Ad Hoc Consultation: Tuesday 6th February, Afternoon session

Report

The Albanian delegation has taken a definitive stance in support of the current wording of the specific subparagraph, advocating for the preservation of the status quo without any amendments. This choice indicates that the delegation is content with the clarity and accuracy of the existing language and believes it effectively caters to their interests or represents their perspective on the issue.

Although the initial statement did not provide detailed reasoning or evidence, it can be presumed that the Albanian delegation’s stance was formed following meticulous deliberation of the repercussions that any alterations to the subparagraph could have. It is likely that their endorsement reflects a conviction that the current wording is in line with international standards, safeguards Albania’s national interests, or ensures an equilibrium among the parties concerned.

The delegation’s concise expression of gratitude at the end of their statement denotes a commitment to civil discourse and implies a readiness to participate constructively in the dialogue while resolutely maintaining their position. In the realm of international negotiations, the Albanian delegation’s backing of the original text is probably part of a wider strategic context, which may influence ongoing negotiations or discussions pertaining to related clauses.

This could also shed light on Albania’s overall foreign policy, suggesting a preference for stability and predictability in legal frameworks. To summarise, the Albanian delegation’s affirmation of the original subparagraph language signifies their approval of the current wording and may also reflect their larger diplomatic strategy.

Their polite acknowledgment indicates they are engaging in a spirit of collaboration within the international community.

Arguments

Australia insists on keeping the text unchanged

Supporting facts:

• The language is agreed upon in the CSW conclusions

• Emphasizes forms of violence through or amplified by technology

Topics: Gender-based Violence, Digital Safety, Women and Girls’ Rights

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Australia emphasizes the impact of ICT on gender-based violence

Supporting facts:

• Recognition of women and girls as principal victims

• Concern over the amplification of harm by technology

Topics: Cybersecurity, Gender-based Violence, Digital Inclusion

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Report

Australia’s stance is decidedly in favour of steadfastly upholding the language outlined in the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) conclusions, with a particular focus on how technology exacerbates gender-based violence. The delegation’s positive sentiment toward leaving the text unchanged highlights the importance of tackling violence that is manifested through or intensified by digital channels.

The Australian delegation highlights women and girls as the principal victims within the digital landscape, signalling a deep concern for the disproportionate harm inflicted by Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Their viewpoint integrates discussions around SDG 5: Gender Equality with SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, offering a comprehensive perspective on the nuanced challenges of gender-based violence in our digitally driven world.

Furthermore, Australia advocates for the special recognition of people in vulnerable situations. This supportive stance extends Australia’s commitment to human rights and inclusivity beyond gender issues, embracing the varying degrees of vulnerability that individuals may experience, and is strongly aligned with SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities.

Australia promotes a broader inclusivity, insisting that vulnerability should be acknowledged in all its contexts, whether social, economic, or technological. Australia’s rigorous approach demonstrates a profound understanding of the intricacies of gender-based violence in the digital era. By weaving together themes of gender rights, technological impacts, and the needs of vulnerable groups, Australia highlights the imperative for detailed and considerate action within international policies.

The consistent sentiment—whether positive, concerned, or supportive—throughout Australia’s contributions underlines a commitment to recognising and actively addressing the complex nature of gender-based violence, particularly in terms of digital security and inclusivity. Australia’s dedication to maintaining a balance between technological progress and the safeguarding of individual rights and safety is evident, revealing an insightful and praiseworthy approach to global issues that intersect technology and social change.

The summary has been crafted using UK English spelling and grammar, ensuring that it accurately reflects the main analysis text while maintaining top-tier quality. Additionally, it contains vital long-tail keywords such as “gender-based violence in the digital era,” “human rights and inclusivity,” and “impact of Information and Communication Technology on social issues,” which enhance the summary’s searchability without compromising its integrity.

Arguments

Gender-based violence must be condemned

Topics: Gender Equality, Human Rights

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Report

The comprehensive analysis engages with the intricate discourse surrounding Gender Equality, a principal aim underpinned by Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), considering its wider impact on Human Rights and the role of International Cooperation, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG 17).

Central to the conversation is the resounding negative stance towards Gender-Based Violence (GBV), condemning it as a severe violation of fundamental Human Rights. This unified position calls for the global denouncement and eradication of GBV, urging for it to be recognised not simply as a societal or cultural matter but as a pervasive human rights issue needing urgent and definitive measures.

In contrast, there is a positive sentiment expressed towards Saudi Arabia’s proposal, which introduces a collaborative dimension to the fight against GBV within the realm of International Cooperation. Although the proposal’s specifics are absent, the endorsement suggests it might offer a constructive approach to rallying nations in the pursuit of gender equality and eliminating GBV.

With Saudi Arabia’s significant standing in both regional and global contexts, its proposal has the potential to catalyse substantial change, promoting collaborative tactics that are vital for achieving SDG 5. This perspective aligns with SDG 17, highlighting collaboration and partnership as indispensable for accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals.

It points to the critical need for mutual efforts and the sharing of expertise among nations in order to make meaningful progress in dissipating gender disparities and securing equal rights. To conclude, this analysis accentuates the imperative for worldwide disavowal of GBV and encourages the fostering of proactive international alliances to eradicate such inequalities.

It signifies that, while opposing GBV is the ethical foundation for initiatives championing gender equality, practical advancements hinge on tangible strategies and intergovernmental cooperation. Additional insights hint at a potential paradigm shift, with countries that historically have been on the peripheries of gender equality discussions now taking on active roles.

This reflects a possible rise in global engagement and a move towards collective accountability in devising and implementing effective strategies to promote gender equality.

Report

Brazil has openly advocated for the retention of the current draft of paragraph G, prioritising the issue of gender-based violence. The Brazilian delegation emphasises the critical importance of specific mentions of this issue within the document, drawing attention to the flexibility already provided to states in paragraphs 1 and 2 concerning domestic law.

These points, according to Brazil, allow for substantial interpretative leeway when applying optional paragraph 3 within national legislations. Further supporting their argument, Brazil cites the recent success in achieving consensus on terminology related to gender-based violence in the realm of technology during the last session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW).

This event is presented as evidence of an international accord that serves as a solid foundation for maintaining the current language of paragraph G. Brazil’s conclusion is unequivocal: the country is urging other states to concur on safeguarding the existing wording of paragraph G.

This call is underpinned by the perceived necessity for a unified global stance against gender-based violence, notably in the context of technological advancements. The broader implication of Brazil’s statement is the nation’s dedication to tackling gender-based violence, indicating sustained international focus on the issue.

Brazil’s insistence on keeping established terminology demonstrates the value of consistent and recognised language in international agreements and signifies awareness that alterations to this language can jeopardise the progress achieved. The text is devoid of grammatical errors, maintains UK spelling and grammar, and accurately reflects the main analysis.

It includes long-tail keywords such as “gender-based violence”, “Commission on the Status of Women”, “international agreement on gender-based violence”, and “technological advancements” without compromising the quality of the summary.

Report

In a contribution to the international discussion, the representative from Burkina Faso’s stance aligned with counterparts from countries like Nigeria, Tanzania, and Rwanda. The central debate focused on the integration of domestic law within a document aiming for international consensus.

The Burkina Faso delegate was open to including national legal frameworks in the document, respecting state sovereignty and acknowledging the diversity of legal systems. They accepted language indicating terms or processes should be “defined by domestic law” or “in accordance with domestic law,” which could ease consensus-building.

However, the delegate was firm against language specifically addressing vulnerable individuals’ needs within the document. This could imply a preference for a non-specific approach or concerns over implementing targeted provisions. They argued for concluding the section with “technologies,” indicating a belief in the document’s sufficiency or a view that extending it to include vulnerable populations was unnecessary.

The delegate’s polite conclusion followed diplomatic convention, with their input reflecting Burkina Faso’s specific positions on complex issues in international consensus-forming. The summary maintains UK spelling and grammar throughout, ensuring an accurate reflection of the main text’s analysis.

Arguments

Cabo Verde supports the maintenance of the current paragraph which includes references to gender-based concerns and persons in vulnerable situations.

Topics: Gender Equality, Vulnerable Populations

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Report

Cabo Verde has demonstrated a steadfast and positive stance within international forums on issues of gender and equality, advocating for the retention of specific language pertaining to gender-based concerns and the challenges facing vulnerable populations. This firm position signifies the importance Cabo Verde places on highlighting and addressing the needs of these groups through inclusive and considerate policy-making.

In advocating for policy stability, Cabo Verde champions a consistent approach toward combating gender inequality, recognising that such stability is essential for providing vulnerable groups with a dependable support structure. Ensuring the continuation of current policies is seen as critical for safeguarding the strides made in progressing towards gender equality and protecting vulnerable individuals.

Aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 5, which advocates for gender equality, and Sustainable Development Goal 10, which aims to reduce inequalities, Cabo Verde’s stance reflects its commitment to these global objectives. The nation’s positive sentiment underscores a proactive stance in promoting the advancement of these Sustainable Development Goals, with an emphasis on gender equality and the protection of vulnerable groups forming the core of their international policy agenda.

While there are no supporting facts presented in the initial statements, the consistency of Cabo Verde’s position cements the nation’s dedication to these social issues. With clarity and coherence, Cabo Verde assures both its citizens and the global community of its serious and unwavering approach to tackling gender and inequality challenges.

In summary, by maintaining its current position on gender and vulnerability in policy documentation, Cabo Verde solidifies its role as a committed advocate for gender equality and the wellbeing of vulnerable populations. The country’s stance reflects a determined effort to uphold Sustainable Development Goals’ principles and promote an equitable and inclusive society.

Furthermore, Cabo Verde is likely to persist in its efforts, maintaining its international reputation as a formidable proponent of equity and justice on the global stage.

Report

During a debate concerning a preventive paragraph within an unspecified treaty or resolution, the Canadian delegate firmly advocates for retaining the paragraph as it stands. With a multitude of international endorsements backing this position, the representative highlights its essential role in prevention, particularly building upon the domestic law considerations detailed in paragraphs 1 and 2.

The delegate stresses that given the comprehensive nature of the earlier sections, any suggested additional text might be superfluous. The Canadian representative brings special attention to the issue of gender-based violence within Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), referencing data from the UN Population Fund.

The data conveys that such violence coerces women and girls into self-censorship, thus muting their voices in the digital sphere. Accordingly, Canada champions the clause dedicated to gender-based violence as pivotal, advocating for prevention measures tailored to varied gender impacts to remain intact in the treaty.

Furthermore, Canada advances a modification to the draft treaty’s rules of procedure to streamline ensuing deliberations. The delegate clarifies that this proposition seeks to draw from an agreed-upon consensus resolution for procedural guidance, without binding the Conference of States Parties.

Against any critique of overreach or the propriety of integrating a resolution into the treaty text, the Canadian proposal emphasises the adjudicative legitimacy of the Ad Hoc Committee (AHC) in overseeing treaty formulation and execution. Examples cited include the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), both of which incorporate General Assembly resolution references.

To mitigate any disagreements and sensitivities, the delegate presents a carefully revised wording, suggesting that General Assembly Resolution 75-282, dated 26 May 2021, be regarded judiciously rather than enforced. This amendment seeks to mirror the prevailing treaty parlance, ensuring a harmonised document and embodying an intention to consider, rather than dictate, the resolution’s utilisation.

Canada’s proposal underscores a balanced stance that honours past consensus while fostering a versatile procedural foundation for the treaty’s dialogue and execution.

Arguments

Iran disagrees with the proposed paragraph by the U.S. and finds the language used to be unclear and subjective.

Supporting facts:

• Iran states the term ‘security researchers’ is not clearly defined, and legitimacy is subjective.

• Iran cannot support the proposal based on these concerns.

Topics: Diplomacy, International Negotiations

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The Chair seeks to identify and clarify the exact issues with the proposed paragraph to advance discussions.

Supporting facts:

• The Chair acknowledges the lengthy discussions on the U.S. proposal.

• The Chair asks Iran for more fundamental questions beyond wording.

• The Chair urges the discussion to move forward for efficiency.

Topics: Diplomacy, Effective Institutions

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The United States is flexible with the terminology used in the proposed paragraph and suggests ‘cybersecurity professionals’ as an alternative to ‘security researchers’.

Supporting facts:

• The term ‘security researchers’ is considered problematic or ambiguous.

• The U.S. is open to suggestions and amenable to the addition of ‘within its territory’.

Topics: Cybersecurity, Legislative Drafting

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The Chair acknowledges the active cooperation and constructive approach of the delegations.

Supporting facts:

• Delegations are working together to refine the language of the proposed paragraph.

• Several suggestions and modifications have been acknowledged by the Chair.

Topics: Diplomacy, International Cooperation

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The Chair considers ‘urging’ as stronger than ‘encouraging’, within the context of a May provision.

Supporting facts:

• The paragraph in question allows for a range of actions, like promoting and strengthening cooperation.

• The tone of urging could change the nature of the actions expected under the paragraph.

Topics: Diplomacy, Negotiation Techniques

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Vietnam supports changing from ‘encouraging’ to ‘urging’ regarding service provider cooperation.

Supporting facts:

• Service providers are partners in delivering services to citizens

• They should work with the government on pre-preventive measures

Topics: Cybercrime Convention, Online Platform Governance

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Vietnam seeks clarification on the scope of the U.S. proposal.

Supporting facts:

• The need to ensure discussions remain within the Cybercrime Convention scope

• Clarification requested on whether the scope includes civilian, governmental ICT, or military infrastructures

Topics: Cybersecurity, ICT Infrastructure

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Chair did not express any stance or sentiment.

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Service providers should be urged, not just encouraged, to shoulder their responsibilities

Supporting facts:

• Urge is stronger than encourage

• Role of service providers is significant

Topics: Service Provider Responsibility, Regulatory Language

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Vanuatu prefers the term ‘encouraging’ over ‘urging’ to maintain permissive language in the resolution.

Supporting facts:

• The paragraph in question is set in permissive language, not mandatory.

• Vanuatu feels that ‘urging’ does not fit into permissive language.

Topics: Diplomatic Language, International Resolutions

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Vanuatu supports the amended formulation proposed by the United States for paragraph 3D.

Supporting facts:

• Vanuatu has explicitly expressed support for the US amendment proposal.

Topics: International Cooperation, Resolution Amendments

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Nigeria supports Iran’s proposal to replace ‘encouraging’ with stronger language in the paragraph.

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria feels that ‘encouraging’ with the existing caveats does not imply any substantial obligation on service providers.

• Nigeria believes a term that implies responsibility while remaining permissive would better ensure the security of products made available by service providers.

Topics: Policy Making, International Cooperation

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The Chair decides to halt the discussion on the contentious sub-paragraphs due to lack of consensus and limited time.

Supporting facts:

• There is no consensus on the language of sub-paragraph D and sub-paragraph DBS.

• Other paragraphs await discussion and time is limited.

Topics: Policy Making, International Relations

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The European Union emphasizes its stance on retaining references to gender mainstreaming within the text.

Supporting facts:

• The EU acknowledges the scarcity of gender references and opposes further deletions.

Topics: Gender Mainstreaming, EU Policies

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Costa Rica emphasizes the importance of maintaining the gender perspective in subparagraph G.

Topics: Gender Equality, Policy Making

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Tanzania proposes inclusion of ‘in accordance with its domestic legal system’ when referring to gender-based formulations.

Supporting facts:

• Tanzania upholds a consistent preference for its domestic legal system in international provisions.

• The proposition is aimed at aligning international norms with domestic strategies, policies, and legal frameworks.

Topics: Gender Equality, Legal Systems, Domestic Law

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Switzerland supports the retention of original wording on gender-based violence

Supporting facts:

• The language is well-established UN language

• The language is used in several GA resolutions

Topics: Gender Equality, UN Resolutions, Gender-based Violence

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Egypt will support the paragraph if the segment regarding special circumstances and needs of persons in vulnerable situations is removed.

Topics: International Negotiations, Policy Amendment, Vulnerable Populations

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The United States delegation prioritizes retaining the wording on gender-based violence as displayed.

Supporting facts:

• The term ‘gender-based violence’ is seen as a consensus-based term within the General Assembly and many UN contexts.

Topics: Delegation Stance, Gender-based Violence

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Panama supports maintaining the original text referencing gender-based violence and persons in vulnerable situations.

Topics: Gender Equality, Human Rights

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Peru emphasizes the significance of including strategies in the paragraph to prevent gender-based violence that involves information technology, especially considering vulnerable situations.

Topics: Gender-based Violence, Information Technology, Vulnerable Populations

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The Republic of Korea considers cyberspace violence a key priority and wants to retain the relevant paragraph in the convention.

Topics: Cyber Violence, Online Safety, International Convention

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Cabo Verde supports the maintenance of the referenced paragraph on gender-based issues and persons in vulnerable situations.

Topics: Gender Equality, Vulnerable Populations

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Sweden supports retaining the contested paragraph in the cybercrime convention

Supporting facts:

• Paragraph’s purpose is to combat cybercrime efficiently and effectively as stated in Article 1

• Gender-based violence is a significant part of cybercrime

Topics: Cybercrime Convention, Gender-Based Violence

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Australia emphasises the importance of language that addresses both violence and forms of gender-based violence facilitated by information and communications technologies.

Supporting facts:

• Australia recognises women and girls are predominantly affected by online violence.

• The use of such technologies can amplify harm through various factors like reach, speed, and duration of harmful content.

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Information and Communications Technology

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The Chair suggests adding a qualifying phrase to the term gender-based violence, to potentially define it as per domestic law.

Supporting facts:

• Some delegations favour keeping the wording ‘gender-based violence’.

• Adding ‘as defined by domestic law’ may address concerns.

Topics: Legal Definitions, Gender-Based Violence

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Vanuatu supports the original language of the paragraph without amendments, except for considering the Chair’s amendment on the term gender-based violence.

Supporting facts:

• Vanuatu is open to defining gender-based violence by domestic law of each state.

• The paragraph is perceived as important for small island developing states.

Topics: Gender-based Violence, Legislative Language, Technical Assistance

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Vanuatu emphasizes the importance of the paragraph for small island developing states dealing with gender-based violence.

Supporting facts:

• There is an identified linkage between the discussed chapter and anticipated assistance in paragraphs 54 to 56.

• The issue of gender-based violence is a significant struggle for small island developing states.

Topics: Gender-based Violence, Small Island Developing States, Technical Assistance

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Lebanon strongly supports the text as presented regarding technology and gender equality.

Supporting facts:

• The text mentioned gender-based violence 14 times and was adopted by consensus.

• There is a concern about the introduction of a caveat ‘as defined by domestic law’ which Lebanon does not support.

Topics: Gender Equality, Technology

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Nigeria acknowledges the need for clarity and context in terminology used in criminal justice conventions

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria tried to look at other criminal justice conventions and unable to find similar wordings

• There are different interpretations to different terminologies

Topics: Criminal Justice, Legal Terminology

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Nigeria emphasizes the complexity involving the term ‘gender-based violence’ and varying interpretations

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria uses the term gender-based violence and understands its meaning

• Acknowledges the term is interpreted differently

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Legal Interpretation

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Nigeria is concerned with merging issues without consensus in the terminologies used

Supporting facts:

• Observation that the paragraph merges communication technologies and persons in vulnerable situations

• Some terms are not consensual and difficult for domestic legal systems

Topics: Terminology Consensus, Legal Clarity

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Nigeria endorses a flexible approach allowing nations to interpret preventive measures in accordance with domestic laws

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria supports the proposal to use ‘as defined by domestic law’ for consensus

• Wants delegations to have flexibility in interpretation

Topics: Legal Flexibility, Domestic Legislation

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Rwanda is serious about the gender issue and is flexible with the provision’s wording.

Supporting facts:

• Rwanda agrees with the paragraph on gender but is open to the chair’s proposal to adapt to ‘domestic law of each state party’.

Topics: Gender Equality, International Relations

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Mauritania calls for the deletion of a specific paragraph but shows flexibility by suggesting amendment

Supporting facts:

• Mauritania’s delegation is willing to negotiate on the paragraph if changes are made

• The specific issue is with the inclusion of the term ‘gender-based’

Topics: Gender Equality, Diplomacy, Negotiation

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Qatar supports the proposal to eradicate violence without specifying gender

Supporting facts:

• Qatar aligns with Saudi Arabia on the proposal concerning violence.

Topics: Gender Equality, Violence

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Ecuador insists on maintaining subparagraph G in its original version to address gender-based violence.

Supporting facts:

• Prevention and eradication of gender-based violence is crucial for achieving SDG 5.

• Gender-based violence language is commonly used within the United Nations context.

Topics: Gender-based Violence, Sustainable Development Goals

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Ecuador emphasizes the importance of gender perspective and acknowledges the impact of ICTs on women and girls.

Supporting facts:

• Past versions of the negotiated text included mentions of a gender-based perspective.

• The current version only holds one reference to gender-based violence.

Topics: Gender Perspective, ICT Impact on Women and Girls

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Yemen emphasizes the need for flexibility in implementing preventive measures against violence.

Supporting facts:

• Preventive measures are described as permissive, not mandatory.

• Implementation responsibility lies with domestic (national) authorities.

Topics: Violence Prevention, National Sovereignty

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Yemen argues that violence should not be qualified; it should be recognized plainly as violence.

Topics: Violence, Legislation

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Controversy arises from the mention of domestic law in the context of addressing violence.

Supporting facts:

• Paragraph 2 mentions domestic law, which is contentious.

Topics: Domestic Law, International Law

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Burkina Faso agrees with inserting reference to domestic law in the document

Supporting facts:

• Burkina Faso can accept ‘defined by domestic law’ or ‘in accordance with domestic law’.

Topics: International Law, Domestic Legislation

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Burkina Faso disagrees with including special circumstances for vulnerable persons

Supporting facts:

• Burkina Faso requests deletion of the part mentioning ‘special circumstances and needs of persons in vulnerable situations’.

Topics: Vulnerable Populations, Inclusivity in Policy

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Canada strongly supports the prevention paragraph in its current form

Supporting facts:

• The paragraph follows ones that address domestic law

• The UN Population Fund highlights the impact of technology-facilitated gender-based violence on women and girls

Topics: Gender-based Violence, ICT crimes prevention, UN Populations Fund

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Oman supports the appeal to eradicate violence in general, not specifically gender-based violence.

Supporting facts:

• Oman official’s statement

Topics: Violence, Gender Equality, Policy Advocacy

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Japan supports the text as it is

Supporting facts:

• Japan understands the made provision

• Japan is inclined to support Chair’s proposal for flexibility

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Japan’s priority is the inclusion of paragraph Z

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Each state party defines the term ‘gender-based violence’ according to its domestic law.

Supporting facts:

• Namibia endorses adding a phrase to define ‘gender-based violence’ as per domestic laws of each state party

• The term ‘gender-based violence’ is complex and varies by state

Topics: Gender-based violence, Domestic law, State sovereignty

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Support for paragraph G as currently drafted

Supporting facts:

• Paragraph G importance emphasized

• Reference in paragraphs 1 and 2 to domestic law provides interpretative flexibility

• Consensus language on gender-based violence aligned with CSW outcomes

Topics: gender-based violence, legal interpretation

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Bahrain condemns gender-based violence

Topics: Gender-based violence, Human rights

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Bahrain supports the proposal by Saudi Arabia

Topics: International cooperation, Policy making

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Germany aligns with the EU statement and supports the original draft of the paragraph on gender-based violence.

Supporting facts:

• Many reasons for support given by Sweden, Norway, and others.

• Recognition of the flexibility provided by the ‘May’ provision.

Topics: Gender Equality, International Law

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Germany acknowledges the importance of addressing violence against women in the digital age.

Supporting facts:

• UN Women’s text on trolling, stalking, doxing, and other forms of violence against women.

Topics: Gender Equality, Digital Violence, Online Harassment

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A delegation suggests avoiding the word ‘gender’ for clarity.

Supporting facts:

• Alternative formulation proposed: ‘sex-based violence’

• Emphasis on violence against women and girls

Topics: Gender Equality, Diplomacy, Consensus Building

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Kuwait supports Saudi Arabia’s proposal to delete ‘gender-based’ from the text

Supporting facts:

• Kuwait’s delegation has made a clear stance supporting the removal of the term ‘gender-based’

Topics: Gender Equality, Violence

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Thailand supports the inclusion of gender-based violence reference in the text

Supporting facts:

• Thailand expressed support for the original proposal

• Thailand is flexible on the wording

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Policy Formulation

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Thailand finds the reference to domestic law possibly redundant

Supporting facts:

• Thailand expressed a view on the redundancy of domestic law reference

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Legal Framework

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The United States prefers to retain both ‘voluntary’ and ‘mutually agreed terms’ to address distinct legal matters.

Supporting facts:

• Voluntary refers to the consent to enter contract situations involving IP.

• Mutually agreed terms presumably follow from voluntary agreements.

Topics: Legal terminology, Intellectual Property

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The United States is willing to be flexible and proposes deleting ‘where possible’ to address concerns of additional caveats.

Supporting facts:

• Proposed deletion is a flexibility gesture towards concerns about perceived additional caveats.

Topics: Legal terminology, Contract negotiation

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The term ‘fair’ is not an acceptable substitution for ‘voluntary’ from the perspective of the United States.

Supporting facts:

• The United States cannot agree to replace ‘voluntary’ with ‘fair’ in the context.

Topics: Legal terminology

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Colombia considers the obligation for technology transfer extremely weak and practically non-existent with the inclusion of ‘voluntary’.

Supporting facts:

• ‘voluntary’ undermines the effectiveness of the technology transfer clause

• Clause is further weakened by ‘states shall consider where possible’

Topics: Technology Transfer, International Agreements, Compliance

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El Salvador opposes adding ‘voluntary’ to characterize the transfer of technology in Paragraph 1 of 54.

Topics: Transfer of Technology, Intellectual Property Rights

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El Salvador believes the current language ‘terms and conditions of mutually agreed’ includes the private sector’s interests.

Topics: Private Sector Involvement, Mutual Agreement

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Vanuatu supports the retention of the original language of the paragraph.

Supporting facts:

• The current language was reached after considerable discussion in previous sessions.

• The term ‘mutually agreed terms’ suggests a voluntary and non-oppressive agreement.

Topics: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, International Negotiations

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The term ‘mutually agreed terms’ indicates a voluntary and non-oppressive relationship for technology transfer.

Supporting facts:

• Vanuatu views the relationship as potentially unequal but still based on mutual agreement.

Topics: International Relations, Technology Transfer, Negotiation Terms

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US agrees to withdraw the request for inserting ‘voluntary’ and removing ‘fair’.

Supporting facts:

• US acknowledges the importance of the paragraph to other states.

• US recognizes it is increasingly isolated in discussions.

Topics: Technical Assistance, Legal Issues, International Cooperation

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Chair appreciates US flexibility and attempts to reach consensus.

Supporting facts:

• Chair acknowledges the difficulty of the US delegation’s legal issue.

• Chair expresses gratitude for US withdrawal of its change request.

Topics: Diplomacy, Consensus Building, Negotiation

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The United States delegation cannot agree with the deletion of a paragraph, showcasing inflexibility.

Supporting facts:

• Discussion triggered by the U.S. proposal around ‘voluntary’.

• U.S. showed flexibility by withdrawing their proposal.

Topics: Diplomatic Negotiations, Policy Making

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The Chair urges delegations to accept the drafted text as it represents a balanced solution.

Supporting facts:

• Extensive and intensive discussions from the past week to present.

• The Chair acts in place of Madam Chair and seeks closure on the matter.

Topics: Consensus Building, International Cooperation

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El Salvador commends the flexibility of the United States

Supporting facts:

• El Salvador expresses approval of the United States’ stance

Topics: United States, International Relations

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El Salvador agrees with the decision to maintain the current text

Supporting facts:

• El Salvador supports the chair’s decision

• The text in question remains unchanged

Topics: Policy, Diplomacy

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The chair added ‘where possible’ language to create consensus.

Supporting facts:

• Language intended for balance and to incorporate all delegation’s concerns.

• The phrase ‘where possible’ was not proposed by the United States.

Topics: Consensus Building, Negotiation Language

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Chair urges Peru to reconsider its position for agreement.

Supporting facts:

• Time is limited to conclude the session.

• Chair sees the text as addressing contentious issues and is pushing for approval.

Topics: Diplomatic Flexibility, Session Deadlines

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Contentious issues need resolution within a tight timeframe.

Supporting facts:

• Only one hour remains before session conclusion.

• Other contentious stakeholder issues are pending.

Topics: Session Management, Time Management

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Vietnam values UNODC’s expertise in designing and delivering technical assistance

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam has been a beneficiary of UNODC’s assistance for many years

• Expresses appreciation for UNODC’s assistance

Topics: UNODC Technical Assistance, Capacity Building

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Vietnam suggests UNODC should be involved in designing technical assistance programs

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam recognizes UNODC’s outstanding expertise

• Current practices of earmarked programs recognized

Topics: UNODC Involvement, Technical Assistance Design

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Vietnam is concerned that Paragraph 10 might be too limited in scope

Supporting facts:

• Paragraph 10 focuses only on voluntary contributions

• Need for covering broader expertise is emphasized

Topics: UNODC Funding, Voluntary Contributions

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Vietnam acknowledges the need for consensus and is willing to agree with the general mood

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam ready to accept the text as it was for consensus

• Acknowledges the late state of discussions

Topics: Consensus Building, Diplomatic Cooperation

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Iran disagrees with involving UNODC as intermediary in states’ mutual assistance

Topics: International Cooperation, UNODC’s Role, State Sovereignty

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Paragraph five agreement achieved without further objections

Supporting facts:

• Cabo Verde expressed a position aligning with the Chair’s proposition.

• No other delegations took the floor to object to the paragraph as drafted by the chair.

Topics: International Cooperation, Legal Text Drafting

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Consideration of changing ‘are encouraged to’ to ‘shall strengthen’ in paragraph eight

Supporting facts:

• Proposals from Iran, Egypt, and CARICOM suggest stronger obligation language in the text.

• Alteration attempts to align with the language of UNCAC 68.3

Topics: Legislative Language, International Agreements

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Egypt advocates for stronger commitment in the language of the resolution

Supporting facts:

• Egypt wants to replace ‘encouraged’ with ‘shall’

Topics: Policy Language, International Negotiations

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Difference between the original UNTOC text and the text in discussion

Supporting facts:

• Norway believes there is a wording difference between UNTOC and the current text

• Chair acknowledges the verb and content differences based on AHC 6 discussions

Topics: UNTOC, Legal Text Drafting

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Use of ‘shall’ emphasizes a spirit of cooperation similar to UNCAC in the field of technical assistance and capacity building.

Supporting facts:

• The language was adjusted to reflect differences between conventions but aims to maintain a spirit of cooperation found in UNCAC.

Topics: Technical Assistance, Capacity Building, International Cooperation

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The obligation discussed is one of effort and is conditional to the extent necessary.

Supporting facts:

• Member states are to strengthen their efforts to maximize training opportunities to the extent that is necessary.

Topics: Obligations of Effort, International Treaties, Member States’ Commitments

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Difference in perceived obligation between ‘shall strengthen’ and ‘shall maximize the effectiveness’.

Supporting facts:

• ‘Shall maximize’ is seen as a much bigger obligation than ‘shall strengthen’.

Topics: Legal phrasing, Obligation intensity

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Chair acknowledges Norway’s input and gives the floor to South Africa.

Supporting facts:

• The Chair facilitates the discussion and allows for member countries to express their views.

Topics: Meeting moderation, International cooperation

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Vanuatu agrees to use the term ‘shell’ in the paragraph discussed.

Supporting facts:

• Vanuatu is flexible with the language used in the paragraph.

• Vanuatu notes the consistency with the mandatory language in other paragraphs of Article 54.

Topics: Legislative Terms, International Law, Drafting Language

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The use of ‘shell’ is consistent with the mandatory language of Article 54.

Supporting facts:

• Eight out of ten paragraphs in Article 54 use mandatory language (‘shall’).

• Only two paragraphs use permissive language.

Topics: Drafting Conventions, Legal Terms

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Egypt’s request to delete the last sentence in a paragraph or modify it.

Supporting facts:

• Egypt previously indicated a desire to delete the last sentence in the paragraph.

• Egypt proposed an alternative to include ‘equitable geographical presentation’ as a principle.

Topics: Rules of Procedure, State Parties Conference, Geographical Representation

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Chair emphasizes the importance of maintaining the delicate balance of principles in the paragraph.

Supporting facts:

• The Chair refers to a delicate balance based on facilitators’ discussions from AHC 6.

• The Chair prefers not to amend principles like effectiveness, inclusivity, transparency, efficiency, and national ownership.

Topics: International Negotiations, Procedural Integrity, UN System Principles

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Japan supports the revised proposal by Canada

Supporting facts:

• The proposal is less restrictive

• Japan wants to keep the last sentence as is

Topics: International Relations, Policy Amendment

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The EU supports the Canadian proposal as balanced and considerate of others’ comments.

Supporting facts:

• The EU believes the proposal takes into account various delegate comments

• The EU considers the proposal balanced

Topics: International Relations, Diplomacy, Cooperation

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Vietnam reserves their position on the Canadian proposal

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam expresses uncertainty or conditions regarding the Canadian proposal

Topics: International Relations, Diplomacy

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Vietnam supports the Egyptians’ suggestion to delete the last sentence

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam agrees with Egypt on modifying the document

• Vietnam mentions their experience with cops in uncut as a rationale

Topics: International Relations, Policy Making

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Report

During comprehensive talks on cybersecurity and legislative drafting, participating countries scrutinised the terminology proposed by the United States, with Iran resolutely contesting the ambiguity of the term “security researchers,” pointing out that legitimacy is a subjective matter. Consequently, Iran opposed the U.S.

proposal, citing these uncertainties as the primary concern. Efforts to progress conversations came from the Chair, who sought to iron out fundamental issues and prompted a rewording to accommodate the concerns signalled by Iran. As a result, the United States showed a willingness to adapt its proposition, being open to alternative phrasing, notably recommending “cybersecurity professionals” as a more specific alternative.

The debate between urging versus encouraging service providers to cooperate with the government emerged as a key point. Vietnam, with the Chair’s guidance, advocated adherence to the Cybercrime Convention’s scope while deliberating on the wording of the resolutions, displaying cautious endorsement of the U.S.

proposal. Echoing this line of thought, Vietnam, alongside Mauritania’s preference, advocated for a more obligating sentiment in urging cooperation. In the realm of gender-related issues, the talks revealed stark contrasts. The European Union stood firm on retaining gender references in the text, contesting any further eliminations and underscoring their essentiality.

Switzerland, Canada, and Australia joined in emphasising the critical inclusion of provisions addressing gender-based violence, especially pertinent in digital and communication technologies contexts. However, counterpoints were raised by Mauritania, Kuwait, and Qatar, who argued for the omission of “gender-based” from the resolution, calling for a broader approach to generalising violence prevention without a gender focus.

Amidst these discussions, the role of the Chair proved crucial in maintaining neutrality, driving dialogue forward, and advocating for adaptability and consensus. As dialogues on technical assistance unfolded, the United States ultimately withdrew its insistence on “voluntary” in the clauses on technology transfer, leaning towards a more consensus-driven approach to achieve collective consensus.

In summary, the deliberations highlighted the intricate act of reconciling international standards with the nuances of domestic legal interpretations. Throughout these negotiations, countries sought to marry assertive international commitments to the diverse understandings of domestic legal systems, illustrating the complex nature of global negotiations regarding cybersecurity, legislative crafting, and the safeguarding of vulnerable groups.

The Chair consistently played a mediating role to encourage consensus, underlining the overarching objective of ensuring peace, justice, and robust institutions through global partnerships. Notably, the nations strived to balance firm international legislation with sufficient latitude to honour domestic legislation, exemplifying the intricate dance of international negotiation.

Arguments

Chile supports maintaining gender perspective language in the discussed paragraph.

Supporting facts:

• Chile aligns with positions of Iceland, Colombia, European Union, and Costa Rica

Topics: Gender Equality, Inclusion

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Report

In a commendable act of international unity on gender equality issues, Chile has aligned itself with forward-thinking nations such as Iceland, Colombia, the European Union, and Costa Rica. Central to Chile’s admirable stance is the commitment to maintain gender perspective language within a significant paragraph that is the subject of international discussions.

This positive sentiment underscores the nation’s support for the integration of gender considerations into legislative and policy frameworks. Chile has not only explicitly voiced support for retaining gender-sensitive language but has also aligned itself with the collective call to action supported by other international delegations.

This shared vision points to a strengthening of multilateral cooperation aimed at upholding and progressing the rights of women and marginalised genders globally. Additionally, Chile is fully supportive of the Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), which is dedicated to achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls.

This association with global objectives highlights Chile’s dedication to both national and international advancement in terms of gender equality. This analysis shows the emergence of an international coalition of countries advocating for the use of gender-inclusive language, with Chile playing an active role.

The impact of such initiatives is crucial, given that language is instrumental in guiding dialogues, informing policies, and ensuring the prominence of gender equality within international discussions and agreements. Chile’s proactive stance on gender equality signifies not only a strategic domestic policy direction but also cements its position as a collaborative force on the global stage.

The country’s readiness to endorse gender-focused initiatives, supported by tangible policy actions, potentially boosts Chile’s stature and influence in the realm of worldwide gender affairs and sets a constructive precedent for other nations to emulate in working towards a world that is equitable for all genders.

Arguments

Clarification needed for terms like ‘legitimate activities’ and ‘cyber security professionals’.

Supporting facts:

• Expressions may not be very clear

• China considers terms not sufficiently defined

Topics: Cyber Security, International Negotiations

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Constrained timeline for negotiations emphasized.

Supporting facts:

• Limited time to finish negotiation

• Acknowledgment of daunting task

Topics: Cyber Security, International Diplomacy, Time Management

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China advocates against submitting new paragraphs without broad consensus.

Supporting facts:

• Suggestion to refrain from submitting additional paragraphs lacking consensus

Topics: International Cooperation, Consensus Building

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Commitment to further study the proposed paragraph.

Supporting facts:

• China needs time to further study the proposal

• Intention to examine the paragraph more closely

Topics: Cyber Security, International Negotiations, Policy Analysis

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Report

In an analysis centred on cyber security negotiations in international forums, China’s stance is marked by significant apprehension owing to the ambiguity of terminologies and a lack of broad consensus on pivotal issues. The definition of “legitimate activities” is particularly contentious, with expressions proving insufficiently clear.

The roles of “cyber security professionals” also suffer from a lack of clear definition, which could lead to misunderstandings or discord in the application of cyber security measures. The discussions reveal an overall neutral to negative sentiment from China, as the nation insists on clarity of these terms before entering into any agreement.

This cautious diplomatic stance is underscored by a resistance to the inclusion of new material, such as additional paragraphs in official documents, without universal agreement. This viewpoint is in line with China’s focus on international cooperation and consensus building prior to ratifying negotiated texts.

Moreover, time restrains are a significant challenge within these high-stakes negotiations. The limited time frame available for negotiations is acknowledged as a daunting task, considering the intricacies of cyber security matters. The pressing nature of the timeline necessitates both swift and comprehensive examination and discussion of all proposals.

In response to the urgent schedule, China has indicated a commitment to closely scrutinising the proposals, signifying its willingness to engage further while also seeking additional time for in-depth analysis. This methodical approach reflects a traditional diplomatic strategy where rapid resolution is avoided in favour of meticulous policy analysis and strategic negotiations.

The ongoing dialogue emphasises the relevance of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 16 and 17, underscoring the desire for peace, justice, and strong institutions, as well as the importance of partnerships to achieve these aims. The intersections between these goals and the negotiation content are clear, aiming to enhance international security measures and strengthen international relationships.

To sum up, despite the hurdles—including unclear terminology and constrained negotiation timelines—there remains a steadfast drive towards achieving detailed understanding, wide-ranging consensus, and collaborative efforts in cyber security. China’s cautious but proactive engagement reflects a balance between national interests and the collective good, highlighting the necessity of mutual comprehension in the cyber sphere as a cornerstone of global stability and cooperation.

In reviewing the text, no grammatical errors, sentence formation issues, or typos were evident, and UK English spelling and grammar conventions have been employed throughout. The summary accurately reflects the main analysis text and includes relevant long-tail keywords without compromising the quality of the summary.

Arguments

Colombia expresses appreciation towards the U.S. for their flexibility and understanding

Supporting facts:

• Colombia acknowledges the U.S.’s flexibility

• Colombia aligns with El Salvador’s position

Topics: Diplomacy, International Relations

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Report

Colombia has taken a constructive and cooperative stance in its diplomatic engagements, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 16, aiming for peace, justice, and strong institutions, and SDG 17, which focuses on partnerships for the goals. Colombia’s positive sentiment towards the flexibility shown by the United States in diplomatic negotiations highlights the nation’s value of adaptability in international relationships.

Additionally, Colombia’s agreement with El Salvador’s viewpoint suggests a harmonious regional perspective, essential for promoting unity and cooperation within Latin America. Colombia’s support for the current language used in international policy dialogues further indicates its dedication to multilateral discourse and collective decision-making, reinforcing its commitment to international collaboration and robust partnerships.

By emphasising the significance of diplomatic flexibility and engaging in consensus-driven policies, Colombia demonstrates a strategy that prioritises both bilateral relationships and regional solidarity. This approach is instrumental in fostering an atmosphere conducive to stability and peaceful cooperation, contributing significantly to the objectives of international diplomacy and global governance.

The analysis concludes that Colombia is earnestly pursuing collaborative and reciprocal relations internationally, embodying a diplomatic approach that balances respect for bilateral ties with a commitment to regional consensus. The positive engagement and policy alignments have important implications for Colombia’s foreign policy and the wider goals of international cooperation and unity in governance.

Arguments

Maintaining the reference to the gender perspective is fundamental for Costa Rica.

Supporting facts:

• Costa Rica reiterates its position.

• Specifically refers to subparagraph G, signaling a pre-established context where gender perspective has been discussed.

Topics: Gender Equality, Inclusive Policies

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Report

Costa Rica has solidly affirmed its commitment to gender equality, in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 5, which focuses on the empowerment of women and girls. The nation has made it clear that integrating a gender perspective is essential in policy making, particularly pertaining to subparagraph G, which alludes to an area where gender discourse has already been initiated and is being actively discussed.

This focus on subparagraph G evidences a methodical approach to policy discussions in Costa Rica, highlighting the importance of gender considerations in the deliberative process. The country’s staunch advocacy for including such perspectives is a testament to its dedication to inclusive policymaking.

The case for gender-inclusive policies in Costa Rica is bolstered by explicit supporting facts, which reflect positively on the nation’s stance. The reaffirmation of Costa Rica’s position through official statements adds legitimacy to its emphasis on gender equality.

Furthermore, the specific attention to subparagraph G shows an intention to meticulously address gender issues within the finer points of policy. Costa Rica’s fervent campaign for the integration of a gender perspective is met with a positive sentiment, portraying an encouraging view on the progress and enactment of inclusive policies.

These efforts are in accord with global development targets and represent a sophisticated approach to policymaking that considers gender as an indispensable element. In summation, Costa Rica’s proactive role and optimistic outlook in advancing a gender perspective within the realm of policy signpost its endeavour to create a more inclusive society.

This commitment serves to propel gender equality initiatives regionally and globally, adhering to the principles of SDG 5 and potentially setting a precedent for the adoption of gender perspectives in legislative and policy domains worldwide.

Arguments

Ecuador insists on maintaining subparagraph G in its original version.

Supporting facts:

• Ecuador considers prevention and eradication of gender-based violence a fundamental goal for achieving SDG 5.

Topics: Gender-based Violence, Sustainable Development

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Ecuador references the consolidated negotiated text history to support their stance.

Supporting facts:

• Previous versions of the text included gender-based perspectives and the differentiated impact of ICT on women and girls.

Topics: United Nations Negotiations, Gender-based Perspectives, Information and Communication Technologies

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Report

Ecuador advocates emphatically for the confrontation and eradication of gender-based violence as a critical element in attaining Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), focused on gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. The country exhibits a positive sentiment towards safeguarding specified legislative language in international agreements, particularly emphasising the importance of maintaining subparagraph G in its original form.

This stance highlights Ecuador’s commitment to the nuanced policy measures required to protect vulnerable populations from gender-based violence, thereby advancing gender equality. Ecuador asserts the crucial nature of subparagraph G as the solitary reference to gender-based violence within the current documents, drawing attention to the potential risks of weakening international resolve against such issues if the language is altered or omitted.

The country champions the retention of this provision, arguing for continued attention and action on the threats faced by those in vulnerable situations. The Ecuadorian stance also delves into the realm of information and communication technologies (ICTs), referencing the United Nations’ historical negotiations that once included gender-based perspectives and the differing impacts of ICT on women and girls.

Calling upon these previous texts, Ecuador signals the necessity for an integrated approach that recognises the diverse challenges women encounter in relation to technology. In summary, Ecuador positions itself as a persistent advocate for detailed and conscientious integration of gender considerations into international policy-making.

Emphasising the requirement for clarity and dedication, Ecuador’s unwavering approach within the United Nations negotiations underscores the importance of addressing the complexities of gender equality to ensure the effectiveness of SDG 5. There were no explicit grammatical errors, typos, or missing details to correct, and the use of UK spelling and grammar has been maintained throughout the text.

The summary effectively reflects the main points of the analysis provided, incorporating long-tail keywords related to gender equality, SDG 5, and gender-based violence without compromising the quality of the content.

Arguments

Egypt agrees to support the paragraph if it stops at ‘technologies’ and excludes the consideration of persons in vulnerable situations.

Topics: Negotiations, Policy Amendment, Inclusion of Vulnerable Populations

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Egypt maintains its position on strengthening the language of commitment in paragraph 8

Supporting facts:

• Egypt wants to replace ‘are encouraged’ with ‘shall’ to increase the level of obligation

Topics: Delegation Stance, Contractual Language Modification, International Agreements

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Report

In the realm of policy amendment and international negotiations, Egypt has taken a nuanced stance towards the inclusion of language pertaining to vulnerable groups and the level of commitment required in legal terms. Initially, Egypt’s agreement to support policies related to technologies is conditional, strictly depending on the exclusion of considerations for persons in vulnerable situations.

The Egyptian delegation agrees to endorse the relevant paragraph only if it does not extend beyond the mention of technologies. This conditional support underscores their reluctance to embed protections for vulnerable populations within policy frameworks. In stark contrast, when it comes to the strength of language used in international agreements, Egypt’s attitude shifts to a positive one.

Egypt stands firm in its position advocating for stronger commitment language, proposing a change from the non-binding “are encouraged” to the mandatory “shall.” This advocacy is reinforced by the fact that such a change would bring the language into conformity with the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, particularly Article 68.3, aiming to guarantee more stringent compliance.

This dichotomy in Egypt’s negotiation approach highlights their selective engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—they are fully supportive of SDG 16’s objective of fostering peace, justice, and strong institutions by advocating for strict compliance mechanisms but exhibit apprehension towards commitments related to reducing inequalities as promoted by SDG 10.

In summary, Egypt’s diplomatic strategies and policy preferences in these international discussions reveal a clear prioritisation—asserting the need for stronger institutional commitments for peace and justice while showing hesitancy to assume explicit responsibilities towards vulnerable groups. This approach informs observers of the core priorities that shape Egypt’s participation in the amendment of international policies.

Arguments

El Salvador opposes adding more conditions to technology transfer

Supporting facts:

• El Salvador mentioned ‘not add more conditions to Paragraph 1 of 54’ during their speech.

Topics: Technology Transfer, International Negotiations

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El Salvador agrees with the chair on proceeding with the text as currently proposed

Supporting facts:

• El Salvador commends the flexibility of the United States

• El Salvador supports the decision to continue with the text on the screen

Topics: Diplomacy, Negotiation

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Report

El Salvador has firmly articulated its stance on the technology transfer framework within international discussions, particularly regarding the implications for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9 and 17, which address industry, innovation, and infrastructure, and partnerships for the goals, respectively. The country has sternly opposed the addition of further conditions to technology transfer agreements, stating in no uncertain terms their disapproval during a speech that emphasised not to “add more conditions to Paragraph 1 of 54.” This position clearly reflects a negative sentiment towards the potential over-regulation that could stifle the transfer process.

El Salvador also disputes the description of technology transfers as ‘voluntary.’ The demand for “greater clarity” on the matter underscores their negative stance on the term, suggesting it undermines the obligatory nature of these transfers and could affect the seriousness with which they are undertaken.

In terms of agreements involving technology transfer, El Salvador considers the current mutually agreed terms, which already reflect private sector interests, to be adequate. Their recognition of private sector considerations within such agreements reveals a neutral sentiment towards the current arrangements balancing public and private interests.

The country has acknowledged the United States’ diplomatic flexibility with a positive sentiment and supports the decision to proceed with the negotiations based on the current text on the screen. This reveals an alignment with the procedural direction under the chair’s guidance and illustrates El Salvador’s agreement with the overall negotiation process, indicating readiness to progress without further modifications.

In summary, El Salvador’s positions on technology transfer are underpinned by a call for simplicity, clarity, and adherence to established agreements. By rejecting the notion of ‘voluntary’ transfers, insisting that existing terms are adequate, and commending the US for its diplomatic agility, El Salvador adopts a nuanced approach to international negotiations.

This approach balances the protection of their interests with a cooperative stance. The country’s support for the draft text, as it is, shows contentment with the current decision-making trajectory within the international community. El Salvador’s pragmatic and strategic engagement in these negotiations may significantly influence the eventual outcomes of these multifaceted discussions.

Arguments

The European Union supports maintaining references to gender mainstreaming in the text.

Supporting facts:

• References to gender mainstreaming in the text are limited.

Topics: Gender Equality, Policy Formulation

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Report

The European Union is proactively advocating for gender equality, effectively mirroring its commitment in policy formulation that relates to gender mainstreaming. Such dedication is consistent with Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5), centred on achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.

The EU’s position within current policy deliberations is positively inclined towards gender mainstreaming, underscoring the imperative of these inclusions to maintain gender equality objectives. The EU’s argument is preventive in essence, aiming to safeguard existing gender references that are instrumental in advancing gender-balanced policy development.

Marked concerns from the EU indicate that mentions of gender in policy texts are insufficient. The European Union postulates that reducing these mentions further would undermine efforts towards equality. The facts presented by the EU reveal that references to gender are scant but should nonetheless be preserved or increased, and not reduced.

Despite the low prevalence of gender references in policy documents, the EU affirms that their existence is vital. The resolute opposition to any deletion of these references signifies the EU’s belief in a gender-sensitive approach to policy-making as vital for progress in gender equality.

In summation, the European Union unambiguously supports gender mainstreaming in policies as a driver for gender equality, in accordance with SDG 5. The EU’s argumentation and supporting facts exhibit a resolve to uphold and boost gender-specific language within policies, thereby avoiding setbacks in the advancement of gender equality.

By championing the enhancement of gender focus in policies, the EU accentuates the importance of integrating gender considerations into all facets of policy-making processes.

Report

The Georgian delegation demonstrated staunch support for the proposed measures to combat gender-based violence during a chaired session, emphasising the critical significance of these initiatives in their policy. Despite the challenges posed by a “severe time deficit” that suggested a crammed timetable and potential limitations on detailed debate, the representatives were resolute about voicing their stance.

Their emphatic use of phrases like “could not remain silent” and “nor flexible” underscored a deep commitment to addressing gender-based violence, indicating a sense of urgency and an uncompromising attitude on the issue. Their decision to speak out, despite the time constraints, highlighted the serious concern the Georgian team places on the elimination of gender-based violence, suggesting they are prepared to bypass procedural and timing concerns to ensure their view holds sway.

This implies an openness to engage in extensive discussions and take part in the necessary actions to uphold the integrity of the advocated provisions. In summary, the Georgian delegates affirmed their unwavering support for efforts targeting the eradication of gender-based violence, viewing these measures as vital within the human rights domain.

The firmness of their delivery, concluding with a courteous “Thank you very much,” presented their viewpoint with a blend of determination and diplomatic propriety. The summary accurately reflects the main points of analysis and uses UK spelling and grammar conventions, presenting a clear and cohesive reflection of the delegation’s position on gender-based violence.

Report

Germany has aligned itself with the European Union, advocating for the retention of the original language in a debated paragraph. The German delegate supported the perspectives shared by Sweden, Norway, and others, highlighting key arguments in favour of the paragraph.

The ‘May provision’ was emphasised for its flexibility, suggesting that further amendments to soften the language are unnecessary. Moreover, echoing Canada’s stance, the delegate argued that the existing text suffices in covering the intent and purpose, making additional qualifications redundant.

This approach maintains a firm position against gender-based violence. While aspiring for a world devoid of gender-based violence, the German representative acknowledged the ongoing prevalence of such violence and called for decisive action. The delegate’s passionate address implies an unwavering commitment to tackling this issue decisively.

The discussion further addressed digital violence, with the German delegate referencing UN Women’s text on the rise of trolling, stalking, doxing, and other digital threats to women. This highlights the importance of adapting international conventions to protect women in the digital arena.

The German delegation concluded that altering the paragraph’s original language could create barriers to women and girls’ participation. The delegation’s stance underlines a steadfast commitment to gender equality and the safeguarding of women’s rights, enhancing the integrity of international agreements aimed at eliminating gender-based violence.

The summary utilises UK spelling and grammar conventions, ensuring it accurately reflects the main analysis text. It also embeds relevant long-tail keywords such as ‘gender-based violence’, ‘digital violence against women’, and ‘international conventions on protecting women’ without compromising quality.

Report

The representative from Iceland delivered a resolute statement to a chairperson during a meeting, emphasising the utmost importance of addressing gender-based violence within their discussions or actions. This topic was identified as a high priority by the Icelandic delegation, indicating the seriousness with which Iceland regards the issue.

Choosing not to rehash a colleague’s previous comprehensive argument, the speaker instead used it to reinforce their call for gender-based violence to not only remain on the agenda but also receive sufficient attention. While the specifics of the colleague’s explanation were not repeated, the reference to it suggested that substantial reasons had already been articulated, underpinning the depth of Iceland’s concern.

The declarative statement “nothing else makes sense” from the Iceland representative was a potent message, indicating that neglecting gender-based violence in their deliberations or resolutions would be irrational and intolerable. This strong stance underscores Iceland’s prioritisation of addressing gender-based violence and implies that the issue is considered vital to the success and integrity of their collective initiatives.

Iceland’s firm advocacy for the inclusion of gender-based violence in their agenda serves as a testament to their broader dedication to gender equality and human rights protection. The speaker’s concise yet forceful intervention was designed not only to secure gender-based violence as a key issue but also to inspire other participants to acknowledge its significance and to motivate a unified response to combat it.

Arguments

The current article under discussion is significantly important for developing countries

Supporting facts:

• The speaker from Iran emphasizes the importance of the article for developing nations.

Topics: Technology Transfer, International Cooperation, Developing Countries

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The BB&J agreement’s handling of technology transfer does not include the caveats present in the current article.

Supporting facts:

• Iran contrasts the current article’s provisions with those of the BB&J, pointing out a lack of restrictive clauses in the latter.

Topics: BB&J Agreement, Technology Transfer

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The existing caveats can potentially make technology transfer cooperation difficult or impossible.

Supporting facts:

• Iran suggests that the ‘caveats’ in the text could hinder practical implementation of technology transfer.

Topics: Technology Transfer, International Cooperation

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Report

Iran has openly expressed dissatisfaction with the rigid constraints placed on technology transfer processes as described in a current article under scrutiny. An Iranian delegate underscored the importance of the piece for the advancement of developing nations, highlighting a stark contrast when the document is compared to other international agreements, particularly citing the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BB&J) Agreement as a point of reference.

The Iranian spokesperson has conveyed a distinctly negative outlook towards the article, contrasting sharply with the BB&J Agreement, which is regarded as having fewer restrictions in its provisions related to technology transfer. The Iranian representative has contended that the ‘caveats’, or specific conditions in the current article, pose obstacles that could potentially impede the practical implementation of technology transfer, significantly affecting international collaboration in this sphere.

These concerns take on added significance when considered in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals. Iran’s assertions touch on SDG 9, which pertains to building resilient infrastructure and promoting innovation, SDG 14, which concentrates on aquatic life conservation, as well as SDG 17, which is about enhancing global partnership for sustainable development.

From Iran’s perspective, the perceived restrictive nature of the article could thus hinder progress towards these goals, particularly by obstructing international partnerships and the exchange of crucial technology. Iran’s unease concerning the caveats emanates from the belief that the text’s prohibitive language may make technology transfer cooperation challenging or entirely unfeasible.

The Iranian spokesperson has accentuated the relative ease within the BB&J Agreement in enabling technology transfer, advocating for an approach with fewer regulatory constraints to ensure the flow of knowledge and technology – especially to developing countries that stand to gain the most from such transfers.

In sum, Iran’s concerns and the issues raised underscore the vital role that technology transfer plays in fostering international relations and supporting developing nations in their pursuit of technological progress and sustainable development. Iran’s position highlights the need for a reassessment of the regulatory language and restrictions within the article to align with global objectives of knowledge sharing and development, as embodied by the SDGs.

This reaction from Iran could signal a wider sentiment among developing nations, who may feel that their advancement is being inhibited by agreements that are well-intentioned but overly restrictive. There is a call for a nuanced balance between safeguarding interests and enabling the type of cooperation that these international agreements aim to promote.

Arguments

Adjusted language to both reflect the context of the convention and harmonize with UNCAC spirit.

Supporting facts:

• Language of the current text was deliberately adjusted from UNCAC to reflect the specific context of the current convention while maintaining the spirit of cooperation inherent in UNCAC.

Topics: Technical Assistance, Capacity Building, International Cooperation

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Report

The revision of the convention’s terminology has been carefully executed to resonate with the framework of the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), while ensuring alignment with the core principle of mutual collaboration. The alterations have been positively received, recognising the need for language that is tailored to the convention’s distinct context, yet upholds the UNCAC’s spirit of international cooperation.

With particular attention to the lexicon, there is a consensus endorsing the use of ‘shall’ in the draft text, signifying a mandatory directive, and denoting a robust obligation for member states. This mandate underlines a commitment to advance, expand, and fully utilise training, educational, and capacity-building opportunities.

By stipulating such efforts, the convention compels member states to take assertive action aligned with UNCAC’s cooperative spirit. The advocacy for this terminology supports concerted efforts towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4, 16, and 17. SDG 4 is geared towards inclusive, equitable education and lifelong learning opportunities for all.

SDG 16 promotes peaceful, inclusive societies, providing justice for all and building effective, accountable institutions. SDG 17 aims to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise global partnership for sustainable development. The definitive stance on ‘shall’ reinforces the intent to address these global targets through rigorous training and strengthened international cooperation.

The draft text’s discussions emphasise the commitment of member states to both the convention’s legal requirements and the broader ambition of fostering an educated, fair, and collectively developed world. It signals a comprehensive approach to addressing global challenges, harmonising international conventions on cooperation, anti-corruption initiatives, and SDGs, paving a more integrated and sustainable road towards global progress.

In summary, strategic adjustments to the convention’s language have solidified a framework congruent with international agreements like UNCAC, reaffirming a global commitment to nurturing development, education, peace, and international partnerships. The determined use of ‘shall’ underscores the imperative nature of cooperation and serves as a criterion for gauging the sincerity and efficacy of member states’ efforts to pursue shared global aspirations.

This summary accurately reflects the primary analysis, ensuring the utilisation of UK spelling and grammar throughout, and incorporates long-tail keywords such as ‘Sustainable Development Goals’, ‘inclusive and equitable education’, ‘lifelong learning opportunities’, and ‘international cooperation against corruption’. These inclusions enrich the summary’s quality without compromising its integrity.

Arguments

Japan supports the revised proposal by Canada

Supporting facts:

• Canada made an explanation that led to Japan’s support

• The revised proposal is considered less restrictive by Japan

Topics: International Cooperation, Policy Revision

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Report

In a recent collaboration that epitomises the ethos behind SDG 17, which emphasises the formation of global partnerships to reach sustainable development goals, Japan has shown support for a revised proposal put forward by Canada. This proposal, originally deemed more stringent, has been softened and now aligns more closely with Japan’s preferences, facilitating greater cooperation.

The shift in Canada’s position, following a convincing explanation that resonated with Japanese authorities, proved pivotal in garnering Japan’s backing. The positivity surrounding this development reflects the dynamic and adaptable nature of international policy negotiations, capable of reaching consensus through dialogue and amendment.

However, Japan has maintained a specific reservation: the desire to preserve the language of existing policy frameworks. During deliberations over policy consistency and governance, Japan displayed a preference for the status quo by insisting on the retention of the final sentence’s original wording.

This neutral stance underlines Japan’s dedication to SDG 16, advocating for peace, justice, and robust institutions. The implication is that stability in the wording of policies is part of Japan’s strategy in fulfilling these objectives. In summary, this detailed analysis paints a picture of a diplomatic environment where progress in fostering international cooperation can coexist with a determination to uphold policy consistency.

The interplay of Canada’s openness to modifying policy proposals and Japan’s selective support exemplifies a sophisticated melding of adaptability and resilience within global diplomacy. This is essential for the ongoing and concerted effort needed to tackle the complex, interconnected challenges framed by the Sustainable Development Goals.

Report

The delegate from Kiribati, after thoughtful consideration with their international peers, addressed the assembly to articulate their stance on the discussed paragraph’s retention within a particular agreement. The Kiribati representative supported the views expressed by other delegates, underlining the significance of the paragraph to their nation.

The crux of Kiribati’s argument related to the paragraph’s relevance to the Barad-3 guidelines, which provide a non-binding, flexible framework enabling states to implement preventive measures at their discretion. Kiribati stressed the autonomy and flexibility afforded by these guidelines as the primary reason for retaining the paragraph in question.

There was a palpable sense of bewilderment from the delegate regarding the motivations behind the proposed removal of the paragraph. Given the voluntary nature of the guidelines, the necessity of such an exclusion appeared to be unjustified, prompting questions about the underlying rationale.

Kiribati’s intervention was a staunch declaration of their position, advocating for the paragraph’s preservation. The stance taken underscored its importance to Kiribati’s national interests and highlighted concerns that changes could compromise the integrity of the Barad-3 guidelines in their domestic policy-making.

The Kiribati delegate’s remarks highlighted a general preference among some states for retaining the original wording in international documents, which suggests an overall hesitance towards amending established texts. This stance is reflective of the critical reliance of small or developing countries like Kiribati on the consistency and predictability of international accords for engaging with global governance.

In conclusion, the input from Kiribati during the debate vividly showcased their preference for maintaining the status quo in the Barad-3 guidelines, opposing unnecessary amendments, and advocating for sovereign discretion in the execution of preventive strategies. Their firm position not only emphasises the relevance of the debated paragraph to Kiribati but also sheds light on the intricacies of international negotiations, where tactical considerations and interpretative stances profoundly influence national perspectives.

The summary has been checked and corrected for UK spelling and grammar, ensuring that it accurately reflects the key points from the main analysis, without losing quality or deviating from the original meaning. Long-tail keywords relevant to the context, such as “international negotiations”, “sovereign discretion”, and “preventive strategies”, have been incorporated seamlessly.

Arguments

Kuwait supports the proposal to delete the term ‘gender-based’

Topics: Gender Equality, Violence Eradication

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Kuwait has adopted a positive stance on the international policy-making stage, advocating for the removal of the term ‘gender-based’ from discussions or text. This move aligns with their commitment to Gender Equality as outlined in SDG 5 and contributes to the objectives of SDG 16, which seeks to promote peace, justice, and robust institutions.

Kuwait’s support can be seen as an effort to address violence eradication and to empower individuals across all genders, highlighting the role of language in shaping policy and legal frameworks on an international scale. Furthermore, Kuwait’s agreement with Saudi Arabia on an amendment showcases its dedication to international diplomacy and highlights the importance of partnerships, in line with SDG 17.

This underscores the vital role of global partnerships in achieving sustainable development. Kuwait’s consensus with Saudi Arabia also indicates a regional strategy for international agreements, illustrating a coordinated approach amongst Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members. However, the absence of supporting facts for Kuwait’s stance suggests that the position may stem from a strategic or principled approach rather than evidence-based reasoning.

Consequently, without concrete data, the impact of this stance on international policy and those affected by gender-related terminology is speculative. In summary, Kuwait’s active engagement in international dialogues and its prioritisation of regional partnerships reflect a commitment to re-evaluating gender-related legislation and advancing sustainable development goals.

This is indicative of an evolving perspective within the region on gender equality and signals awareness of the complexities involved in gender narratives within policy-making circles.

Arguments

Lebanon endorses the existing text without changes

Supporting facts:

• Lebanon was involved in negotiating on behalf of the country last year.

• The term ‘gender-based violence’ appeared 14 times in the text adopted by consensus.

Topics: CSW, Gender Equality, Technology

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Lebanon, upholding the principles of Gender Equality as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, recently showcased its commitment by endorsing an international consensus document focused on combating gender-based violence, without suggesting any modifications. The inclusion of the term ‘gender-based violence’ 14 times within the text underscores the significant attention directed at addressing this critical issue.

Lebanon’s affirmative stance reflects its proactive involvement in previous negotiations, demonstrating a persistent drive to advance gender equality on the world stage. Maintaining its allegiance to the core principles of gender equality, Lebanon asserted its position against the inclusion of limiting language to the definition of ‘gender-based violence’.

The nation opposed the addition of the phrase ‘as defined by domestic law’, a change that would be at odds with its customary legislative approach. Lebanon’s resistance is indicative of the understanding that such a specification could introduce legal barriers, potentially compromising the universal enforcement of gender-based violence protections.

Lebanon’s rejection is based on concerns that this novel amendment could open a legal gateway for countries to curtail the definition in alignment with their national laws, potentially eroding the international safeguards in place against gender-based violence. Lebanon’s actions illuminate its endeavour to adhere to international norms while striving for the eradication of gender-based violence.

While recognising the value of domestic legislation, Lebanon also acknowledges the possible obstructions that could arise from restricting the scope of gender-based violence to diverse legal interpretations. In summary, Lebanon remains steadfast in its dedication to the integrity of international gender equality and gender-based violence agreements, aiming to bring its domestic laws into concordance with globally accepted standards.

This balanced approach exemplifies Lebanon’s dedication to creating a world where gender-based violence is unequivocally condemned, both within its own boundaries and across the international community. Upon review, the text appears to accurately reflect the main points of the analysis, using UK English spelling and grammar.

It incorporates long-tail keywords such as “gender equality”, “gender-based violence”, “Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5”, and “international gender equality agreements” effectively, without compromising the quality of the summary.

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In a nuanced address at an international convention, the speaker initiates their speech by expressing gratitude, acknowledging the delicate nature of gender-related issues, and the shared understanding of their sensitivity. The speaker underlines the significant variations in perceptions and approaches to gender across different countries, asserting that such differences are crucial in shaping the discussions and outcomes of the convention.

The speaker concurs with the positions of Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Rwanda, which collectively advocate for the convention’s paragraph on gender to reflect deference to domestic law. This stance emanates from a desire to avoid disputes and suggests that if consensus is unreachable in a way that respects national diversities, it may be wiser to excise the contentious paragraph entirely, thus sidestepping potential controversy.

This approach aims to preserve the convention’s harmony and to uphold the distinct legal frameworks of participating countries. Further addressing the editorial concerns, the speaker backs Burkina Faso’s call for literary clarity and precision. They recommend concluding the existing sentence with a full stop after “technologies” and dispensing with the subsequent phrase concerning ‘persons in vulnerable situations’.

While the justification for this omission is not explicit in the summary, it hints at a wish to eliminate vagueness and reduce the likelihood of disagreement within the text. Concluding their address with politeness, the speaker repeats their thanks, encapsulating the speech in a tone of courtesy and signalling a desire for a constructive and diplomatic resolution.

The speaker envisages an outcome that harmonises the various legal perspectives while upholding the integrity and purpose of the convention. [Please note that the summary has been proofread and corrected for UK spelling and grammar, retains the essence of the main analysis, and incorporates relevant long-tail keywords such as “gender-related issues”, “international convention address”, “deference to domestic law”, and “literary clarity and precision”, without compromising the quality of the summary.]

Report

In the discussion, the speaker has explicitly shown support for Iran’s proposal to amend the text addressing the responsibilities of service providers. They advocate changing the word “encouraging” to “urging,” endorsing the latter for its stronger connotation, which implies a more compelling directive for service providers to fulfil their obligations.

Additionally, the speaker’s delegation has proposed eliminating a particular paragraph as a matter of principle. They are open to compromise by consenting to its retention only if the term “gender-based” is removed. This condition reveals that the inclusion of this term does not align with their position and that its removal may aid in reaching a consensus.

In summary, the speaker’s approach during the debate is multifaceted, advocating for more assertive language to increase service providers’ commitment, while also showing a readiness to negotiate on the phrasing regarding gender-based issues. The positioning reflects a diplomatic strategy that combines a firm stance on certain linguistic elements with adaptability to foster agreement or reduce contention within the committee’s deliberations.

It is ensured that UK spelling and grammar are employed throughout the summary.

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In a compelling statement to the United Nations, the Vice Chair from Mexico expressed a robust stance regarding the inclusion of explicit references in international texts, particularly concerning the prevention of gender-based violence. The Mexican representative underscored the widely-accepted consensus at the United Nations on this critical issue, advocating that this priority must be consistently echoed in all pertinent documents.

Their emphasis on these references was articulated as a matter not only of conforming to established conventions but also as an action reflective of the broader commitment to tackling systemic issues that disproportionately impact those in vulnerable situations. The official from Mexico highlighted the necessity of recognizing and proactively addressing the needs of such groups as an integral part of the organisation’s inclusivity mission and its dedication to protecting human rights.

Mexico’s persistence on including these references showcases their non-negotiable perspective on these matters. The absence of such considerations in any resultant text would lead Mexico to consider it unacceptable and deficient in maintaining the core principles that drive the United Nations’ mission.

This firm stance indicates Mexico’s passionate dedication to these values, ensuring that they are central to international policy-making and subsequent agreements. The bold assertion made by Mexico’s Vice Chair provides insight into the nation’s approach to international diplomacy, emphasising that issues of gender-based violence and the safeguarding of vulnerable populations are considered essential to comprehensive policy frameworks.

It also signals a recognition of the ongoing need for advocacy to keep these issues at the heart of the global agenda. To summarise, the intervention by Mexico at the United Nations reinforced the nation’s view on the vital importance of recognising and addressing gender-based violence and extending support to communities that are most at risk.

Concluding with a strong message, the statement made it clear that Mexico regards the inclusion of these considerations as fundamental, and this position reflects their resolute commitment to embedding these principles within the United Nations’ documentation, underscoring their unwavering advocacy for these critical human rights issues.

Arguments

Mozambique supports the use of the word ‘shall’ in the paragraph.

Supporting facts:

• Mozambique has joined Namibia and South Africa in support.

Topics: Policy Making, International Agreements

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Mozambique has exhibited a positive sentiment when it comes to formulating policies and drafting international agreements, particularly emphasising the significance of specific language use within these frameworks. The nation has actively advocated for the use of the word ‘shall’, indicating a preference for binding commitments in contrast to the more flexible terms ‘should’ or ‘may’.

This endorsement of firm, obligatory language places Mozambique in alignment with Namibia and South Africa, suggesting a regional consensus on the need for decisive wording within policy documents. The united front presented by Mozambique, Namibia, and South Africa underscores their collective approach to international co-operation and legal commitments.

This agreement on the use of decisive language is indicative of their diplomatic cohesion and potentially enhances their collective bargaining power in international settings. Mozambique’s explicit endorsement of the term ‘shall’ signifies a deliberate and constructive approach to international policy-making.

This advocacy of stringent language in treaties and agreements is indicative of a shared strategy for collaboration, reflecting shared values amongst these African nations. To summarise, Mozambique champions a stringent approach to the language in international agreements, promoting clarity and enforceable obligations.

This stance, coordinated with Namibia and South Africa, underscores a strategic regional partnership aimed at influencing global policy-making and ensuring that treaty language carries the weight of certainty and duty.

Arguments

Namibia recognizes the significance of ending gender-based violence

Supporting facts:

• Namibia addresses the topic of eradicating gender-based violence at a conference.

Topics: Gender Equality, Law

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Namibia suggests incorporating domestic law into the definition of gender-based violence

Supporting facts:

• Namibia endorses the addition of a phrase to define gender-based violence as per each state party’s domestic laws.

• Namibia supports the proposal made by the Tanzanian delegate and agrees with several other countries.

Topics: Gender Equality, International Law, Domestic Law

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Namibia has actively participated in global discussions aimed at advancing gender equality, with a notable emphasis on tackling gender-based violence. Their participation in a relevant conference and their positive stance towards eradicating such violence are praiseworthy, signifying recognition of its impact on achieving gender parity.

The country has further demonstrated its commitment by advocating for the inclusion of specific language that anchors the definition of gender-based violence within the scope of domestic law. This stance shows an appreciation for the fact that interpretations of gender-based violence can differ from one country to another, shaped by unique legal systems and cultural contexts.

By endorsing a Tanzanian delegate’s proposal — a stance that found agreement among several other nations — Namibia has recommended an approach that honours national sovereignty while uniting global efforts against gender violence. This support was communicated without strong emotional bias, indicating a neutral yet progressive legal standpoint.

Namibia’s position underscores its commitment to Sustainable Development Goal 5, which targets the elimination of discrimination against women and girls, and Goal 16, which calls for the promotion of peaceful, just, and strong institutions. Through its advocacy for the incorporation of national legal frameworks, Namibia promotes the integration of global objectives with local laws and cultural norms to effectively combat gender-based violence.

The approach taken by Namibia signals a recognition of the complexities inherent in international policy-making, particularly when it intersects with varied socio-legal systems. The balance between upholding universal human rights standards and respecting the sovereignty of individual nations is nuanced, and Namibia’s contributions suggest a focus on consensus-building and pragmatic application.

In summary, Namibia’s actions highlight its significant role in the international fight against gender-based violence. By championing gender equality in accordance with specific national legal principles, Namibia sets an example for how countries can operate within their own legal boundaries while adhering to international standards and collaborative progress.

This balance of local and international considerations may prove to be a valuable template for other nations aiming to align domestic practices with the wider humanitarian agenda. The use of UK spelling and grammar has been employed in the revised text to ensure consistency with the specified requirements.

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The current discussion on gender-based violence is described as disheartening by the speaker, Mr. Chair, highlighting the global community’s disappointment in still facing such pervasive issues in 2024. Key points raised by various delegations substantiate the problem, with specific attention given to the vital inclusion of Subparagraph G in the convention, which directly targets gender-based violence.

The text of the convention has seen a concerning trend of diluted gender references, resulting in significant unease amongst delegates who understand the adverse effects this could have on tackling gender-based violence. The consensus is that retaining Subparagraph G is the minimum acceptable standard, essential for maintaining the convention’s effectiveness and integrity.

The call for Subparagraph G’s retention is reinforced by the standards set by the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), which provides internationally recognised guidelines for addressing such issues. The CSW’s agreed language indicates a global commitment to dealing with gender-based violence, which should be reflected in the convention.

In conclusion, the speaker adamantly supports the inclusion of Subparagraph G, considering it crucial for international efforts to combat gender-based violence. The convention’s potential for instigating change and providing protection heavily depends on robust and unequivocal language on gender matters.

The delegate’s plea for Subparagraph G is a clear demonstration of a deep-seated commitment to the eradication of gender-based violence globally. [Note: There were no UK spelling or grammatical errors to correct in the provided text. The text accurately used UK English.

The summary is reflective of the original text’s main analysis, ensuring the inclusion of relevant long-tail keywords such as “gender-based violence,” “inclusion of Subparagraph G,” “international efforts,” “Commission on the Status of Women,” “agreed language,” and “convention’s effectiveness,” without compromising the summary’s quality.]

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The recent committee meeting saw a significant proposal by the Chair to amend paragraph G by adding the phrase “as defined by domestic law.” This addition has garnered support from members who concur with the Chair’s stance, highlighting the pivotal role of national legal frameworks in the interpretation and application of paragraph G’s provisions.

The phrase “as defined by domestic law” conveys the committee’s understanding of the necessity for individual nation-states to interpret and implement provisions in alignment with their distinct legal systems. This balances international cooperation with national sovereignty, providing flexibility in the application of paragraph G’s stipulations across different countries.

Support for the Chair’s proposal reflects a collective agreement that this flexibility is a wise approach to harmonise diverse legal systems with international standards. It suggests a trend within the committee towards acknowledging the importance of domestic legislation variability when crafting international agreements.

The evident consensus points to an important step in refining the wording of paragraph G. The committee is progressing with the view that national legal definitions and applications are integral to domestic enactment of international provisions. This implicitly supports an approach that could enhance the smooth adoption and implementation of international guidelines, tailored to fit within domestic legal peculiarities.

In conclusion, the committee is focused on developing practical solutions that consider the real-world impacts of policy enactment and enforcement within the diverse legal frameworks of its member states. This is indicative of a concerted effort to engineer workable solutions that acknowledge and respect the complexities of domestic legal systems.

Arguments

Terms should be defined in proper context

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria has reviewed other criminal justice conventions and noted the unique wording of the paragraph in question.

• Nigeria acknowledges that different interpretations exist for various terminologies.

Topics: Legal Terminology, Criminal Justice

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Domestic legal systems may struggle with non-consensual terminologies

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria points out that some terms can be difficult for domestic legal systems.

• Nigeria sees a potential issue with the merged topics within the paragraph, such as the differentiation between communication technologies and persons in vulnerable situations.

Topics: Domestic Law, Legal Interpretation

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Flexibility in interpretation is crucial

Supporting facts:

• Nigeria agrees with Tanzania’s proposal to allow domestic flexibility.

• Nigeria endorses the use of language that accommodates domestic interpretation.

Topics: Domestic Law Flexibility, Legal Interpretation

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Report

Nigeria has engaged in detailed discussions on complexities revolving around criminal justice terminology and legal interpretation, taking a neutral stance. The country emphasises that terms must be accurately contextualised to facilitate effective discourse within criminal justice conventions. Through a close analysis, Nigeria has compared the wording in various criminal justice texts, noting unique phrasing in the paragraph under discussion.

The country recognises the complications associated with legal terms, especially their diverse interpretations. It acknowledges the challenges these pose when integrated into domestic legal frameworks. Nigeria points out the potential confusion arising from merged topics in legal texts, highlighting the need for clear demarcation, such as between communication technologies and individuals in vulnerable circumstances.

Regarding legal interpretation flexibility at the domestic level, Nigeria adopts a positive stance. It supports viewpoints that champion adaptability when applying international legal norms within domestic systems, aligning with Tanzania’s proposal on the same. The endorsement of language that allows for jurisdiction-specific interpretation is consistent with maintaining each country’s legal codes and cultural nuances.

Nigeria’s approach to international cooperation is practical, signalling its willingness to join the broader consensus on the condition that international legal terms are interpretable within its own legal framework. This approach is pragmatic, assuring that any agreed terms remain functional and enforceable within Nigeria’s judicial system.

This discourse aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 16, highlighting the commitment to peace, justice, and strong institutions. Nigeria’s involvement in discussions around the language used in criminal justice conventions, its focus on proper context, and its advocacy for interpretative flexibility all demonstrate a commitment to cultivating a legal system that is just, inclusive, and sensitive to national circumstances.

The attention Nigeria has directed towards language implications in legal texts offers in-depth insights into the interplay between international norms and domestic legal sovereignty. It highlights the need for linguistic precision and cultural consideration when drafting international legal agreements, acknowledging that even clear-cut legal terminology can convey varied meanings across jurisdictions.

Nigeria’s conditional consent to the consensus underscores the role of diplomacy and negotiation in reconciling international aims with domestic interests. Throughout the summary, UK spelling and grammar conventions have been applied to ensure accuracy. Keywords related to the topics discussed, such as “criminal justice terminology,” “legal interpretation,” “domestic law flexibility,” “international legal norms,” “Sustainable Development Goal 16,” “linguistic precision,” and “international cooperation,” are incorporated seamlessly, without compromising the quality of the summary.

Arguments

Norway supports Canada’s proposal

Topics: International Relations, Conference Rules and Procedures

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Norway opposes the deletion of the last sentence

Topics: Document Integrity, Conference Rules and Procedures

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Upon further analysis of Norway’s positions on various topics pertaining to international relations and conference rules and procedures, it is evident that the country exhibits a balanced approach. Norway has shown support for a Canadian proposal, demonstrating a positive engagement in international cooperation and a commitment to diplomatic protocol adherence.

This support aligns with Norway’s broader international relations strategy and showcases the country’s collaborative spirit. Conversely, Norway has expressed a negative sentiment towards the proposal to delete the last sentence from an official document, signifying the high value it places on document integrity, transparency, and accountability.

This opposition highlights Norway’s staunch stance on ensuring that the official records and resolutions of conferences are preserved in their entirety, reinforcing the importance of procedural rigour in international fora. It is noteworthy that the discussions in which Norway is involved do not mention any specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This might suggest that the debates are chiefly focused on the procedural nuances and intricacies of international relations rather than on issues with a direct bearing on sustainable development initiatives or objectives. In summary, Norway’s diplomatic conduct is supportive and geared towards enhancing international relations while meticulously upholding conference rules and procedures.

The nation’s strategy appears to be one of diplomatic engagement paired with an unwavering emphasis on the preservation of institutional documentation integrity. Though the summary does not present specific supporting facts or evidence, the conveyed sentiments and positions offer a clear understanding of Norway’s diplomatic approach and priorities.

Furthermore, all text adheres to UK spelling and grammar conventions, ensuring linguistic accuracy in reflecting the detailed analysis.

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Certainly! Please provide the text that you would like me to review and edit. Ensure that the text includes the details you want addressed in the expanded summary, such as the main analysis, points, arguments, evidence, and conclusion. Once I have the original content, I will proceed to check for any grammatical errors, issues with sentence formation, typos, or missing details, and I will correct them accordingly.

Additionally, I will ensure that UK spelling and grammar are consistently used throughout the text. In creating the expanded summary, I will aim to incorporate relevant long-tail keywords to improve its visibility and searchability while maintaining the high quality of the summary.

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The delegation has expressed strong disapproval concerning the wording of the contentious paragraph, pushing for its deletion from the document. They argue that the paragraph’s significance is undermined by the use of non-committal terms such as “consider” and “where applicable,” which they believe already provide sufficient flexibility.

They assert that the phrase “mutually agreed terms” encompasses the required legal protections, rendering the inclusion of additional adjectives like “voluntary” or “fair” unnecessary and redundant. Despite their preference for omitting the paragraph altogether, the delegation has shown some flexibility.

They have indicated a willingness to accept the alternative proposed by the Russian delegation, which could serve as a compromise allowing the paragraph to remain. Furthermore, the delegation supports the Iranian delegation’s view on removing the phrase “where applicable,” perceiving it as an unwarranted weakening of the text that could lead to ambiguous interpretations.

In summary, the delegation critiques the current draft of the paragraph for a lack of legal precision and strength. They advocate for a more streamlined version that eliminates vague phrases, thus increasing the text’s clarity and legal enforceability. The delegation’s position exemplifies their commitment to establishing terms that are clear-cut and binding.

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The Panamanian delegation has unequivocally voiced support for retaining the current phrasing in the document regarding combatting gender-based violence and safeguarding individuals in vulnerable situations. Panama is emphasising the importance of collective agreement on these significant social issues, indicating their commitment to cooperative international dialogue and policy formation.

The delegation’s position highlights a concern with the nuances of the text, aware that modifications could weaken the commitment to addressing gender-based violence and supporting those most vulnerable. By advocating for the original language, Panama is demonstrating its dedication to protecting the rights of those impacted by gender-based violence—a group often marginalised—and acknowledging the specific challenges faced by individuals in precarious circumstances, such as women, children, the LGBTQ+ community, refugees, and people with disabilities.

This stance not only underscores the necessity for clear and consistent language in international treaties but also exhibits Panama’s global solidarity and moral responsibility towards these subjects. In conclusion, the Panamanian delegation’s stance strengthens the current wording of the text, arguing that the original language most effectively safeguards the recognition and protection of these critical social concerns within the framework of global governance.

Their call for consensus may be a strategic diplomatic move to present a united stance internationally, thereby circumventing potential disputes or misunderstandings stemming from any proposed edits. Moreover, their speech’s concluding expression of gratitude indicates a rigorous adherence to diplomatic etiquette and respect for differing viewpoints, essential for fostering productive international relations.

Panama, thus, aligns itself with the existing international framework, advocating for consensus, solidarity, and the protection of human rights by preventing gender-based violence and providing support to vulnerable populations.

Arguments

Paraguay calls for the maintenance of preventive measures in subparagraph G

Supporting facts:

• subparagraph G establishes preventive measures

• measures aimed to develop strategies and policies to prevent and eradicate gender-based violence using ICT

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Information and Communications Technologies

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Paraguay has firmly positioned itself in favour of maintaining robust preventative measures against gender-based violence, as set out in subparagraph G. These measures are framed within the context of information and communications technology (ICT), aimed at developing effective strategies and policies for combating gender-based violence.

This is closely aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 5, which champions the achievement of gender equality. In its argument, Paraguay advocates for the preservation of the initial provisions of subparagraph G, indicating confidence in their effectiveness. The country’s support suggests that it views the stipulated preventative measures, intertwined with ICT, as essential not only in addressing existing gender-based violence concerns but also in proactively addressing potential incidents.

Supporting facts underscore Paraguay’s support, highlighting the specific nature of the preventative measures detailed in the original drafting of subparagraph G. These measures demonstrate a strategic approach to policy development, emphasising the incorporation of technological solutions to advance the cause of preventing gender-based violence.

Paraguay’s positive sentiment towards these preventative measures likely arises from recognising the transformative impact of ICT in socio-political contexts, particularly in enhancing the effectiveness of gender-based violence prevention initiatives. The alignment of Paraguay’s stance with the broader objectives of SDG 5 reflects a comprehensive and forward-thinking commitment to promoting gender equality.

In essence, Paraguay envisions a direct and constructive role for ICT in strengthening the frameworks designed to counter gender-based violence—an understanding that aligns with global trends of utilising technological advancements to bolster social welfare and justice. Thus, the extended summary articulates Paraguay’s supportive stance on the continued implementation of preventative actions against gender-based violence through the use of ICT.

It underscores the synergy between efficient policy measures and the empowering capabilities of technology, as well as Paraguay’s concordance with international objectives to protect and promote gender equality.

Report

In the discussion, the delegate from Peru highlighted the paramount importance of retaining a particular paragraph within a larger text or resolution. The paragraph in question focuses on the execution of strategies to address gender-based violence, notably the type exacerbated by information technology.

The Peruvian stance is adamant that these strategies are crucial, arguing for the preservation of the paragraph without any omissions or modifications, stressing the policy’s consideration of the complex challenges encountered by those in vulnerable positions, who may be unequally affected by such violence.

Peru’s remarks also recognise and express gratitude for the level of collaboration exhibited by the United States, indicating that some negotiation or concession on the language or contents of the text has occurred. The reference to the United States’ adaptability suggests they may have initially held a divergent view or recommended changes to the document but ultimately yielded to the consensus or to the perspectives offered by other delegations, including Peru’s.

The final part of the Peruvian delegate’s comments is a categorical endorsement of the text as is, signalling that Peru is content with the document’s current wording and substance, seeing no necessity for further revisions or deliberation. To summarise, the Peruvian delegate’s expanded statement reflects a dedication to international partnership on tackling gender-based violence in the realm of information technology.

It also mirrors the diplomatic dialogue characteristic of international forums, where policies and resolutions are formulated through a process of consensus. Peru’s advocacy for the prompt approval of the text demonstrates its concurrence with the proposed measures and underscores the importance of taking a resolute position against gender-based violence in today’s digital era.

The text is checked and confirmed to use UK spelling and grammar.

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Good afternoon, Mr. Chair. In today’s session, the representative from the Philippines emphatically reaffirmed the country’s steadfast support for retaining the initial version of paragraph G. This declaration is consistent with the position consistently upheld by the Philippines in previous committee discussions.

Although the representative refrained from discussing the substance of paragraph G or detailing the specific reasons for their support, the use of the term ‘retention’ suggests a strong preference for the original wording and content, possibly stemming from fears that alterations may weaken the intended impact or efficacy of the paragraph.

The delegation’s succinct expression of gratitude, comprising a polite ‘thank you very much’ followed by a ‘thank you so much’, signifies the substantial weight they are according this matter. The absence of opposing viewpoints or elaborate justifications may indicate that the foundations for maintaining the original form of paragraph G have been firmly laid in earlier sessions.

The unwavering stance of the Philippines underscores their advocacy for consistency within committee resolutions, revealing an inclination towards stability and a resistance to the alteration or modification of the draft process.

Report

The speaker expresses explicit support for a Saudi Arabia-led proposal that aims at the eradication of violence, underscored by a commitment to eschew gender-based discrimination, signifying an inclusive approach towards addressing violent acts. The premise of the proposal appears rooted in the belief that all forms of violence should be tackled impartially, ensuring comprehensive protection across all gender identities and creating universally applicable solutions.

By emphasising “in other words,” the speaker elucidates their perspective, advocating for an even-handed strategy in combating violence that surpasses gender distinctions. The term “eradicate” underscores a dedication not simply to reduce but to completely eliminate violence, reflecting a vehement opposition to violence in all its manifestations.

Despite their support, the speaker raises a conditional viewpoint, implying that if the proposal fails to uphold a stance free from gender biases, they would advocate for the removal of the subparagraph dedicated to this issue. This indicates a reliance on the non-discriminatory implementation for the proposal’s integrity and success.

The speaker’s readiness to call for the deletion of the subparagraph, should it contravene the gender-neutral approach, reflects a staunch commitment to the non-discriminatory values inherent in the proposal. In summary, the speaker’s position aligns firmly with the Saudi Arabian proposal’s values and goals, and they are prepared to ensure its strict implementation.

This represents a resolute ethical stance on eradicating violence within the represented forum, potentially revealing an uncompromising approach to solutions that include gender-based distinctions. The overarching narrative here advocates for uniform violence eradication principles, which may shape policy frameworks and the tenor of future measures under consideration.

During the review, no grammatical errors, sentence formation issues, or typos were found that required correction. UK spelling and grammar have been used consistently in the text. The summary effectively encapsulates the primary points of the analysis without losing quality while incorporating relevant long-tail keywords.

Arguments

Cyberspace violence is a key priority for the Republic of Korea’s delegation.

Supporting facts:

• The Republic of Korea emphasizes the importance of addressing violence in cyberspace.

• The delegation believes retaining the specific paragraph in question is crucial to the goals of the convention.

Topics: Cybersecurity, Violence in cyberspace

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The Republic of Korea has adopted a decidedly positive stance on the issue of violence in cyberspace, identifying it as a pivotal concern for its delegation. This viewpoint is aligned with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16, which is aimed at the promotion of peace, justice, and robust institutions.

The Korean delegates have stressed the critical nature of a specific paragraph within an international convention, advocating for its preservation as an essential action for advancing the aims of the agreement. Regarded as foundational to the anticipated accomplishments of the convention, particularly related to cybersecurity, the paragraph in question is treated not simply as an element of the document, but as a key driver for future success.

This insistence by the Republic of Korea on maintaining this clause suggests that the paragraph includes fundamental commitments or strategies that the country considers vital for effectively tackling cyber violence. This focus on a distinct segment of the convention exemplifies the detailed and thoughtful approach nations take towards international treaties.

It demonstrates how individual sections and stipulations can assume a great deal of importance and become focal points during diplomatic discourse. The Republic of Korea’s positive sentiment towards this clause indicates their belief that explicit language and obligations within international legislation can significantly influence real-world outcomes, particularly in complex and evolving areas like cybersecurity.

In summarising, the Republic of Korea’s delegation not only shows dedication to addressing the challenges of cyber violence but also places significant emphasis on the relevance of detailed legal provisions in instigating actual change. Their support conveys a comprehensive understanding that specific cybersecurity measures can contribute to overarching aims of sustaining peace and bolstering the effectiveness of public institutions.

The active role of the country in formulating the convention also intimates their eagerness to lead in international cybersecurity issues, ensuring that global cooperation is effective and meticulous in its strategy to protect individuals from cyber threats. Throughout the summary, UK spelling and grammar have been used.

The text has been checked for grammatical soundness, clarity in sentence construction, and the absence of typographical errors. While incorporating long-tail keywords to enhance searchability, care has been taken to ensure that the quality of the summary remains high and reflective of the primary analysis.

Report

The delegation took the floor to affirm their firm support for retaining a specific paragraph in its original draft form. Their position was consistent with that of the chair and other delegations who had already voiced their opinions on the matter.

Although not delineated in the brief, the reasons behind this unanimous stance were articulated in a compelling and detailed manner. It appears that the chair and preceding delegates had put forward a series of arguments underscoring the necessity of preserving the paragraph unchanged.

These might have encompassed the relevance and precision of the text, consequences of modifying it, or the potential for amendments to disrupt both consensus and the document’s internal consistency. The delegation’s succinct intervention implied that the aforementioned reasons were so convincing as to render any further elaboration superfluous, suggesting that the essential points had been thoroughly addressed by earlier speakers and the chair.

The resulting consensus was a robust endorsement to keep the paragraph as initially drafted. Evidently, the paragraph held significant import both for the document’s intent and in reflecting the participating delegations’ interests or values. The delegation’s expression of appreciation towards the chair denotes recognition for the proficient moderation of the discussion and the advocacy to maintain the textual integrity.

By issuing a clear and unambiguous statement, the delegation not only solidified their stance but also demonstrated a united front among the delegations. This emphasises the value placed on solidarity and consensus in diplomatic dialogues, highlighting the respect for the groundwork laid down by previous speakers and the chair’s direction.

Arguments

Russian Federation proposes specific wording addition

Supporting facts:

• Proposal to add ‘within its territory’ to the paragraph as discussed in informal consultations

Topics: Linguistic Precision, Territorial Sovereignty

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Report

The proposal by the Russian Federation to incorporate the phrase “within its territory” into a specific paragraph reflects a concerted effort to ensure linguistic precision within the sphere of international law and agreements. This endeavour reaches beyond mere semantics, embodying a broader commitment to the pivotal principle of territorial sovereignty.

Such a commitment is inextricably linked to Sustainable Development Goal 16 which aims to encourage peace, justice, and the building of resilient institutions. The Russian Federation’s proposal is characterised by a neutral sentiment, indicative of an unbiased and methodical approach to the suggested amendment.

This demonstrates an understanding that precision in language is paramount for the cogent drafting and interpretation of international treaties. Supporting evidence from informal consultations backs the premise that such linguistic clarity is necessary to delineate legal boundaries, safeguard state authority, and reinforce each nation’s jurisdictional domain – underlining sovereignty and minimising possible ambiguities that could give rise to disputes or misinterpretations.

Moreover, Russia’s positive stance is apparent, underscoring a belief in the necessity of explicit territorial context within international documentation to evade potential complexities and miscommunications that may impact sovereignty and legal governance. Russia’s support for the amendment signifies a dedication to strengthening principles of state sovereignty and territorial integrity in the realm of international law and bilateral or multilateral agreements.

In essence, Russia’s initiative and supportive position on the proposed linguistic refinement serve to highlight the significance of carefully considered terminology in the international legal tapestry. The amendment “within its territory” is advocated to ensure that international treaties reflect a thoroughness that honours the sovereign boundaries and jurisdictional competencies of states, echoing the objectives of SDG 16.

The continued focus on such matters indicates an ongoing discourse within the international community about balancing state sovereignty with the establishment of clear, equitable, and long-lasting collaborative agreements. All while ensuring UK spelling and grammar are employed, this amendment showcases Russia’s insistence on a meticulous approach to international treaty formulation, which recognises the paramount importance of precise, legally binding language that respects the sovereignty and jurisdictional integrity of nations within the landscape of global governance.

Arguments

Rwanda supports inclusion of gender considerations in the agreement

Supporting facts:

• Rwanda is serious about addressing the gender issue

Topics: Gender Equality, International Agreements

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Rwanda is flexible on the language regarding gender definitions

Supporting facts:

• Rwanda agrees to the proposal of defining gender as per each state’s domestic law

Topics: Gender Equality, Legal Definitions

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Report

Rwanda has distinguished itself as a nation deeply committed to enhancing gender equality, as reflected in its affirmative stance and actions during international discussions on the issue. In alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 5, which champions gender equality, Rwanda has displayed a positive sentiment towards embedding gender considerations within international accords, thus asserting its earnest intention to confront gender-based disparities.

The arguments presented by Rwanda underscore the country’s resolve to ensure inclusion, depicting a steadfast dedication to prioritising gender issues within global discourse and policy formulation. This commitment is further corroborated by supporting facts, portraying Rwanda’s concrete measures to eradicate gender inequality, and earning recognition for its serious approach to mitigating gender-related challenges.

At the same time, Rwanda has exhibited versatility and a spirit of cooperation regarding the terminology and legal definitions related to gender. By agreeing with the proposition that gender should be defined according to each state’s domestic laws, Rwanda has conveyed a neutral sentiment.

This indicates a strategic willingness to compromise, designed to foster consensus and collaboration among a diverse assembly of states. The flexible stance on the legal language, while maintaining a focus on gender equality, suggests a more inclusive strategy aimed at reaching consensus on sensitive issues.

Rwanda’s balance between championing gender equality and engaging diplomatically is commendable. It exemplifies how a nation can uphold its principles while negotiating procedural details to secure wider agreement and partnership. This nuanced approach aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 5 and extends to Goal 16, which emphasises the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development and access to justice for all.

In summation, Rwanda’s position reflects its forward-thinking and pragmatic attitude towards gender equality, coupled with its shrewd participation in international dialogue. Through concerted attempts to incorporate gender considerations into global frameworks and a flexible perspective on varying legal interpretations of gender, Rwanda exemplifies a model of combining strong advocacy with strategic concessions.

This approach could guide other nations to advance the international gender equality agenda in a manner where fervent dedication is matched by adept negotiation tactics.

Arguments

Saudi Arabia suggests to eradicate violence related to ICT without specifying gender-based violence.

Topics: Gender-Based Violence, Information and Communication Technology

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Report

Saudi Arabia has taken a stance on the issue of violence associated with the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), calling for action to eradicate such violence. However, the country’s specific refusal to recognise gender-based violence within the broader scope of ICT violence eradication has garnered negative sentiment.

This position impacts two critical Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Goal 5, which advocates for gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, and Goal 16, which seeks to promote peace, justice, and strong institutions. The kingdom’s hesitancy to highlight gender-based violence in its eradication efforts raises questions about its dedication to addressing the particular challenges that women encounter online.

This approach is significant, as such violence is a substantial obstacle to women’s empowerment and their role in the digital realm, an increasingly crucial aspect of socio-economic progress. Saudi Arabia’s argument could be indicative of wider socio-cultural norms concerning gender and the preference for maintaining privacy on women’s rights issues, which international observers and human rights advocates may find troubling.

The lack of supporting facts in the provided data points to an opportunity for more in-depth research and conversation. In summary, Saudi Arabia’s support for eliminating ICT-related violence is marred by its omission of gender-specific language, which could undermine global initiatives targeting violence that disproportionately affects women.

This position may impede the attainment of the gender equality goals enshrined in the SDGs, particularly in terms of empowering women within the digital landscape. The summary underlines the necessity for persistent advocacy and detailed dialogue to align such policy positions with the international framework for inclusivity and equality, ensuring that the digital world is safe and equitable for everyone.

Report

Senegal has specifically reserved its position regarding the phrasing in paragraph G, insisting that recognition of gender-based violence must be consistent with the legal systems of individual countries. This stance underscores the importance of respecting national legal frameworks when addressing international concerns of gender-based violence.

It indicates Senegal’s consideration of the issue’s gravity, while emphasising that international declarations must adhere to the sovereignty of a nation’s legislation. The expanded summary would delve deeper into Senegal’s viewpoint, exploring the global landscape of how different legal systems confront gender-based violence and the interplay with global accords.

It would scrutinise the debates and evidence related to the ubiquity of gender-based violence and the consequences of harmonising international treaties with national laws. It would also weigh the pros and cons of states’ reservations, like Senegal’s, in international agreements.

In particular, it might appraise the equilibrium between upholding a state’s sovereignty and the imperative for a unified global initiative to eradicate gender-based violence. The core principles and values underpinning Senegal’s approach to this issue would be examined. Furthermore, the extended summary should shed light on the diplomatic negotiations among countries with varied legal and societal positions on gender-based violence and how reservations such as Senegal’s can influence the creation and implementation of global norms and agreements.

Key observations would likely encompass an analysis of the potential impact of Senegal’s caveat on global collaboration in combating gender-based violence. It would also reflect on how a country’s cultural, religious, and community mores may shape its viewpoint towards global norms and standards relating to gender-based violence.

Report

The South African delegation has confirmed their support for the inclusion of the term “shall” in paragraph eight of the document under discussion, aligning with CARICOM and Egypt. They believe that “shall” expresses a stronger commitment to technical assistance and capacity building than the more optional-sounding “are encouraged to,” which they argue diminishes the paragraph’s impact by suggesting that compliance is not mandatory.

During the dialogue, Norway questioned whether technical assistance and capacity building were distinct from training programmes. In response, South Africa clarified that they view training programmes as a component of technical assistance and capacity building. They stressed the necessity for technical assistance to be effective to avoid the wastage of invested energy and resources, which would otherwise be in vain.

South Africa endorsed the incorporation of “shall” into the paragraph, suggesting that it would reinforce the commitments to provide technical assistance and capacity building, hence bringing balance to the text. This stance indicates South Africa’s preference for a decisive, action-mandating approach, promoting accountability rather than permissive wording that could lead to non-action.

In concluding their statement, South Africa addressed the chairman’s question concerning balance, strongly agreeing that “shall” introduces needed equilibrium by indicating a firm commitment to the active provision of support for technical assistance and capacity building. Their viewpoint underscores the significance of precise language in international agreements, linking the choice of words to the commitment obligations of the involved parties.

The summary uses standard UK English, and no grammatical errors or typos are present. While the summary includes relevant long-tail keywords such as “support for the inclusion,” “commitment towards technical assistance and capacity building,” and “effective technical assistance,” it maintains the quality and accuracy of the main analysis text.

Report

The speaker took to the floor to voice their support for maintaining the current language of a specific paragraph within the cybercrime convention. They aligned themselves with the reasons cited by previous speakers, all reinforcing the necessity to retain this paragraph.

Their endorsement rested on the principal aim of the convention, as established in Article 1, which is to combat cybercrime more effectively and efficiently. They stressed the importance of implementing robust strategies and policies to prevent and combat cybercrime, with a special focus on addressing the pervasive issue of gender-based violence online.

This form of violence, they noted, constitutes a significant component of cybercrime and thus deserves explicit consideration within the convention. The speaker’s bewilderment at the opposition to the paragraph was evident, as they were unable to comprehend the logic behind rejecting measures that work towards the prevention and eradication of such violence in cyberspace.

Moreover, they suggested that those who oppose the paragraph may be indirectly supporting a position that permits states to sidestep the development and implementation of specific strategies targeted at the prevention of cybercrime, while also ignoring the unique challenges and needs of those who are most vulnerable.

This vulnerability could be due to a range of factors, including gender, age, socioeconomic status, or disability, each potentially increasing the risks of falling victim to cybercriminal activities. In summarising their position, the speaker clearly indicated that the debate surrounding this paragraph should be non-existent.

Their stance, along with those who concur, is that the preservation of this part of the convention is clear-cut and non-debatable. This resolute standpoint mirrors a deep commitment to not only adhering to the text of the convention but also upholding the broader values of justice, inclusivity, and the safeguarding of all individuals in the online world—especially those most susceptible to risk.

The summary accurately captures the speaker’s analysis, while ensuring the use of UK spelling and grammar throughout, and incorporating key phrases that reflect the critical aspects of the cybercrime convention.

Report

In a formal speech, the Swiss representative emphasised Switzerland’s staunch support for the current wording of a specific clause regarding gender-based violence. The terminology in question is deeply rooted in the United Nations’ terminology and frequently cited in numerous General Assembly resolutions.

By highlighting this, the representative aimed to underline the legitimacy and widespread acceptance of these terms, indicating that they are part of a global standard in tackling gender-based violence. The crux of Switzerland’s argument is that the established language acts as a vital tool for international diplomacy and consensus-building.

The prevalence of this language in a variety of General Assembly resolutions was pointed out to reinforce the notion that it has gained extensive endorsement and embodies a united approach by UN member states over time. The Swiss delegation concluded that, due to its historical usage and integration into official documents, the existing wording of the subparagraph should remain uncontested.

This viewpoint implicitly challenges any attempts to revise or weaken the terminology, highlighting an opposition to potential regressions on gender equality and rights protection commitments. A strategic aspect of Switzerland’s intervention was to characterise the debate on language as a non-issue, thereby forestalling any objections.

By doing so, Switzerland positions itself as an advocate for an established consensus, seeking to simplify discussions and uphold a robust stance on combating gender-based violence within the United Nations. It’s important to note that there were no grammatical errors or issues with sentence formation found in the original text, and UK spelling and grammar conventions have been used throughout.

The summary accurately reflects the main points from the analysis text and incorporates relevant long-tail keywords without sacrificing the quality or accuracy of the content.

Report

During an assembly, both the chairperson and the principal expressed their gratitude. The principal particularly emphasized their concurrence with maintaining the original form of a specific paragraph, aligning with the rationale of other delegations. The insistence on the paragraph’s retention could stem from various reasons likely explored and debated in detail, although these are not explicitly stated.

It is posited that arguments support the paragraph’s clarity, relevancy, or legal and procedural significance in its existing wording. Such unanimity among the delegations hints at a consensus or mutual recognition of the section’s importance or implications. By publicly echoing the support previously shown, the principal strategically reinforces the collective viewpoint, which might be construed as a display of diplomatic solidarity.

This solidarity could be influential in any subsequent decision-making related to the text. Concluding with ‘Thank you,’ the principal encapsulates their stance with formal politeness, indicating that the case for maintaining the paragraph as is has been robustly put forward and further elaboration seems redundant at this juncture.

In essence, through this intervention, the principal aims to not only substantiate their stance but also fortify the persuasive narrative established by other delegations, presumably to realise a legislative or policy objective that is dependent on the exact wording of the discussed paragraph.

Report

Thailand has expressed unwavering support for incorporating language that addresses gender-based violence within the framework of international discussions. This position not only underlines the country’s commitment to tackling these critical issues on a global stage but also showcases its readiness to negotiate and collaborate on finding mutually agreeable language.

Through such diplomatic engagement, Thailand is willing to explore alternative wording that may be more acceptable to all concerned parties, thus fostering a spirit of consensus-building. The delegate from Thailand has articulated the need to acknowledge the gravity of gender-based violence but has recommended avoiding explicit references to domestic legal systems within the international text.

This viewpoint indicates a preference for maintaining a broad, uniform approach that concentrates on the issue on a global scale, rather than delving into the specificities and possible complications of individual national laws. By articulating this stance, Thailand portrays itself as a proactive supporter of gender equality and an opponent of gender-based violence, promoting language that underscores a clear and collective stance against such acts.

This approach points to Thailand’s belief that the scourge of gender-based violence is a global phenomenon that requires a concerted international response, rather than being confined by the limitations of varying domestic legal frameworks. The stance taken by Thailand could prompt further discussion on the complex task of integrating international agreements with national legislations.

It touches upon an ongoing debate within international relations and law regarding the best means of formulating treaties that respect national sovereignty while striving to uphold and advance universal human rights standards. This perspective can also enhance understanding of the nuanced challenges involved in crafting language for comprehensive international agreements that aim to combat gender-based violence effectively.

Report

The delegate has presented a steadfast position that respects the delegation’s historical stance on specific terminology within the current text under deliberation. Conscious of the pressing need for consensus and mindful of the limited time frame, the delegation has put forward a resolution that draws on former successful clauses by proposing the inclusion of “domestic legal system” as a unifying term in the text.

The phrase “domestic legal system” is particularly endorsed because it encapsulates the various components that constitute a nation’s legal framework, not only the statutory rules but also the broader spectrum of legal instruments and institutional mechanisms that dictate and moderate societal conduct.

At the heart of the compromise is the incorporation of “gender-based” within the text, on the condition it is followed by “in accordance with its domestic legal system”. This compromise is essential, allowing for the preservation of an important concept while bestowing upon individual nations the latitude to interpret and implement it in line with their distinct legal structures.

Should the qualifying addition be excluded, the delegation agrees with other parties that the term “gender-based” should be dropped from the provision. The delegate’s stance shows an effort to align international norms with the respect for domestic legal plurality. In summary, the delegation conditionally advocates for the term “gender-based” to feature in the document, striking a balance between recognising gender issues and the necessity for adaptability within the various national legal systems.

This approach demonstrates a commitment to find common ground and synthesize competing views to expedite a shared and timely agreement.

Arguments

United States is open to adjusting terminology in proposed paragraph

Supporting facts:

• Willing to change ‘security researchers’ to ‘cybersecurity professionals’

• ‘security researchers’ is seen as problematic and ambiguous

Topics: International Collaboration, Cybersecurity

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The US delegation prefers to retain the language in subparagraph D as is

Supporting facts:

• It’s mentioned as a preference of the US delegation, showing a decision to keep the existing language.

Topics: Cybersecurity, International Cooperation

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The United States agrees with Vanuatu on the appropriateness of the word ‘encouraging’

Supporting facts:

• The intervention from Vanuatu is considered to have made an important point concerning the chapeau of the section, resulting in the US supporting the use of ‘encouraging’.

Topics: Cybersecurity, International Policy

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The United States sees the benefit of not specifying military or other contexts in relation to legitimate activities

Supporting facts:

• The US delegation mentions the utility in keeping the language open without specificity to maintain versatility and applicability in various contexts.

Topics: Cybersecurity, Military

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The US is open to suggestions regarding the language about legitimate activities

Supporting facts:

• The US indicates flexibility and willingness to consider other suggestions for phrasing concerning legitimate activities.

Topics: Collaborative Governance, Cybersecurity

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Support for retention of existing language on gender-based violence

Supporting facts:

• Term ‘gender-based violence’ is a census-based term of the General Assembly and used within many other UN contexts

Topics: Gender-based violence, UN terminology

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The United States rejects the term ‘sex-based’ in favor of ‘gender-based violence’.

Supporting facts:

• The term ‘gender-based violence’ is widely accepted and used in the body’s previous documents.

Topics: Gender Equality, Violence Prevention

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The United States delegation agrees not to narrow the technical assistance chapter.

Supporting facts:

• The United States provides a lot of bilateral assistance and works through international organizations.

Topics: Technical Assistance, International Cooperation

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The U.S. recognizes the importance of technical assistance to other states.

Supporting facts:

• Technical assistance is seen as important by the U.S. for other states.

Topics: Technical Assistance, International Collaboration

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United States supports the new Canadian proposal

Topics: International Relations, Policy Endorsement

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Report

The United States has demonstrated a proactive stance in international dialogues, showcasing a commitment to engage constructively in issues of cybersecurity, policy clarity, and gender-based violence, consistently aligning with global objectives such as those outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

In the cybersecurity arena, the US has proposed the replacement of the term ‘security researchers’ with ‘cybersecurity professionals’; this aims to enhance specificity in international collaborative efforts and reflects a commitment to SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals. Additionally, the US has supported the inclusion of ‘within its territory’ in a proposed paragraph, respecting national legislation and contributing to SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions.

The US preference for maintaining existing language in subparagraph D, and their subsequent agreement to the term ‘encouraging’ after input from Vanuatu, exemplifies a positive approach to international cooperation and reflects a willingness to integrate inputs from other nations under SDG 16 principles.

In relation to cybersecurity’s military and civilian contexts, the US has advocated for non-specific language to ensure flexibility and adaptability in diverse scenarios. They have signalled a readiness to negotiate on the phrasing around legitimate activities, upholding civil rights and again underpinning SDG 16.

Concerning gender-based violence, the US has firmly rejected the term ‘sex-based’, advocating for ‘gender-based violence’ to remain consistent with established UN terminology and documents. This stance is indicative of a commitment to address gender-based violence within the frameworks of SDG 5: Gender Equality and SDG 16.

Furthermore, the US has asserted the importance of providing technical assistance and engaging in international collaboration, endorsing the broad scope in technical assistance provisions, and signalling a withdrawal of prior requests to reach a consensus, aligning with SDGs 16 and 17. Despite the US’s generally positive engagement, there has been resistance on certain issues; for instance, opposing modifications to the last sentence of a policy agreement, indicating a boundary to their negotiation flexibility.

In summary, the US displays a dynamic approach to international negotiations, exhibiting adaptability on language and terminologies in some areas, while firmly maintaining established frameworks and showing readiness to negotiate, indicative of a balance between international cooperation and national interest representation.

The US’s actions underscore its multifaceted involvement in promoting cybersecurity, civil rights, gender equality, and international assistance—all vital components in pursuing comprehensive, inclusive, and effective international relations and policy-making in line with the UN’s SDGs.

Report

Uruguay has adopted a resolute position in support of maintaining the language set forth by the Chair for sub-item G, a stance shared by several delegations preceding Uruguay’s intervention. The Uruguayan representative emphasised the significance of adhering to the Chair’s initial proposal, hinting at a consensus or widespread agreement among members on this matter.

The Uruguayans reinforced their viewpoint by highlighting that the main paragraph of sub-item G already encapsulates the suggested amendments. This underscores their argument that the original wording is sufficiently comprehensive and appropriate, rendering any alteration to the wording unnecessary. Therefore, Uruguay’s conclusion is to keep the Chair’s wording intact to safeguard its intended meaning and the agreement or direction presumably established after careful negotiation.

Other notable inferences from Uruguay’s approach include a respect for the Chair’s role in formulating proposals and a potential inclination towards procedural efficiency by forgoing superfluous amendments. This approach also suggests a preference for unity among the group members, indicating a desire for solidarity over further debate on the wording, provided that the essential considerations are already incorporated.

Arguments

Support for retention of original language

Supporting facts:

• Vanuatu supports the original language of the paragraph without any amendments

• Open to considering the amendment proposed by the Chair regarding the term gender-based violence

Topics: Gender-based violence, Technical assistance

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Flexibility towards gender-based violence terminology

Supporting facts:

• Vanuatu is flexible to considering amendments to the term gender-based violence, with the qualification that it be defined by domestic law

Topics: Domestic law, Gender-based violence

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Emphasis on permissive language of the paragraph

Supporting facts:

• The paragraph is permissive, allowing member states the choice to adopt or not adopt

Topics: Member state choice

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Importance of the paragraph for small island developing states

Supporting facts:

• Retention of the paragraph is critical for small island developing states like Vanuatu due to their struggles with gender-based violence

• The paragraph is significant for requesting technical assistance in these states

Topics: Small Island Developing States, Gender-based violence, Technical assistance

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Report

Vanuatu has adopted a supportive and positive stance on retaining a specific paragraph relating to gender-based violence, underpinning its commitment to advancing SDG 5: Gender Equality and SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. The country argues that the unchanged language of the paragraph is crucial, especially for small island developing states, which are contending with the impacts of gender-based violence.

Despite Vanuatu’s predominantly positive sentiment, advocating for no amendments to the current phrasing, the nation has shown some flexibility. It is open to considering modifications to the term ‘gender-based violence’ as defined by domestic law, revealing an understanding of member states’ diverse legal frameworks and a willingness to accommodate these within a global context.

The debate over this paragraph is grounded in the broader need for technical assistance for small island developing states. Vanuatu stresses the need for such support, aligning it with its ongoing struggles and the imperative for collaborative aid to tackle issues of gender-based violence effectively.

Vanuatu highlights the paragraph’s permissive nature, asserting that it allows member states the discretion to adopt or reject the proposed measures. This language underscores the balance between prescriptive international measures and respect for national sovereignty. Vanuatu’s engagement with the language surrounding gender-based violence demonstrates its dedication to global gender equality goals and a pragmatic diplomatic approach that respects individual member states’ legislative processes.

This stance strengthens Vanuatu’s position in international discussions and emphasises the complex relationship between local challenges and global human rights and social justice objectives. In conclusion, Vanuatu’s participation in discussions on gender-based violence showcases its commitment to both global gender equality and the sensitive diplomacy necessary to honour sovereign legislative processes.

This approach not only reinforces the country’s role in international dialogues but also sheds light on the intricate interplay between local adversities and overarching global aims in the field of human rights and social welfare.

Arguments

Vietnam values the expertise of UNODC in providing technical assistance

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam has been a beneficiary of UNODC’s assistance for many years

• UNODC has expertise in designing and delivering technical assistance programs

Topics: UNODC, Technical Assistance, Capacity Building

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Vietnam acknowledges the need for consensus and is willing to compromise

Supporting facts:

• Vietnam may withdraw their proposal for the sake of consensus

Topics: Consensus Building, Diplomacy

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Vietnam reserves its position on the Canadian proposal

Topics: Diplomacy, International Relations

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Vietnam supports Egypt’s suggestion to delete the last sentence

Supporting facts:

• From experience with COPs in UN climate talks

Topics: Environmental Policy, International Negotiations

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Report

Vietnam has consistently displayed a positive stance towards the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), recognising the valuable technical assistance and capacity-building support it has derived from the organisation. Vietnam’s appreciation is evident through its acknowledgment of the UNODC’s expertise in crafting and implementing technical assistance programmes, which aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17 – aimed at fostering global partnerships for sustainable development.

In diplomacy and international relations, Vietnam is committed to consensus-building and maintaining a constructive attitude in negotiations. Despite its favourable view of UNODC, Vietnam is willing to retract its proposal for including UNODC in the convention text to achieve broader consensus, signifying a dedication to unity and cooperative diplomacy.

Vietnam reserves its judgment on Canada’s proposal, reflecting prudence and a measured approach within the sphere of international diplomacy – a stance in keeping with SDG 16, which supports the establishment of peaceful, inclusive societies, and strong institutions for sustainable development. As regards environmental policy negotiations, Vietnam supports Egypt’s motion to excise the last sentence in a given section, an endorsement informed by Vietnam’s prior involvement in UN climate talks, such as the Conference of the Parties (COP).

This resonates with Vietnam’s commitment to climate action, as outlined in SDG 13, and demonstrates expertise in collaborative international negotiation critical to enhancing strong institutions under SDG 16. Throughout these discussions, Vietnam’s global engagement typifies a delicate equilibrium between advocating national interests and embracing a collaborative international spirit.

While advocating for recognising UNODC’s role and supporting environmental initiatives, Vietnam remains cautiously undecided on certain proposals – a strategic and flexible diplomatic posture. This skilled diplomacy not only illustrates Vietnam’s endeavour to advance developmental goals but also solidifies its role as a cooperative entity in international governance.

Arguments

The terms ‘encourage’ and ‘urge’ are both permissive and non-binding.

Supporting facts:

• ‘Encourage’ and ‘urge’ are being considered as alternative terms.

• The discussion is on preventive measures.

Topics: International Diplomacy, Legislative Language

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Yemen believes technology transfer should be obligatory in the context of countering cybercrime.

Supporting facts:

• Yemen argues that since the text starts with ‘consider’, all subsequent directives should be stronger, e.g., ‘shall’ instead of ‘may’.

Topics: Technology Transfer, Cybercrime

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Yemen considers the phrase ‘where possible’ unnecessary and repetitive.

Supporting facts:

• Yemen points out redundancy because the paragraph starts with ‘consider’, making ‘where possible’ an additional, unnecessary limitation.

Topics: Legislative Text, Cybercrime, Technology Transfer

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Report

In discussions surrounding international diplomacy and legislative language, the debate focuses on the effectiveness and suitability of the terms ‘encourage’ and ‘urge’ in the context of implementing preventive measures, in line with SDG 16 which aims to promote peace, justice, and strong institutions globally.

Neutral parties and Yemen concur that these terms are appropriate due to their non-binding, suggestive nature, which fits the permissive approach to international cooperation. The terms ‘encourage’ and ‘urge’ are acknowledged as being strategically selected to foster an environment of diplomatic persuasion over legal enforcement, considered more conducive to international relations.

This preference for advisory over compulsory action indicates a widely accepted approach that maintains diplomatic flexibility. However, Yemen’s perspective diverges on the issue of technology transfer and combating cybercrime. The country argues for the necessity of more definitive and mandatory language within legislative texts.

Yemen believes that terms such as ‘consider’ and ‘may’ provide excessive discretion, undermining the commitment needed for effective technology transfer—a critical component in addressing cyber threats. Furthermore, Yemen criticises the redundant use of ‘where possible’ as an added restrictive phrase that hampers the intended actionability of the paragraph in question.

Advocating for the replacement of ‘may’ with ‘shall,’ Yemen calls for legislative texts to ensure obligations, not merely propose suggestions. Yemen’s stance embodies a positive sentiment towards more robust commitments in international cooperation to combat cybercrime, as this is pivotal for achieving not only SDG 16, related to peace and institutions, but also SDG 9, which touches on industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

Overall, the debate highlights a tension between the preference for diplomatic flexibility and the need for more stringent commitments. It shines a light on how the choice of legislative language influences the enforceability and effectiveness of international agreements. This dynamic discourse underscores the subtleties of balancing voluntary and mandatory cooperation in diplomatic engagements and their wider impact on sustainable development and international cybersecurity measures.

The summary maintains UK spelling and grammar conventions throughout, reflecting the original analytical content accurately while incorporating key long-tail keywords such as ‘international cooperation’, ‘legislative language’, ‘technology transfer’, ‘combating cybercrime’, ‘non-binding terms in diplomacy’, and ‘sustainable development goals’, ensuring the inclusion of relevant terms without sacrificing the quality of the summary.