Beyond development: connectivity as human rights enabler | IGF 2023 Town Hall #61

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Nathalia Lobo

Brazil conducted a 5G auction in November 2021, with the majority of the revenue, over $9 billion, being allocated towards coverage commitments. This substantial investment showcases the country’s dedication to advancing its technological infrastructure. The auction resulted in a positive sentiment, as it is anticipated to greatly enhance connectivity in Brazil.

One notable project aimed at improving connectivity is the North Connected project, focusing on the North and Amazonic region. This initiative plans to deploy a comprehensive network of 12,000 kilometres of fibre optic cables into the Amazon riverbeds, ensuring efficient and reliable connectivity. The maintenance of these cables will be handled by a consortium of 12 different operators. The positive sentiment surrounding this project indicates its potential to significantly enhance connectivity in this region.

Furthermore, the impact of these connectivity projects extends to critical sectors such as healthcare and education. With the support from the funds generated by the 5G auction, hospitals that previously lacked internet access can now effectively manage patient information through online systems, providing better access to resources and improving healthcare services. Additionally, schools are being connected through the funding from the auction, enabling better education opportunities and facilitating digital learning.

Efforts are also being made to make the benefits of internet usage tangible and viable for the people of Brazil. The allocation of funds for connecting schools underscores the commitment to providing equal educational opportunities to all. Additionally, investments from the auction funding will be allocated to various projects, ensuring the overall development of the country’s digital infrastructure and making internet accessibility a reality for all.

While community networks play a crucial role in ensuring connectivity, they have specific needs that require tailored directives and policies. These networks operate in unique ways, making it challenging to create standard policies. A positive stance emphasizes the importance of understanding the needs of community networks and structuring effective public policy to support their viability. A working group has been established to study these specific needs and draft viable policies and directives.

One significant outcome of the efforts to improve connectivity is the North Connected project, which aims to bring competition and lower connection prices in the region. By increasing the number of service providers and fostering healthy competition, consumers can benefit from more affordable and accessible connectivity options. At least 12 new companies will operate in the region as a result, indicating a positive impact on reducing inequalities and improving access to digital services.

However, there are concerns regarding illegitimate community networks that don’t operate with the same level of efficiency and reliability as legitimate networks. Differentiating between legitimate and fake networks becomes imperative to ensure that public financing is not misused. The need to regulate and monitor community networks to prevent misuse highlights the challenges faced in this sector.

Overall, the initiatives and projects aimed at enhancing connectivity in Brazil signify a positive transformation in terms of infrastructure and access to technology. Community networks offer meaningful connectivity and foster learning about the digital world within communities, complementing the efforts of Internet Service Providers. The government continues to grapple with the challenges and responsibilities associated with supporting the growth of community networks, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to drive equitable and inclusive digital development in Brazil.

Audience

The analysis delves into various arguments surrounding the topic of internet access and community networks. One argument highlights concerns about the current system of charging for data, particularly as it is seen to benefit more developed communities, while placing a financial burden on users. The speaker expresses worries about high bandwidth resources, like videos, requiring more financial resources from users, thus exacerbating inequalities. This argument reflects a negative sentiment towards the capitalization of bandwidth.

Another critique focuses on the current telco model, suggesting that educational resources should not be dependent on a person’s ability to generate income. The speaker questions why access to educational resources should be gamified and proposes a different model where users can directly access frequently needed resources. This perspective aligns with SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). It also carries a negative sentiment.

On a positive note, the case of Finland is cited as an example of a more honest and beneficial business model for data plans. In Finland, data plans do not have a data cap but differentiate based on speed, providing everyone with a flat rate. This positive sentiment is supported by evidence of negligible variable costs for data volume, especially in mobile services.

However, the analysis reveals that the project Wikipedia Zero, which aimed to provide zero-rated access to Wikipedia versions, failed to gain substantial traction and was discontinued in 2017 due to low access numbers. This is considered a negative outcome for the project.

The analysis also highlights the importance of revisiting access points and connection questions in communities facing struggles related to conflict and climate change. Access numbers to internet services, such as those provided by the Wikipedia Zero project, are questioned in communities where zero connectivity is a resilience measure. This observation reveals a neutral sentiment towards the subject.

Additionally, the high costs associated with community networks in remote areas are flagged as a concern. It is noted that individuals in Chihuahua and Mexico need to have a daily income of at least $3 or $4 to afford connectivity, while some communities resort to engaging in illegal activities to finance their access. This negative sentiment highlights the financial challenges faced by communities in remote areas when it comes to internet access.

The analysis further reveals that community networks sometimes depend on weak infrastructures, which affects the quality and reliability of their services. This observation adds to the negative sentiment surrounding the topic.

Issues with government policies regarding access to fiber networks for communities are also raised. The analysis suggests that despite the presence of fiber networks near communities, government policies restrict their access. However, there is optimism about future developments, particularly with the Amazonian network project.

The operation of community networks is shown to vary depending on their context. For example, community networks in Africa function more like small businesses, while those in Mexico or Colombia display a greater level of political organization. This insight highlights the diversity in the operation models of community networks.

Lastly, the misconception of poor service quality in community networks is challenged. The analysis presents evidence of good performance and positive impacts of community networks in communities. This positive sentiment encourages a re-evaluation of misconceptions and brings attention to the potential benefits of community networks.

In conclusion, the analysis provides a comprehensive overview of various arguments and perspectives on internet access and community networks. It highlights concerns about the current system of charging for data, critiques the telco model, and examines alternative approaches. It presents the case of Finland as an example of a more beneficial business model for data plans. It also discusses the discontinuation of the Wikipedia Zero project and raises questions about access to internet services in communities facing challenges like conflict and climate change. The analysis examines the high costs and weaknesses in infrastructure associated with community networks. It points out issues with government policies regarding access to fiber networks and highlights the diversity in the operation models of community networks. Finally, it challenges misconceptions about poor service quality in community networks and emphasizes their positive performance and impacts in communities.

Jane Coffin

This extended summary delves into the importance of diverse networks, grassroots advocacy, community networks, public-private partnerships, and structural separation networks in the context of global internet access and connectivity. These points are supported by various pieces of evidence and arguments.

Firstly, the importance of diverse networks is highlighted, with a focus on how they contribute to global internet access, lower prices, and reaching more people. It is demonstrated through the challenges faced by Liquid Telecom in deploying fibre from Zambia to South Africa due to complications, as well as the significance of connectivity being delayed by regulatory issues. This highlights the need for diverse networks to ensure better access, affordability, and inclusivity in the global internet landscape.

The significance of grassroots advocacy and multi-stakeholder approaches in promoting connectivity is emphasised. Personal experiences of working on community network projects are shared, underscoring the collective power of communities in negotiating with governments. This highlights the role of advocacy and partnerships in bridging the digital divide and ensuring that connectivity initiatives are inclusive and sustainable.

The effectiveness of community networks in providing connectivity in regions where major providers struggle to make a profit is discussed. The example of East Carroll Parish, Louisiana, where a community network was utilised to provide connectivity, exemplifies how these networks can fill gaps and offer diverse types of connectivity. This showcases the potential of community-driven initiatives in expanding internet access to underserved areas.

The role of public-private partnerships and innovative financial models in funding connectivity projects is emphasised. The Connect Humanity project is cited as an example. This underlines the importance of collaboration between public and private sectors, as well as the need for innovative financing mechanisms, to overcome financial barriers and ensure sustainable investment in connectivity infrastructure.

Structural separation networks are presented as a viable option for reducing costs and improving connectivity. These networks involve one party managing the network while others operate their services on it. This model is being explored in parts of the US, where municipalities are demanding greater accountability. The potential cost-efficiency and improved connectivity offered by structural separation networks make them an attractive option for expanding global internet access.

Lastly, the summary highlights that communities running their networks can deliver reliable connectivity. It stresses that such networks are not unreliable but are managed by skilled technologists. These community networks require a long-term business plan and substantial financial backing to ensure sustainability. This insight underscores the importance of community involvement and support in achieving sustainable and robust connectivity solutions.

In conclusion, the extended summary underscores the importance of diverse networks, grassroots advocacy, community networks, public-private partnerships, and structural separation networks in promoting global internet access. These insights are supplemented by evidence and arguments from various sources. It is evident that a multi-faceted approach, involving collaboration, innovation, and community empowerment, is crucial for achieving connectivity goals and bridging the digital divide on a global scale.

Raquel Renno Nunes

The analysis explores the important issue of connectivity and stresses the significance of internet accessibility as a fundamental human right. Notably, Raquel Renault plays a crucial role in this area as a program officer at Article 19, where she addresses various connectivity issues. Her responsibilities mainly focus on infrastructure and involve collaboration with standard-setting organizations such as the ITU and ITU-R.

Undoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the pivotal role of connectivity, particularly in enabling the right to health. The outbreak has underscored the critical need for accessible and reliable internet connections to ensure the well-being and improved access to healthcare services for all individuals. In this context, connectivity has emerged as a vital tool in bridging the digital divide and reducing inequalities.

One of the central debates surrounding connectivity revolves around whether internet access should be treated as a human rights issue or simply as a commercial service. There are two contrasting ideologies on this matter. On one hand, the viewpoint advocating for the recognition of internet access as a basic human right argues that governments and relevant organizations should ensure equal access and availability of the internet for all individuals. On the other hand, some argue that internet access should function solely as a commercial service, subject to market forces and individual affordability.

The discussion aims to bring together these differing perspectives and comprehend the merits of each argument. Its goal is to comprehensively explore the concept of connectivity and determine whether all forms of connectivity are inherently beneficial. By considering these diverse views, it becomes possible to develop a more nuanced understanding of the issue at hand.

In conclusion, the analysis underscores the importance of connectivity in our society and examines the debate surrounding internet accessibility as a human right. It highlights the invaluable role of individuals like Raquel Renault in addressing connectivity challenges and emphasizes the positive impact of accessible internet during the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion of various viewpoints contributes to a broader perspective on the issue, stimulating further dialogue and exploration of the different facets of connectivity.

Robert Pepper

The analysis of the given information reveals several key points regarding internet connectivity. Firstly, it is stated that 95% of the global population now has access to broadband. However, despite this high percentage, there are still around 2 billion people who are not online. This discrepancy highlights the shift from a coverage gap to a usage gap in internet connectivity. Affordability is identified as the main hindrance to internet usage, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The high cost of devices and monthly service is preventing many individuals from accessing the internet.

Furthermore, the benefits of internet access are seen as serving human rights. It is noted that people use the internet for educational purposes, to receive and create information. In fact, a significant 73% of people believe that access and use of the internet should be considered a human right. This highlights the importance of internet connectivity in empowering individuals and promoting equality.

On the other hand, various barriers to connectivity are observed. Infrastructure limitations, such as the backhaul and middle mile, are identified as one of the challenges in getting people connected. Additionally, the architecture of telecom termination monopoly is mentioned as a barrier.

In terms of specific services, the concept of zero rating is discussed. Zero rating is the practice of not charging for data usage on specific applications or websites. Discover is highlighted as a net-neutral zero rating service that allows access to any application or website. This service is seen as beneficial as it helps prepaid data users stay connected even when they run out of their data plan.

It is also worth noting that not all zero rating services are considered anti-competitive. Some zero rating services have been found to be net neutral and pro-consumer according to the stringent net neutrality rules under the Wheeler Commission.

The analysis also points out the outdated nature of legacy models and regulations in the telecom industry. The traditional telecom network architecture, engineering, business model, and regulation are based on outdated principles. The emergence of modern flat IP networks has changed the costs associated with data usage, rendering the legacy models irrelevant.

To conclude, the analysis reveals the challenges and opportunities in internet connectivity. While a significant portion of the global population now has access to broadband, affordability and infrastructure limitations remain significant barriers. The benefits of internet access in terms of human rights and empowerment are recognized. Additionally, the emergence of zero rating services and the need for modernization in the telecom industry are highlighted. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing these issues to ensure equal and affordable access to the internet for all.

Thomas Lohninger

The analysis focuses on connectivity and internet access, highlighting several arguments and supporting evidence. One argument is that instead of wasting time on debates that hinder the goal of connecting the unconnected, efforts should be directed towards addressing these debates. The discussion points out that although promises have been made about 5G, the actual impact and benefits of the technology have not materialized. In addition, there seems to be no new technology empowered by 5G, and little reason for consumers to upgrade from their current 100 to 300 megabit connection.

The analysis also highlights the negative consequences of network fees or “fair share” contributions. It suggests that proposed fees could harm smaller networks and lead to increased fragmentation of the internet. Another important argument raised is the potential negative impact of zero rating, where certain companies are given an unfair advantage. This practice could potentially violate net neutrality and hinder efforts to achieve reduced inequalities in connectivity.

Thomas Lohninger, in particular, raises concerns about zero rating programs limiting consumer choice and hindering innovation. He highlights examples such as a Smart Net offering in Portugal, where the affordability of certain services compared to others raised concerns about an “internet à la carte” system. The analysis also explores alternative approaches to data plans. It suggests that instead of having data caps, data plans could be differentiated based on the speed of internet access, as implemented in Finland. This is seen as a more honest and efficient business model for telecom companies.

The analysis also notes that total data consumption does not necessarily impact network operation unless it leads to congestion. It criticizes the use of legacy models based on minutes of use, distance, and time, which are no longer relevant in today’s data networks. Noteworthy observations include the termination of projects like Wikipedia Zero, which aimed to provide free access to specific services. The low usage of Wikipedia Zero led to its discontinuation.

Furthermore, it is suggested that corporations could make better use of available bandwidth by offering flat rates during off-peak hours. The analysis argues that in instances where the mobile network is often unused during late-night hours in countries with connectivity issues, the refusal to open the floodgates is primarily due to corporate greed, rather than capacity or cost issues.

In conclusion, the extended analysis emphasizes the need to prioritize connectivity and internet access for all. It proposes addressing debates that hinder these goals, critiquing telecom industry PR campaigns, and examining the consequences of network fees, zero rating practices, and data plans. The analysis suggests alternative approaches such as bandwidth-based data plans and flat rates during off-peak hours to optimize available resources. These insights provide valuable perspectives for policymakers, businesses, and individuals involved in promoting inclusive and accessible internet connectivity.

Speakers