Countries

Bosnian stakeholders are active participants in various internet governance forums and initiatives at the regional and global levels. Bosnian stakeholders participate in the annual South Eastern European Dialogue on Internet Governance (SEE+) and Dialogue on Internet Governance (EuroDIG) events, which bring together stakeholders from the region to discuss digital policy-related issues and challenges. At the global level, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the national IGF was organised for three consecutive years (2015, 2016, and 2017). There is currently an initiative to re-establish the national BH IGF.

Digital strategies and policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina mostly focus on the development of the digital economy, data protection, and e-government.

The country has an electronic communications policy from 2017 to 2021, articulating a vision for the country’s ICT ecosystem and identifying seven pillars of the ecosystem. The digital economy is seen as a key driver for enhancing competitiveness within Europe, increasing productivity and efficiency in business, and improving public and e-government services.

Data protection is regulated by the Law on Protection of Personal Data, which covers the protection of personal data in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as by natural and legal persons. The Personal Data Protection Agency (AZLP) is the data protection authority responsible for enforcing data protection laws.

E-government is one of the country’s top priorities. Bosnia and Herzegovina started the process of introducing e-government with the adoption of the Information Society Development Policy and Strategy in 2004, but the vast majority of envisioned policies and actions have never been implemented due to a lack of internal capacities in state institutions. According to the UN 2022 E-Government Development Index, Bosnia and Herzegovina has underdeveloped e-services

Bosnia and Herzegovina is currently in the process of aligning its domestic legislation with international cybersecurity standards. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only country in the Western Balkan region without a cybersecurity strategy and CERT on a national level. However, elements related to cybersecurity are embedded within the Criminal Code

International Cooperation: Efforts towards bolstering cybersecurity involve collaboration with NATO for common solutions in cyber defence. Bosnia and Herzegovina has actively participated in the NATO SPS Programme. Additionally, as an OSCE member state, the country is mandated to implement confidence-building measures set forth by the organisation.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, AI strategies and policies are still being developed, with no comprehensive national strategy in place yet.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to several universities with strong research performance in AI, including the University of Sarajevo, International BURCH University, and the University of Banja Luka. The country is also working on developing local interventions in media literacy and AI, with support from the Council of Europe.

Internet governance in Belarus is shaped by a combination of regulatory measures, state control, and international dynamics. The Belarusian government maintains strict oversight of the internet, influencing both its development and usage within the country.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

1. Media Law: The primary legal framework governing the internet in Belarus is the Media Law, which includes provisions for regulating online content. This law mandates the registration of online news websites and subjects them to similar regulations as traditional media outlets.
2. Decree No. 60: Enacted in 2010, this decree established extensive control over the internet, requiring internet service providers (ISPs) to monitor and store user data, as well as block access to specific websites deemed illegal by the state.
3. Decree No. 8: Issued in 2018, this decree focuses on the development of the digital economy, including blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. While it aims to foster innovation, it also includes mechanisms for state control over digital financial transactions.

State Control and Surveillance

1. Monitoring and Filtering: The Belarusian government employs sophisticated monitoring and filtering technologies to control online content. ISPs are required to comply with government directives to block access to websites that contain content considered harmful or subversive.
2. Surveillance: The state conducts extensive surveillance of online activities. This includes monitoring social media platforms, messaging apps, and personal communications. Authorities have the capability to intercept and analyse digital communications.
3. Criminalisation of Online Activities: Individuals can face legal consequences for online activities that are perceived as dissent or criticism of the government. This includes charges related to spreading “extremist” content or organising protests via social media.

Internet Access and Infrastructure

1. Connectivity: Internet access in Belarus is widespread, with a relatively high penetration rate. However, the quality and speed of internet services can be inconsistent, partly due to state interventions and infrastructural limitations.
2. State-Owned ISPs: The majority of ISPs in Belarus are state-owned or closely affiliated with the government, ensuring that the state maintains significant control over internet infrastructure and services.
3. Shutdowns and Restrictions: The government has the capability to shut down or severely restrict internet access during periods of political unrest or public demonstrations. This has been observed during significant political events, such as the 2020 presidential election protests.

Digital Transformation in Belarus

Belarus has been actively pursuing digital transformation in recent years, with several key initiatives and strategies underway:

Digital Development Strategy for 2026-2030

• The government of Belarus is currently developing a new Digital Development Strategy for 2026-2030. This strategy will aim to guide the country’s digital development at three levels: the digital development regulator, the industry economy (regions), and individual citizens.

State Program ‘Digital Development of Belarus 2021-2025’

• The current state program, ‘Digital Development of Belarus 2021-2025’, is nearing completion. This program has focused on increasing connectivity, digital skills, and the use of digital technologies across the economy and society.

Assessing Digital Readiness

• In 2024, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Ministry of Communications and Informatisation are conducting an assessment to determine Belarus’ current state of digital development and identify trends and prospects. This will provide recommendations for the next Digital Development Strategy.

Focus Areas for Digital Transformation

The digital transformation efforts in Belarus have focused on several key areas:

1. Improving Digital Connectivity and Access
   • Belarus has a high internet penetration, with 89% of the urban population and 73% of the rural population using the internet. However, there are still disparities that need to be addressed.
2. Developing Digital Skills
   • Increasing digital literacy and skills among the population is a priority, to ensure everyone can benefit from the digital transformation.
3. Promoting Digital Entrepreneurship and Innovation
   • Digital technologies are seen as enablers for local economic development, entrepreneurship, and the scaling up of businesses, especially in rural and regional areas.
   • Platforms and initiatives are being developed to support SMEs and local businesses in their digital transformation.
4. Leveraging Digital Solutions for Sustainable Development
   • Digital tools and applications are being explored to address challenges in areas like climate change adaptation, renewable energy, and public service delivery.
5. Strengthening Digital Governance and Regulation
   • The government is working to develop appropriate policies and regulations to govern the digital space and ensure the safe and ethical use of technologies like AI.

The Belarusian government has implemented various policies, frameworks, and institutions to enhance cybersecurity, although these efforts are often accompanied by extensive state control and surveillance.

1. Legal and Regulatory Framework

• National Cybersecurity Strategy: Belarus has developed a comprehensive national cybersecurity strategy aimed at protecting its critical information infrastructure. This strategy outlines the roles and responsibilities of various government agencies in ensuring cybersecurity.
• Cybersecurity Law: The legal framework includes regulations that mandate cybersecurity measures across different sectors. This law requires organisations, especially those in critical sectors like finance, energy, and telecommunications, to implement robust cybersecurity protocols.
• Data Protection: Laws and regulations governing data protection are enforced to safeguard personal and sensitive information. These regulations ensure that entities handling such data implement appropriate security measures.

2. Institutions and Agencies

• Operational and Analytical Center (OAC): The OAC, under the President of Belarus, is responsible for overseeing cybersecurity initiatives and coordinating the efforts of different agencies. It plays a key role in developing and implementing national cybersecurity policies.
• CERT-BY: The Computer Emergency Response Team of Belarus (CERT-BY) is the primary agency for handling cybersecurity incidents. It provides incident response services, conducts threat analysis, and disseminates information on emerging cyber threats.
• Ministry of Internal Affairs: The ministry is involved in investigating and prosecuting cybercrimes, working in tandem with other security agencies to enforce cybersecurity laws.

3. Cybersecurity Measures and Initiatives

• Critical Infrastructure Protection: Special emphasis is placed on securing critical infrastructure sectors such as energy, banking, and telecommunications. Measures include regular security assessments, implementation of advanced security technologies, and stringent access controls.
• Public-Private Partnerships: The government collaborates with private sector entities to enhance cybersecurity. These partnerships involve sharing threat intelligence, conducting joint training programs, and developing cybersecurity solutions.

The AI landscape in Belarus is shaped by government initiatives, a robust IT sector, educational institutions, and collaboration with international partners.

1. Government Initiatives

• High Technologies Park (HTP): The HTP in Minsk plays a central role in the development of AI in Belarus. It provides a favourable environment for IT companies and startups, offering tax incentives, simplified administrative procedures, and access to a growing network of tech companies and talent. The HTP has attracted numerous AI-focused companies, fostering innovation and development in the AI sector.

2. Educational and Research Institutions

• Universities and Technical Schools: Belarusian universities and technical schools offer specialised programs in AI, data science, and machine learning. Institutions like the Belarusian State University and the Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics are at the forefront of AI research and education, producing a skilled workforce to support the growing AI industry.

3. Private Sector and Startups

• IT Companies: The Belarusian IT sector is well-developed, with many companies integrating AI into their products and services. Companies like EPAM Systems and Itransition are known for their work in AI, providing solutions for both domestic and international markets.
• Startups: A vibrant startup ecosystem exists in Belarus, with many startups focusing on AI-driven solutions. These startups are active in various sectors, including healthcare, fintech, and e-commerce, creating innovative products that leverage AI technologies.