUI assessment to keep it relevant, incorporating advancements in technology as the digital landscape rapidly evolves.

Meaningful connectivity and participation, along with the development of digital skills, become crucial factors in bridging the digital divide and achieving inclusive and sustainable development. These factors align with SDG 4: Quality Education and SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.

Lastly, multi-stakeholder participation and ownership of the report are essential for successfully implementing recommendations.

By involving all relevant stakeholders and ensuring their active engagement, the chances of effective and sustainable implementation of the assessment’s recommendations significantly increase. This aligns with SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts in achieving the SDGs.

In conclusion, addressing data gaps, refining legal frameworks, promoting human rights, and fostering multi-stakeholder participation are crucial for enhancing internet access and rights in Cambodia.

The involvement of UNESCO and the need to continuously revise the IUI assessment to keep it relevant highlight the importance of international cooperation and adaptability in tackling the challenges posed by the digital age. By working together and ensuring meaningful connectivity and participation, Cambodia can move towards an inclusive and technologically equipped society that upholds human rights both online and offline.

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The Internet Universality Indicators Framework is facing challenges related to contextual analysis. This issue is particularly prominent in countries with digital authoritarianism, such as Pakistan. In Pakistan, obtaining a SIM card requires biometric validation, resulting in different patterns of mobile phone usage.

Therefore, ownership alone is not an accurate indicator of mobile phone usage, especially among women who fear harassment. To address this, there is a need to revisit and revise the assessment framework to better reflect the realities of the global South and countries with digital authoritarianism.

One suggestion for improving the framework is to include an annex in the methodological guidelines.

This annex would capture the intersections between the framework and different realities faced by countries in the global South, particularly those with digital authoritarianism. By doing so, the challenges of conducting contextual analysis can be addressed and the assessment process can be more accurate.

Another issue within the framework is the problem of repetitions.

Certain indicators appear in multiple categories, which becomes evident during the analysis. This repetition hampers the efficiency and effectiveness of the assessment process, so it is important to streamline the framework and remove these repetitions.

Furthermore, there is a need for improved cross-cutting analysis within the framework, particularly with regard to gender and children.

Although gender is recognized as a cross-cutting issue, it does not receive sufficient attention in the analysis. Similarly, children mentioned in Category X are not adequately represented. Therefore, enhancing cross-cutting analysis is crucial for a comprehensive and inclusive assessment.

To resolve conflicts that may arise during the assessment process, a two-tiered system proposed by Sadaf Khan could be implemented.

In this system, governments would voluntarily submit their assessments in the first phase, and civil society would provide a “shadow report” in the second phase to counter any contradictions highlighted in the government assessments. This system allows for both government and civil society participation, resulting in a balanced and comprehensive assessment.

In conclusion, there is a consensus in favor of revisiting and revising the Internet Universality Indicators Framework.

The challenges related to contextual analysis, the need for improved cross-cutting analysis, and the problem of repetitions all highlight the necessity for change. Including an annex in the methodological guidelines, revising Category X as a cross-cutting lens for analysis, and implementing a two-tiered assessment system involving both government and civil society participation are proposed as solutions.

These changes would enable the framework to accurately reflect the realities of different countries, particularly those with digital authoritarianism, and ensure a more comprehensive and inclusive assessment.

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The discussion highlights the importance of establishing consultation and validation with the multi-stakeholder advisory board (MAB) in the Internet Universal Access (IUA) assessment process. Involving various stakeholders ensures a more inclusive and comprehensive approach. By seeking input from different perspectives, the resulting findings and recommendations are likely to be more robust and representative of society’s diverse needs and interests.

To prevent biased representation, it is suggested to maintain a balance between government involvement and independent fact-checking.

The potential influence of government agencies in shaping the Internet scenario is a concern that needs addressing. Incorporating independent fact-checking mechanisms can mitigate potential bias, resulting in a more accurate and unbiased assessment.

Furthermore, the involvement of all important government agencies from the beginning of report preparation is deemed significant.

This ensures that crucial stakeholders are engaged throughout the process, allowing their expertise and insights to be integrated into the assessment. By including representatives from all ministries and government departments, a more comprehensive and well-rounded report can be produced.

Advocating for the inclusion of the national census office in the multi-stakeholder advisory board (MAB), it is highlighted that obtaining descriptive data is particularly challenging in least developed countries like Nepal.

Including the national census office, which holds important indicators for data collection, can contribute to obtaining more relevant and segregated data. This would result in a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of the Internet scenario in the country.

The discussion also underscores the importance of regularly updating the content of the IUA assessment, as the digital landscape rapidly evolves.

The IUA process should not be viewed as an end in itself but as a driving tool for the future. It should serve as a starting point for collaborative efforts to improve the Internet ecosystem in the country, maintaining its relevance and effectiveness.

Overall, the discussion emphasizes stakeholder involvement, unbiased representation, and regular updates in the IUA assessment process.

By considering these factors, countries can work towards achieving greater inclusivity, accuracy, and progress in the development of their Internet ecosystems.

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The analysis explores various topics concerning internet governance and its impact on different aspects of society. One of the main focuses is the use of M indicators to measure the involvement of diverse stakeholders in a country’s internet governance.

These indicators play a vital role in assessing the effectiveness of multi-stakeholderism, the approach implemented by the country in internet governance. This neutral argument supports the notion that M indicators provide valuable insights into the extent of multi-stakeholder involvement in internet governance.

Another key aspect highlighted is the need for high-quality participation and meaningful engagement in internet governance.

The analysis points out that civil society often feels excluded and believes their input is not adequately valued. The argument advocates for a greater emphasis on elementary democratic processes and open participation mechanisms to ensure that all perspectives are considered.

This neutral viewpoint suggests that prioritising the quality and meaningfulness of participation can lead to more effective and inclusive internet governance.

The analysis also discusses the ongoing debate on whether to mainstream or separately address gender issues in reports.

Simon Ellis supports the mainstreaming approach, which involves integrating gender considerations into every aspect of the report rather than treating it as an afterthought. This positive sentiment acknowledges the debate and urges for a comprehensive and integrated approach to addressing gender issues in internet governance.

The significance of satellite technology in disseminating the internet, particularly in geographically challenging regions like the Pacific, is emphasized.

The analysis highlights that satellite technology is often the only feasible option for internet connectivity in these areas. This positive argument underscores the importance of satellite technology in bridging the digital divide and ensuring universal internet access.

The environmental impact of the internet is also discussed.

The analysis highlights the significant issue of e-waste, particularly from Western countries being dumped in Asia. However, the analysis also acknowledges that the shift to online meetings due to COVID-19 has potentially reduced the environmental impact of travel. This neutral argument highlights the dual nature of the internet’s environmental effects.

Addressing data gaps in indicators is another important aspect emphasized in the analysis.

Strategies to fill these gaps include obtaining data from existing statistics, published documents, focus groups, and key interviews. The analysis suggests that transforming remaining gaps into recommendations can also help address the issue. This positive stance emphasizes the systematic approach needed to address data gaps in order to ensure accurate and comprehensive monitoring of internet governance.

The role of libraries in providing public access to information is a noteworthy point.

The analysis notes the presence of libraries in almost every village and their significance to the Information for All program. This positive argument underscores the key role played by libraries in facilitating access to information and highlights the importance of public access to information in achieving sustainable development goals.

The analysis briefly acknowledges the functionality of the internet in sectors such as health, employment, and culture without providing specific arguments or evidence.

This neutral statement highlights the broad impact of the internet on various aspects of society.

Lastly, the impact of mobile phones on internet usage is mentioned. The analysis states that the use of mobile phones has led to decreased usage of libraries and internet cafes.

This neutral argument emphasizes the transformative effect of mobile phones on internet accessibility.

In conclusion, the analysis covers a wide range of topics related to internet governance, including multi-stakeholderism, participation, gender mainstreaming, satellite technology, environmental impact, data gaps, libraries, and the impact of mobile phones.

It provides insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with internet governance and emphasizes the importance of inclusive and sustainable approaches in achieving the goals of internet governance.

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The analysis highlights serious gaps in data availability and quality in the Pacific region, hindering access to citizen-centric services. This lack of data poses a significant challenge in providing efficient and effective services to the people. To address this issue, the implementation of a Right to Information project is suggested.

Such a project would enable better access to data, promoting transparency and accountability.

The analysis also emphasises the need for more support from global organisations and the government to tackle the data gaps. Global organisations like UNESCO have been helpful, but further collaboration and assistance are required, especially in the lesser-developed economies of the Pacific.

Government support is crucial in providing the necessary resources and infrastructure to improve data availability and quality.

Moreover, creating a team of special consultants dedicated to data collection is proposed as a beneficial approach. These consultants, with their expertise, can gather data from important and vulnerable communities where information is needed.

Their work would provide valuable insights and improve the overall understanding of the region’s development needs.

The analysis acknowledges the significance of multi-stakeholderism in the Pacific. It advocates for creating partnerships with local stakeholders, such as the Ministry of Communication and Ministry of Education, to foster a civic-centric style of multi-stakeholderism.

This approach would involve various actors from different sectors working together to address the data gaps and improve the overall development of the region.

The role of civil society in strengthening existing legislation is also stressed. Many legislations have embedded indicators, but their deployment is often an issue.

The involvement of civil society can make a significant difference by holding authorities accountable and ensuring the effective implementation of these legislations.

Research is regarded as a powerful tool in assessing various aspects of legislation and highlighting any discrepancies.

The analysis underscores the importance of the community’s trust in research and its potential to bring about positive changes. By conducting research and shedding light on inadequacies within legislations, necessary improvements can be made to enhance the overall governance and development of the Pacific region.

However, territorial issues and contradictory legislation in certain South Pacific Islands can impede progress.

The absence of a Privacy Act while having provisions for the right to information in the Information Act creates inconsistencies and challenges. Resolving these issues is crucial to ensure a coherent and harmonious legal framework in the region.

In conclusion, addressing the serious gaps in data availability and quality is crucial for the development of the Pacific region.

Implementing a Right to Information project, seeking support from global organisations and the government, creating a team of specialised data collection consultants, promoting multi-stakeholderism, engaging civil society, and emphasising the power of research are all significant steps towards overcoming these challenges.

Resolving territorial issues and contradictory legislation is also essential to establish a coherent legal framework. By taking these actions, the Pacific region can achieve greater transparency, accountability, and effective governance, leading to inclusive and sustainable development.