The State of Cyber Diplomacy: Momentum, Inertia, or Something Else Altogether?

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Dr. Bernd Pichlmayer

Cyber diplomacy involves addressing complex technical issues related to cybersecurity. Diplomats need to possess knowledge in areas such as 5G technology and cyber threats in order to effectively engage in discussions and negotiations on cyber issues. Traditionally, diplomats are educated in history, culture, and language, but the technical aspects of cybersecurity have become increasingly important in the digital age.

Moreover, cyber diplomacy is no longer limited to discussions between sovereign states. It now includes a broader range of stakeholders, such as big tech companies, law enforcement agencies, and civil society organizations. These non-sovereign entities play a crucial role in cybersecurity, and their inclusion in discussions poses a challenge for many countries and international organizations.

The pace of change and impact in the cyber realm is faster than in other areas. This dynamic nature of cybersecurity requires diplomats to stay updated and adapt to new challenges. The rapid rate of technological advancements and emerging threats necessitates continuous learning and collaboration in the field of cyber diplomacy.

Cyber diplomacy has demonstrated its effectiveness in addressing common cybersecurity problems. One approach involves creating small, focused groups of like-minded countries. The success of initiatives such as the Counter Ransomware Initiative, which expanded from 28 to 40-plus countries, highlights the value of forming collaborative and targeted alliances to tackle cyber threats.

Ministries of foreign affairs need to have a basic understanding of the cyber elements that are being discussed or negotiated. Given the increasing importance of cybersecurity in international relations, it is essential for diplomats to possess a level of cyber expertise to effectively navigate and contribute to discussions on cyber issues.

There is already an existing normative framework for responsible state behavior in the cyber realm. The UN Cybercrime Convention, which is due for completion in January 2024, provides a framework for addressing cybercrime and promoting responsible state behavior in cyberspace. This convention serves as a guide for states to uphold cybersecurity norms and principles.

Flexible and issue-specific alliances are seen as positive in the realm of cyber diplomacy. Governments are advised to find niche and like-minded partners and then expand their collaborations. This approach allows for tailored and effective responses to cyber challenges, leveraging the strengths and expertise of different stakeholders.

Multi-stakeholder platforms, such as the Global Cyber Security Forum, are considered essential for progress in cyber diplomacy. These platforms enable diverse actors, including governments, industry players, and civil society, to come together and exchange ideas, best practices, and solutions. In 2022, Saudi Arabia will host the Internet Governance Forum, demonstrating the importance placed on multi-stakeholder engagement in shaping cyber governance.

In conclusion, cyber diplomacy requires diplomats to possess technical knowledge as it involves complex issues related to cybersecurity. The landscape of cyber diplomacy has expanded beyond sovereign states to include various stakeholders. Keeping pace with the rapidly evolving cyber realm is crucial, and collaboration through small, focused groups has proven effective in addressing common cybersecurity challenges. Governments need to develop an understanding of cyber elements, and a normative framework for responsible state behavior already exists. Forming flexible alliances and engaging in multi-stakeholder platforms are crucial for progress in cyber diplomacy.

Dr. Jovan Kurbalija

The analysis explores the concept of cyber diplomacy and its relationship with traditional diplomacy. It starts by stating that diplomacy originated from the realization that it is better to talk than to fight. Cyber diplomacy involves negotiations with various actors and operates in the realm of cyberspace, spanning different disciplines.

Effective communication across disciplines is vital in the context of cyber security. The analysis emphasizes that cyber security is connected to different arenas, such as WTO trade negotiations, which requires communication between the technical and diplomatic communities. The challenges in maintaining this communication are highlighted, emphasizing the need for an effective protocol.

The resilience of the internet is evidence of progress in multidisciplinary collaboration. Despite geopolitical tensions, the internet has thrived, showcasing the positive strides made in cyber diplomacy. The analysis also notes that individuals from the technical and diplomatic communities are gaining a better understanding of each other, indicating improved collaboration.

Cyber diplomacy is seen as a potential tool to alleviate geopolitical tensions. Even nations in conflict engage in cyber diplomacy, highlighting its ability to mitigate tensions.

The analysis emphasizes stakeholders’ interest in implementing general norms for cybersecurity practice. The Geneva Dialogue, which aims to find solutions for implementing these norms, is mentioned. The outcome of this dialogue will be the Geneva Manual, which will be launched on 7th December in Geneva.

The analysis advocates for the development of cyber and digital diplomacy capabilities by governments. It suggests that governments should create strategies and provide training in these areas. Additionally, it acknowledges the increasing importance of cyber diplomacy, with approximately 60 countries having established representation in Silicon Valley.

Lastly, the analysis highlights the significance of promoting dialogues and exchanges to facilitate understanding. Dialogues involving different fields, such as diplomacy, business, and technology, can foster professional empathy and understanding. It acknowledges that fostering these dialogues is a time-consuming process without any shortcuts.

In conclusion, the analysis provides insights into the world of cyber diplomacy and its relationship with traditional diplomacy. It underscores the need for effective communication across disciplines, the growth of multidisciplinary collaboration, the role of cyber diplomacy in alleviating tensions, and the importance of implementing general norms in cybersecurity practice. The analysis also highlights the role of governments in developing cyber and digital diplomacy capabilities and emphasizes the significance of promoting dialogues and exchanges to facilitate understanding.

Rudolph Lohmeyer

The field of cyber diplomacy has emerged as a distinct discipline that requires a unique set of skills and institutional requirements. While it shares some similarities with traditional diplomacy, cyber diplomacy also has important differences due to its technical nature. Unlike other fields of diplomacy, cyber diplomacy requires a certain level of technical expertise.

Recognising the importance of international cooperation, there is a growing consensus on the need for increased collaboration and global agreements on cyber norms. Countries around the world are deploying cyber diplomats within their embassies to actively engage in cyber diplomacy. At the United Nations, work is underway to develop global agreements that will facilitate cooperation and establish norms in the cyber domain.

The private sector is also seen as an indispensable partner in cyber diplomacy. The private sector has called upon government leaders to develop consensus on cyber conventions and norms. Google CEO Sundar Pichai has highlighted the need for the same kind of norms in the cyber environment as can be found in warfare. The involvement of the private sector is crucial in driving innovation and implementing effective cybersecurity measures.

Dialogue and interaction play a vital role in diplomacy. By engaging in open discussions, diplomats can identify common interests and work towards shared goals. Without dialogue, it becomes challenging to discover areas of mutual concern and make progress. It is through dialogue that diplomats can foster understanding, build trust, and establish strong relationships.

Another important aspect of diplomatic interactions is the endorsement of a non-zero-sum game approach. Diplomats acknowledge the need to find win-win situations and build upon them. This approach emphasizes collaboration and cooperation rather than zero-sum competition. By seeking mutually beneficial outcomes, diplomats can create sustainable partnerships and achieve long-term goals.

In conclusion, cyber diplomacy is a unique field that requires its own set of skills and institutional requirements. Collaboration and global agreements on cyber norms are crucial for effective cyber diplomacy. The involvement of the private sector is seen as essential, and dialogue and a non-zero-sum game approach play a significant role in making progress in diplomacy. By considering these factors, diplomats can navigate the complex challenges of the cyber domain and facilitate peaceful and secure cooperation in the digital era.

H.E. Massimo Marotti

Cyber diplomacy is a relatively new domain within traditional diplomacy that requires the adaptation of traditional tools, as it operates in a space with no physical boundaries. It has become increasingly important due to the rise of cyber threats and digital communication. Unlike traditional diplomatic efforts, cyber diplomacy involves navigating through an intricate virtual landscape where non-state actors play a significant role. This shift has created a need for diplomats to understand the unique dynamics and challenges present in cyberspace.

The complexity of cyber diplomacy is further highlighted by the multidisciplinary nature of the field. Dr. Yovan articulates the deep technical complexity and multidisciplinarity, which adds another layer of difficulty in navigating this domain effectively. Progress within cyber diplomacy is not linear due to the presence of different stakeholders, each with their own agendas and interests. However, there are glimpses of progress in certain areas, indicating the potential for advancement in cyber diplomacy.

One of the key challenges in cyber diplomacy is the lack of universally applicable rules. Ambassador Marotti emphasises the need for global regulations to address this issue and provide a framework for cyber diplomatic efforts. The discussions revolve around how to apply these rules effectively and ensure that they accommodate the unique characteristics of cyberspace. Without such global regulations, the effectiveness of cyber diplomatic efforts may be hindered.

Despite the challenges, Ambassador Marotti maintains a cautious optimism about the state of cyber diplomacy. He believes that small groups functioning as accelerators can provide the energy and effectiveness required to regulate cyberspace. These groups, operating within larger multilateral forums, play a crucial role in the regulatory process. The Ambassador encourages common ground efforts among member states with different interests to ensure successful regulation. Without a general agreement, multiple regulations might emerge, which could be detrimental to the overall progress in cyber diplomacy.

Capacity building is seen as a crucial aspect of cyber diplomacy, as highlighted by the shared need among nations and organisations to develop capacities and capabilities in this field. The availability of skilled engineers and IT professionals in state agencies is identified as a common problem that needs to be addressed. Improving cybersecurity education is also deemed necessary to enhance the capacity of nations to handle cyber threats effectively.

Furthermore, cooperation in institution building is emphasised as a way to strengthen cyber diplomacy. Agencies from different countries often collaborate to build robust institutions that can effectively address cyber threats and engage in diplomatic efforts.

In conclusion, cyber diplomacy is a rapidly evolving domain within traditional diplomacy that requires the adaptation of traditional tools. It operates in a space with no physical boundaries and involves the presence of non-state actors. The field is complex, progress is not linear, and the lack of universally applicable rules is a significant challenge. However, there are promising glimpses of progress, and the efforts of small groups and common ground initiatives can contribute to effective regulation. Capacity building and institution building are seen as crucial aspects to enhance cyber diplomacy.

Speakers