Quantum’s Black Swan

Arguments

Quantum computing is necessary for future computational needs due to the limits of classical computing.

Supporting facts:

• Classical computer would require the size of the universe to process some molecular activities.

• The incremental possibilities in creating smaller processors are getting limited, with one nanometer chips being currently developed and the atom of a silicon measuring 0.2 nanometers.

Topics: Quantum computing, Classical computing, Molecular simulation

---

IBM is serious about developing quantum computing further, having developed a leading software platform.

Supporting facts:

• IBM doesn’t publish investment numbers but keeps up with their roadmap for quantum degrees.

• IBM’s quantum development kit Qiskit has over 500,000 registered users, and has been downloaded over two million times.

• 67% of developers that use quantum computers are using IBM’s kit.

Topics: Quantum Computing, IBM, Qiskit

---

Quantum computing is in its early stages and needs capacity and infrastructure for full-fledged operation

Supporting facts:

• Quantum computers require at least 100 qubits and the ability to run at least 3,000 circuits or gates in a processor

Topics: Quantum Computing, Qubits, Infrastructure

---

IBM is progressing with quantum computing, aiming for 3,000 circuits or gates by the end of 2024

Supporting facts:

• IBM announced Heron, a 133 qubit capable of running 1,800 gates.

Topics: IBM, Quantum Computing, Technology Advancement

---

Quantum computing is economically viable with significant investment

Supporting facts:

• There are problems worth investing in quantum computing that will provide return on the investment.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Investment, Economic Viability

---

Reduction of errors in quantum systems is a significant focus for IBM

Supporting facts:

• IBM’s next investment focus is on how to reduce the errors that occur in quantum systems and isolate the multiple components of a quantum-centric computer.

Topics: IBM, Quantum Computing, Error Reduction

---

Quantum computing has potential significant impact on cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

• Quantum computing can decipher all existing crypto keys, potentially leading to a cybersecurity armageddon.

• However, there are already algorithms developed in partnership with the Institute of Standards of the United States that can protect data from a quantum-enabled attack.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Cybersecurity

---

Quantum computing is receiving adequate attention with significant progress in experimentation and usage

Supporting facts:

• Since IBM opened their quantum computer on the cloud in 2016, over 3 trillion off-circuits have been executed

• Collaborations have been established with the University of Tokyo, the University of Chicago, and Icarus in Spain to advance technology development

• IBM is establishing its own quantum computer in Europe in Frankfurt

Topics: Quantum computing, Qiskit, Generative AI

---

End of this decade is expected to produce quantum computers capable of performing meaningful and commercial tasks

Supporting facts:

• IBM has been working with a projected timeline for meaningful and commercial tasks by the end of the decade

Topics: Quantum computing, Technology development

---

Quantum computers will not replace classical computers

Supporting facts:

• Quantum computers are not good at solving certain problems, like deterministic outcomes

• It might not be cost-effective to run certain applications on a quantum computer

Topics: Quantum Computing, Classical Computing

---

Proactive skilling on quantum computing is crucial to prepare workforce for the future

Supporting facts:

• They have trained about 8 million people globally on programming in quantum

• In collaboration with Crédit Mutuel in France, they have created a quantum academy to prepare their workforce for the quantum world

Topics: skills development, education, quantum computing, workforce

---

Regulation of quantum technology to follow similar pattern as previous computing waves

Supporting facts:

• Regulatory patterns in the realm of AI are market-driven, rights-driven, and state-driven

Topics: Quantum Technology, Regulation, Computing Waves

---

We shouldn’t regulate the technology but how the technology is used

Supporting facts:

• Regulation should focus on the risks introduced by technology usage

• Regulation of technology is complex due to its fast and diverse development

Topics: Technology Regulation, Artificial Intelligence

---

Report

Quantum computing is considered necessary for future computational needs due to the limitations of classical computing. Classical computers would require the size of the universe to process some molecular activities, making it increasingly challenging to process complex tasks efficiently. The development of quantum computers addresses this issue, as they can handle complex calculations much more effectively.

IBM is actively involved in the development of quantum computing and has developed a leading software platform called Qiskit. Qiskit has garnered significant popularity, with over 500,000 registered users and more than two million downloads. Additionally, 67% of developers using quantum computers are utilizing IBM’s kit, indicating the company’s commitment to advancing the field.

However, the development of quantum computing should also consider the types of problems that can be addressed with this technology. Understanding the types of problems that can be solved is crucial for creating an ecosystem that includes the appropriate computer, software, and problem-solving approaches.

In terms of technical requirements, quantum computers need at least 100 qubits and the ability to run a minimum of 3,000 circuits or gates in a processor. These capacities are essential for enabling full-fledged operation and harnessing the potential of quantum computing.

While quantum computing has the potential to replace classical computers in solving certain problems, it is important to note that it may not be cost-effective to run certain applications on a quantum computer. Therefore, a hybrid approach that combines classical and quantum computing can enhance AI capabilities and effectively solve complex problems.

IBM’s progress in quantum computing is evident in their aim to achieve 3,000 circuits or gates by the end of 2024. Additionally, they have recently announced the development of Heron, a 133-qubit system capable of running 1,800 gates, further demonstrating their commitment to advancing the field.

Quantum computing has economic viability with significant investment. There are problems worth investing in quantum computing that can provide a substantial return on investment. However, there is also a need to focus on reducing errors in quantum systems. IBM is actively addressing this challenge, investing in strategies to reduce errors and isolate the multiple components of a quantum-centric computer.

The impact of quantum computing on cybersecurity is a significant concern. Quantum computers have the potential to decipher all existing crypto keys, which could result in a cybersecurity armageddon. However, efforts are underway to develop algorithms that can protect data from quantum-enabled attacks, with collaborations with the Institute of Standards of the United States already producing solutions.

The future of quantum computing looks promising, with significant progress being made in experimentation and usage. It is expected that by the end of this decade, quantum computers will be capable of performing meaningful and commercial tasks, further driving advancements in various fields.

Generative AI is being leveraged in Qiskit to accelerate the development of code for quantum computing. This integration of AI brings an additional wave of innovation to the field, facilitating faster progress and advancements. Proactive skilling in quantum computing is crucial to prepare the workforce for the future.

As quantum computing becomes more prominent, companies have a key role in ensuring that their workforce is adequately trained and equipped to harness the potential of this technology. Regulation of quantum technology is expected to follow similar patterns as previous computing waves.

The European Union is likely to play a significant role in regulating quantum technology, given its focus on industry, innovation, and infrastructure. Additionally, regulation will likely develop at a faster pace in regions where technology is advancing rapidly. In conclusion, quantum computing is seen as a necessary solution for future computational needs.

IBM’s active involvement and development of its software platform Qiskit demonstrate their serious commitment to advancing quantum computing. However, it is important to consider the types of problems to be solved, invest in reducing errors, and address the potential impact on cybersecurity.

Proactive skilling and collaboration between quantum and classical computing will be instrumental in realizing the full potential of this technology. The regulation of quantum technology is also an area of focus that will likely play a crucial role in shaping its development and application.

Arguments

John Chipman inquires about the right regulatory approach for quantum technology

Supporting facts:

• John Chipman is the Executive Chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies

• The International Institute for Strategic Studies focuses on technology as a principal arena of geopolitical competition

Topics: Quantum Technology, Regulation, Geopolitical Competition

---

Jack mentioned the possibility of initial commercially viable quantum computers by 2029/2030

Topics: Quantum Computing, Commercial Viability

---

Jack also stated that governments will need seven years from now to transition to quantum safe mechanisms

Topics: Government, Quantum Computing, Cybersecurity

---

Report

The discussion revolved around several key topics, including quantum technology, regulation, geopolitical competition, and the timeline for commercial viability of quantum computers. John Chipman, the Executive Chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, initiated the conversation by inquiring about the appropriate regulatory approach for quantum technology.

He believes that it is essential to understand and discuss regulatory approaches to emerging technologies. Jack, another participant in the discussion, mentioned that commercially viable quantum computers could potentially become available by 2029 or 2030. However, he also noted that governments would require an additional seven years to transition to quantum-safe mechanisms.

This highlights the importance of considering the necessary timeframe for governments to adapt to the rapidly evolving landscape of quantum computing. In relation to Artificial Intelligence (AI), John Chipman referred to three different types of regulation prevalent in the field: market-driven, rights-driven, and state-driven.

This emphasizes the need to explore various regulatory approaches that balance market dynamics, individual rights, and state involvement when shaping the future of quantum technology and AI. Moritz Berlenz sought clarification regarding Jack’s timeline for quantum computing. It is important to ensure clear and accurate communication on this complex topic to foster a more comprehensive understanding among participants.

The conversation also acknowledged the International Institute for Strategic Studies’ focus on technology as a principal arena of geopolitical competition. This highlights the significance of technological advancements, such as quantum computing, in shaping global power dynamics. Overall, the discussion shed light on the need for a thoughtful and collaborative approach to regulation in the field of quantum technology.

It underscored the importance of understanding the timeline for the commercial viability of quantum computers and the subsequent transition to quantum-safe mechanisms.

Arguments

Quantum computing is the ambitious alternative to classical computing

Supporting facts:

• Quantum computing uses quantum particle called qubits instead of bits representing either zeros or ones used in classical computing

Topics: Quantum Computing, Classical Computing

---

Generative AI has been a black swan in computing over the last year

Topics: Generative AI

---

Need to understand how quantum computing might intersect with generative AI

Topics: Quantum Computing, Generative AI

---

Quantum computing technology is still in its early stages with limited commercial deployment.

Supporting facts:

• Joël Mesot discussed the origins and developments of quantum technology, mentioning institutions like CERN, the Paul Shearer Institute, and IBM as pioneers.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Technology Advancements

---

There are several technological breakthroughs that need to occur for full-fledged quantum computing.

Supporting facts:

• While quantum entanglement and superconductivity are aspects of quantum computing, more advancement is needed to reach its full potential.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Technology Development

---

Brad Stone questions the inevitability of wealthier countries having access to quantum systems due to their high design and build costs

Supporting facts:

• Quantum systems are expensive to design and build

• Wealthy countries may have more resources to afford such systems

Topics: Quantum system access, Wealth disparities, Technology access

---

Report

Quantum computing offers an ambitious alternative to classical computing by utilising quantum particles known as qubits instead of traditional bits. Unlike classical computers that represent information as either zeros or ones, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, allowing for parallel processing and the potential to solve complex problems more efficiently.

However, despite the promise of quantum computing, it is still in its early stages and has limited commercial deployment. The technology is complex and requires further advancements before it can reach its full potential. Quantum entanglement and superconductivity, which are key aspects of quantum computing, need to be further developed and understood.

Joël Mesot, in discussing the origins and developments of quantum technology, highlighted institutions like CERN, the Paul Shearer Institute, and IBM as pioneers in this field, contributing to the progress of quantum computing. However, there is still a long way to go before it becomes widely accessible and practical.

One notable concern raised is the potential for wealthier countries to have greater access to quantum systems due to the high costs associated with designing and building them. Brad Stone questions the inevitability of this wealth disparity, suggesting that it could further exacerbate existing inequalities.

This observation sheds light on the ethical and societal implications of quantum technology becoming a privilege of the wealthy. In conclusion, quantum computing shows immense potential as a groundbreaking technology that could revolutionise computing capabilities. However, further technological breakthroughs are required to fully harness its power.

The associated high costs and potential inequality in access pose challenges that need to be addressed. As quantum computing continues to advance, it is crucial to consider the broader impact it may have on society and work towards ensuring its benefits are accessible to all.

Arguments

AI and quantum form part of a whole in computing our world in new ways.

Supporting facts:

• GPUs are now capable of running the equations of quantum, enabling the scaling of artificial intelligence and quantum computing.

• Alphabet, Amazon, NVIDIA, and AMD are among the companies making these GPUs.

Topics: AI, Quantum Computing, Advanced Computing

---

We will see a hybrid computing infrastructure in the future

Supporting facts:

• IBM is building its quantum computer, superconducting qubits.

• CPUs, GPUs running AI, running quantum equations on GPUs, and then QPUs will be meshed together.

• Code will get smarter and will be able to determine where it should run- on a CPU, a GPU, or a QPU in this infrastructure

Topics: Hybrid Computing Infrastructure, Quantum Computing, AI

---

The first black swan moment in quantum will likely come in sensing.

Topics: Quantum Sensing, Quantum Computing

---

AI is crucial for the success of quantum sensors

Supporting facts:

• AI heavily supports navigation system in airplanes

• airplanes and pilot’s lives depend on navigation system

• GPS is commonly used for navigation, but is unavailable or untrustworthy in certain areas

Topics: AI, Quantum Sensors

---

GPS can be jammed or spoofed

Supporting facts:

• huge swaths of ocean, particularly Pacific Rim area and near Taiwan, do not have GPS

• huge swaths of the Middle East have GPS jamming and spoofing issues

• four planes unintentionally went into Iranian airspace in the past four months due to GPS issues

Topics: GPS, Navigation Systems

---

Quantum sensors can be used to detect unique magnetic footprint of every square meter on earth

Supporting facts:

• birds and whales have been using similar magnetic footprint navigation for millions of years

Topics: Quantum Sensors, Navigation

---

Quantum sensors use principles of quantum mechanics to detect our world in a much more precise way.

Supporting facts:

• Quantum sensors use the principles of superposition and entanglement.

• They can pick up very weak magnetic signals, like the ones emitted by the electric signal of the heart.

Topics: Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Sensors

---

The convergence of AI and quantum sensing is key in distinguishing necessary information in a myriad of magnetic signals.

Supporting facts:

• Quantum sensors pick up a wide array of magnetic signals which are then processed through a GPU into an AI model.

• The AI model separates the significant signals like a heartbeat from others, such as those from electronic devices.

Topics: AI, Quantum Sensing, Data Processing

---

Current secure cryptography will be obsolete due to advancements in quantum computing.

Supporting facts:

• Every phone has secure cryptography that’s used for banking, messaging, etc.

• Quantum computing is advancing in both hardware and software, and can breach this secure communication.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Cryptography, Banking System Security

---

The timeline for a functional quantum computer is moving faster than predicted.

Supporting facts:

• The development of quantum computing is likened to digging a tunnel from both sides, eventually meeting in the middle.

• The technology needed to crack the current cryptography is coming down in qubit requirement.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Artificial Intelligence

---

Post quantum cryptography is being developed as a necessary replacement.

Supporting facts:

• Organizations like NIST are creating these new protocols.

• It will take years to transition to the new system, hence immediate attention to the matter is critical.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Cryptography

---

Quantum computing is expected to develop at a faster pace in the coming years

Supporting facts:

• Hardware is being developed at a faster pace

• There are better algorithms now which can be used with fewer qubits

Topics: Quantum Computing, Cryptography, Qubits

---

There is a need to address the quantum divide

Supporting facts:

• There’s only 25 countries that have a national quantum blueprint

• the digital divide is likely to be closed in the next few years

Topics: Quantum Computing, Digital Divide

---

Quantum technology can revolutionize industries, including pharmaceuticals

Supporting facts:

• It takes 14 years and 3 billion euros on average to develop a drug with a 90% failure rate

• AI and quantum can create digital twins of molecules for medical research and dramatically improve development effectiveness

Topics: Quantum Computing, Pharmaceutical Industry, Artificial Intelligence

---

An emerging field of quantum machine learning which can process data directly from a quantum sensor into a quantum computer

Supporting facts:

• Neural networks from the 40s are the inspiration behind this

• Currently, data from a quantum sensor has to collapse back into the classical world when analyzed with a normal computer

Topics: Quantum Machine Learning, Quantum Sensor, Quantum Computer

---

Training billions of people about artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum at scale is possible through AI-based training

Supporting facts:

• Jack Hidary’s statement in a session at Davos

• Mention of a future announcement about a large-scale AI training project

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Quantum

---

Retrieval augmented generator (RAG) provides a solution to the hallucination issue in AI training

Supporting facts:

• Jack announced the upcoming unveiling of a RAG

• Mention of challenges in current AI models and a proposed solution

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, AI Training

---

We need to go beyond the LLMs of today and expand into other techniques for validated, high-quality information in training

Supporting facts:

• AI is one of the best tools for disseminating knowledge

Topics: AI, Training, LLMs, RAGs

---

Addressing the quantum divide at scale

Topics: AI, Quantum divide

---

Congress passed a cybersecurity bill specifically around quantum safety

Supporting facts:

• President Biden issued an order around security

Topics: Quantum computing, Cybersecurity

---

The potential viability of commercial quantum computers by 2029-2030

Topics: Quantum Computers, Technology Development

---

The need for governments to transition to quantum proof within seven years

Topics: Government Policy, Cybersecurity, Quantum Technology

---

The future threat to cryptography from quantum computing

Supporting facts:

• The speed of quantum computing development is accelerating

• Cryptography underpins the global economy, including e-commerce and the SWIFT system

Topics: Quantum Computing, Cryptography, E-commerce

---

Cryptography is a core part of cybersecurity

Supporting facts:

• Until now, focus has largely been on firewalls, malware, viruses, worms but cryptography is now getting attention

• Increasing attack from ransomware and AI-driven ransomware

Topics: Cryptography, Cybersecurity

---

China has a competent and serious effort in quantum computing with more than 2000 engineers working under physicist Pan Jianwei

Supporting facts:

• Pan Jianwei leads the China effort

• They have four different modalities of building a quantum computer

• They publish their work in peer-reviewed journals

Topics: Quantum computing, China, Pan Jianwei

---

China has focused significantly on quantum cryptography and communications, working on a parallel internet that can have coherent, i.e. signals of superposition and entanglement

Supporting facts:

• China has a strong program in quantum sensing

Topics: Quantum cryptography, Quantum communications, Internet

---

Report

The potential of quantum computing and artificial intelligence (AI) to transform various industries is highlighted by multiple speakers. GPUs (graphics processing units) have advanced to the point where they can now run quantum equations, allowing for the scaling of AI and quantum computing.

This breakthrough has been achieved by companies like Alphabet, Amazon, NVIDIA, and AMD. A future hybrid computing infrastructure is expected to emerge, where CPUs (central processing units), GPUs, and QPUs (quantum processing units) will be meshed together. This infrastructure will enable code to become smarter and determine whether it should run on a CPU, GPU, or QPU, based on the specific task.

AI plays a crucial role in the success of quantum sensors, particularly in areas where GPS (Global Positioning System) is unavailable or untrustworthy. AI heavily supports the navigation system in airplanes, and the lives of pilots depend on its accuracy.

However, in certain areas like huge swaths of the ocean and the Middle East, GPS jamming and spoofing are issues of concern, highlighting the need for alternative technologies like quantum sensors. Quantum sensors leverage the principles of superposition and entanglement, enabling them to pick up very weak magnetic signals, such as those emitted by the electric signal of the heart.

This precision in detection allows for a more accurate understanding of our world. The disruption of secure communications by quantum computing is a significant concern. Current secure cryptography used in banking systems, messaging, and other applications will become obsolete due to the advancements in quantum computing.

Organizations like NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) are actively developing post-quantum cryptography as a necessary replacement. Governments, industry, and academia need to prepare for the impact of quantum computing, as the development of quantum computers is progressing at a faster pace than predicted.

Addressing the digital divide in quantum technology is also crucial to ensure equal access and opportunities for all. The convergence of AI and quantum sensing allows for the distinguishing of necessary information from a myriad of magnetic signals. By processing a wide array of magnetic signals through a GPU into an AI model, the significant signals, such as a heartbeat, can be separated from others generated by electronic devices.

Quantum navigation systems, which are not connected to any satellite or communication system, provide unhackable and reliable navigational options. Boeing and Airbus plan to incorporate quantum navigation into their planes, ensuring the safety and efficiency of air travel. Overall, the potential of quantum computing and AI to transform industries is promising, but it also raises concerns about security and the need for adequate preparation.

Close collaboration between various stakeholders is essential to harness the benefits of these technologies while mitigating risks. Addressing cybersecurity and the digital divide in quantum technology are critical steps towards a more inclusive and secure future.

Arguments

We need quantum computers for solving complex problems

Supporting facts:

• Quantum computers work with any combinations which increases speed of solving problems exponentially

• There are some problems that we just can’t solve. Those are problems that are extremely chaotic

Topics: Quantum Computing, Complex Problems

---

Quantum sensors and quantum cryptography are integral parts of quantum computing

Supporting facts:

• Quantum sensors allow to have a much much higher precision

• Quantum cryptography makes messages extremely safe

• Quantum sensors are already part of our life

Topics: Quantum Computing, Quantum Sensors, Quantum Cryptography

---

Quantum technology can be used for environmental monitoring

Supporting facts:

• Quantum sensors can monitor climate change with such an accuracy

Topics: Quantum Technology, Environment Monitoring

---

Solving traffic in big cities in real time is almost impossible with a normal computer.

Supporting facts:

• Cities have complex interaction of trams, metros, trains, cars, trucks which increases the difficulty of solving the problem in real time.

Topics: Traffic Management, Complex Systems, Computer Technology

---

AI technology breakthrough is not new, as researchers have been using it for several years.

Supporting facts:

• Used AI for detectors 10 years ago.

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Research, Breakthrough Technology

---

Quantum cryptography from ID Quantic is in some mobile phones, but not allowed in Europe.

Supporting facts:

• Quantum cryptography from ID Quantic is in Samsung phones.

Topics: Quantum Cryptography, Mobile Technology, Regional Restrictions

---

Fundamental research is crucial in the development of technologies such as quantum sensors

Supporting facts:

• Technologies like quantum sensors were developed over decades in the research labs at CERN, Paul Scherrer Institute, Los Alamos IBM etc

• Measurement techniques used for particle physics experiments have helped in developing these sensors

• Superconductivity, a manifestation of quantum entanglement at a larger scale, allows for transportation of electricity without losses over kilometers

Topics: Fundamental Research, Quantum Sensors, Superconductivity

---

Andreas Walraff developed a self-correcting system in computing.

Supporting facts:

• The system can correct its own errors

• Joël Mesot credits this as a significant breakthrough

Topics: Self-correcting system, Computing, Andreas Walraff

---

Joël Mesot expresses concern over Quantum Computing being dominated by few companies or states

Supporting facts:

• He voiced concern over a similar situation as AI where a select few hold control

• Proposes the idea of an open system accessible to everyone

• Speaks of a ‘CERN of quantum’ – a collaborative international effort

Topics: Quantum Computing, Domination, Technology Accessibility

---

Joël Mesot highlights the potential high cost of Quantum Computing

Supporting facts:

• States that the Quantum Computing facility would be a large and expensive one, not like an iPhone

Topics: Quantum Computing, Investment

---

International organizations have a role to play in ensuring that access to expensive systems does not remain exclusive to wealthy countries

Supporting facts:

• Joël Mesot has been in talks about this subject with diplomats and the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator

• He emphasizes the need for connections between the science and diplomacy sectors

Topics: Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator, Science diplomacy

---

Quantum computers are not substitutes for classic computers

Supporting facts:

• Quantum computers are used for simulations of nature, certain problems cannot be effectively solved by Quantum Computers.

Topics: Quantum Computing, Classic Computing, Artificial Intelligence

---

Preparing the workforce for future technologies.

Supporting facts:

• ETH started a master’s program on quantum computing and is offering vocational training.

Topics: Workforce Prep, Quantum Computing, Education

---

Regulating AI is difficult due to its fast and diverse development

Supporting facts:

• AI development is fast and diverse, making regulation difficult

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Regulation of AI

---

Regulation of sizable facilities may be easier than with AI

Supporting facts:

• Sizable facilities do not have the same wild west of development that AI faces

Topics: Regulation of sizable facilities, Comparisons to AI regulation

---

Report

Quantum computing is seen as crucial for efficiently solving complex problems due to its unique ability to work with different combinations, which exponentially increases the speed of problem-solving. Quantum sensors and quantum cryptography are integral parts of quantum computing, offering higher precision and enhanced security respectively.

These technologies are already being integrated into various aspects of our lives. Additionally, quantum technology has the potential to revolutionize environmental monitoring by providing highly accurate data on climate change. Conventional computers face significant challenges in solving real-time traffic issues in large cities due to the complexity of interactions between different modes of transportation.

Quantum computing can address this issue by leveraging its ability to handle complex systems. Researchers have been using AI technology for several years, indicating that AI breakthroughs are not recent. However, concerns are raised about the potential dominance of a few companies or states in the field of quantum computing.

Collaboration, especially in Europe, is proposed to ensure equitable access to quantum computing. The idea of creating an open system accessible to everyone, similar to a “CERN of quantum,” is mentioned as a potential solution. While the benefits of quantum computing are acknowledged, building quantum computing facilities can be a costly endeavor.

This draws attention to the financial investments required for advancing this technology. International collaboration between science and diplomacy sectors is stressed to address disparities in technological access. This collaboration promotes equality and reduces inequalities. The approach of task allocation between quantum and classical computers is advocated, where easy tasks are given to regular computers or cloud computing, while more challenging tasks are dispatched to quantum computers.

This approach ensures efficient resource utilization and maximizes computational capabilities. Institutions like ETH have started offering programs and vocational training in quantum computing to prepare the workforce for future technologies. This focus on education and workforce development ensures a skilled labor pool capable of handling the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging technologies.

The rapid and diverse development of AI poses challenges in terms of regulation. Establishing comprehensive regulatory frameworks becomes difficult due to the constantly evolving nature of AI. In contrast, the regulation of sizable facilities, such as quantum computing facilities, is potentially easier as they have physical components that can be subject to regulation.

Overall, the expanded summary highlights the significance of quantum computing in solving complex problems, the integration of quantum sensors and quantum cryptography, the potential applications of quantum technology in environmental monitoring, the challenges in real-time traffic management, the long-standing use of AI technology by researchers, concerns about the dominance of a few entities in quantum computing, the importance of collaboration and accessibility, the financial implications of building quantum computing facilities, the need for science-diplomacy connections, the benefits of task allocation, the importance of workforce preparation, and the challenges of regulating AI and sizable facilities.