Broadband from Space! Can it close the Digital Divide? | IGF 2023 WS #468

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Libraries have emerged as vital institutions at the intersection of digital connectivity and meaningful impact. Despite being rooted in the pre-digital era, they have evolved to embrace the transformative power of technology. Libraries now incorporate robotics, 3D printing, and Starlink connections, enabling individuals to engage with cutting-edge innovations.

While libraries provide essential services, their focus extends beyond mere provision.

Instead, libraries seek to make a tangible difference in their communities. They are conscious of their role in fostering education and actively contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education. By offering access to technology and knowledge resources, libraries empower individuals to enhance their skills and pursue lifelong learning.

Moreover, libraries contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure.

They recognize the significance of meaningful connectivity and its impact on individuals’ lives. Libraries have long understood the transformative potential of the internet and have diligently worked towards improving people’s lives within the local context. Their success lies not just in the availability of digital infrastructure but in the measurable improvement in the quality of life for individuals accessing these resources.

Despite the rise of digital infrastructures, libraries continue to hold distinct advantages.

Contrary to the assumption that internet cafes and telecenters would replace libraries, this has not been the case. Libraries offer unique value propositions that set them apart. They go beyond providing connectivity by offering diverse avenues for engagement, learning, and social interaction.

Libraries serve as vibrant community hubs and spaces that foster a sense of belonging.

In conclusion, libraries are indispensable in bridging the gap between digital connectivity and meaningful impact. Their evolution has enabled them to integrate technology and cater to the changing needs of their communities.

Libraries are not simply service providers; they are catalysts for transformation, driving positive change, and improving lives. With their ongoing commitment to innovation and a community-centric approach, libraries will continue to be vital pillars in the digital age.

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The analysis focuses on two key areas of satellite internet: Leo Satellite Internet and Starlink. Leo Satellite Internet is seen as an essential solution to closing the growing digital divide. It allows for faster deployment compared to terrestrial or mobile infrastructure, making it an effective means of bridging the gap in internet access.

However, concerns arise regarding the longevity and selection of Leo Satellite Internet service providers. Countries need to invest in hardware and establish institutions to support their services. The analysis suggests that countries should improve coordination to negotiate better conditions with Leo Satellite Internet providers and enhance their power as consumers.

Leo Satellite Internet’s ease of deployment is highlighted as an advantage. The Leo dish only requires power for providing internet access and can be quickly deployed anywhere. It can also help people develop digital skills and increase internet usage, which has positive implications for education and innovation.

However, concerns are raised about the simultaneous development of multiple infrastructures.

Companies like SpaceX, OneWeb, and Amazon’s Kuiper are building their own systems, which lack cooperation and interoperability. It is suggested that more collaboration and standardization are needed to address efficiency and sustainability concerns.

The analysis indicates uncertainty regarding the use of Starlink for commercial or community networks.

The rules and regulations surrounding Starlink’s licenses and reselling are unclear, causing uncertainty for potential users interested in wider network deployment.

Environmental and financial sustainability are also concerns. The current business model of Starlink, which requires renewing satellites every five years, raises environmental and economic concerns.

The long-term environmental impacts of this process are worrisome, considering the urgent need for sustainable consumption and production. Additionally, doubts are expressed regarding the economic feasibility of Starlink’s large-scale satellite launches.

There is also concern about the regulation and accountability of satellite operators.

The potential for individuals or entities to manipulate satellite services raises concerns about their misuse or exploitation.

Measurement Lab is mentioned as a valuable resource for monitoring internet performance, including satellite performance. It measures aspects such as interconnection points, speed, and quality of internet globally, providing the largest public dataset on internet performance.

Furthermore, doubts are raised about Starlink’s ability to effectively close the digital divide due to high costs.

The unit costs of Starlink range from 150 to 200 watts, with a capital expenditure of 300 to 600 US dollars. Affordability and the ability of individuals and communities to sustain recurring payments for internet access are concerns.

The analysis also highlights the misuse of Starlink infrastructure to support illegal activities in the Amazon region, negatively affecting indigenous communities.

Additionally, the unfulfilled promise of Starlink providing internet connectivity to schools in the Amazon region raises doubts about the company’s commitment to addressing educational needs in underserved areas.

In summary, the analysis provides an overview of the advantages, concerns, and uncertainties related to Leo Satellite Internet and Starlink.

Leo Satellite Internet shows promise in bridging the digital divide with its fast deployment and potential for improving digital skills. However, concerns exist regarding the selection and longevity of service providers. Uncertainties also surround the use of Starlink for wider networks, environmental and financial sustainability, regulation and accountability, and the company’s commitment to fulfilling promises.

Careful consideration and comprehensive planning are necessary for the development and deployment of satellite internet systems to ensure equitable and sustainable access to digital resources.

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Recent advancements in space-based technologies, particularly megaconstellations like Starlink, have emerged as a promising solution for providing broadband services on a global scale. These advancements have significantly improved the capabilities of space-based technologies, making it feasible to deliver high-speed internet connectivity to even the most remote areas worldwide.

Starlink, a megaconstellation consisting of thousands of small satellites, has the potential to revolutionize internet access by providing global coverage.

The global coordination of frequency spectrum is crucial for ensuring uninterrupted provision of all wireless services. The frequency spectrum is a limited natural resource that must be carefully managed to avoid interference and disruption of various wireless services.

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) plays a vital role in regulating the global coordination of frequency spectrum. It ensures that the allocation and usage of frequency spectrum are properly coordinated to prevent any conflicts or disruptions.

To fully leverage the benefits of space-based technologies and ensure effective implementation, countries need to re-evaluate and update their domestic regulations related to licensing and authorising satellite broadband services.

Laws and regulations play a crucial role in the successful integration of new technological advancements. Therefore, countries must adjust their regulations according to the unique circumstances and requirements presented by space-based technologies. By doing so, they can create a conducive environment for the deployment of satellite broadband services and facilitate their widespread adoption.

Furthermore, active participation in international decision-making processes, such as the ITU and the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, is essential.

Engaging in these forums allows countries to have a voice and contribute to the development of policies and regulations that govern space-based technologies. Active participation enhances the chances of achieving desired outcomes and ensures that countries’ perspectives and interests are well-represented.

Moreover, awareness of international space law is crucial for making informed decisions and effectively navigating the complex landscape of space-based technologies.

It is important to note that the provision of satellite services in a specific country is subject to that country’s laws and regulations.

These laws, often referred to as landing rights, determine the terms and conditions under which satellite services can operate within a country. Each country has the autonomy to decide its own regulations for satellite services, taking into account its unique needs and priorities.

In conclusion, recent advancements in space-based technologies, such as megaconstellations like Starlink, offer a promising solution for providing broadband services globally.

To fully harness the potential of these technologies, countries need to re-evaluate and update their domestic regulations related to licensing and authorising satellite broadband services. Active participation in international decision-making processes, such as the ITU and the UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, is crucial for shaping policies and regulations that support the effective deployment of these technologies.

Additionally, it is important for countries to be aware of international space law and its implications to make informed decisions. By doing so, countries can unlock the benefits of space-based technologies and ensure an uninterrupted provision of wireless services on a global scale.

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The use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites for high-speed, low-latency internet connectivity, particularly in the context of video communications, is seen as a positive development. LEO satellites operate at a height of less than 2,000 km, enabling quick packet transfers and offering lower latency times compared to geosynchronous satellites.

Notably, SpaceX’s Starlink project leverages LEO satellites, further supporting the viability and potential of this technology.

However, one of the major challenges currently faced is the large-scale launch of LEO satellites. SpaceX has been able to launch seven rockets each month, but there is uncertainty whether smaller launch providers can operate at this scale.

Overcoming this challenge is crucial for the successful implementation of LEO satellite technology.

Critical questions are also being raised regarding the use of LEO satellites for global internet coverage. Technical feasibility, environmental impact, and effects on astronomy are all areas of concern.

The environmental impact of satellites, both during their launch and disposal in the upper atmosphere, remains unclear. Additionally, large satellite constellations may cause issues for astronomical observations. These concerns highlight the need for careful examination and consideration of the impact and trade-offs associated with using LEO satellites for global connectivity.

While new connectivity options are emerging, such as OneWeb and Amazon’s plans for global coverage, at present, Starlink remains the only option for this kind of high-speed, low-latency connectivity.

The expansion of these connectivity solutions presents complex challenges due to legal and regulatory considerations. Each country has its own regulatory rules, and providers need to negotiate with each country’s regulators. Furthermore, conflicting frequency usage can prevent some countries from utilizing these systems.

The deployment of these solutions requires cooperation and interoperability among different space-based providers to ensure a seamless and efficient global coverage.

Despite these complexities, there is support for exploring emerging technologies in the field of connectivity. Dan, who supports the exploration of emerging technologies, believes that despite the challenges, the benefits provided by LEO satellites and other technologies outweigh the difficulties encountered.

LEO deployment is viewed as critical because with proper permissions and power, it can be quickly set up anywhere, making it highly adaptable.

Additionally, LEO connectivity is seen as complementary to existing infrastructure and can help build digital skills until terrestrial connectivity reaches a particular area.

Concerns are being raised about the environmental and carbon costs associated with launching systems for global connectivity.

A recent paper analyzing the carbon costs of launches highlights the trade-off between carbon cost and global connectivity. The sustainability and control of LEO constellations, mainly run by commercial entities owned by billionaires, are also being questioned. The need for continuous satellite launches to maintain the constellations raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of this approach.

In conclusion, the use of LEO satellites for high-speed, low-latency internet connectivity has the potential to revolutionize global connectivity.

However, challenges related to large-scale launch, technical feasibility, environmental impact, and legal considerations must be carefully addressed. Cooperation and interoperability among space-based providers are key factors for success. Despite concerns about the environmental and carbon costs, there is support for exploring emerging technologies in this field.

It is critical to study and understand the opportunities and trade-offs associated with these technologies to ensure their responsible and sustainable implementation.

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The discussion highlighted the potential of satellite technology, specifically low-Earth orbit satellites like Starlink, in bridging the digital divide and providing global broadband services. These satellites are capable of connecting anyone, anywhere with high-performance, robust broadband, which has the potential to close the digital divide.

This new era of satellite communications has been seen as a game changer, particularly in regions where internet access is limited or non-existent.

However, while satellite technology offers many benefits, there are concerns that need to be addressed.

One of the main concerns is the high cost of satellite internet. The cost of using services like Starlink can be prohibitive for certain communities, making it challenging for them to adopt this technology. Additionally, questions have been raised about the environmental impact of satellite systems.

Researchers have expressed concerns about the sustainability of Starlink and the potential impact of launching thousands of satellites.

Another issue that emerged from the discussion is the potential misuse of satellite technology. In the case of Starlink in Brazil, it was revealed that the service was being used to support illegal activities such as gold mining and drug trafficking, which goes against its original intent of providing connectivity to remote schools.

This highlights the importance of ensuring accountability and regulation of satellite activity.

Libraries were also mentioned as important community support centers that can play a role in bridging the digital divide. They can offer a range of value-adding services and help localize internet usage.

Libraries have the potential to act as public interest locations within communities, and examples such as internet backpacks in Ghana utilizing libraries as centers for bringing people online were mentioned. Additionally, libraries can offer a variety of services, beyond just connectivity, and can act as a bridge from the availability of digital tools to their impact, achieving the desired change.

Throughout the discussion, it became apparent that monitoring and regulating satellite activity is essential.

This includes tracking the advancements and issues with satellite technology, such as space junk and potential disruptions to astronomy. The audience emphasized the need for better coordination among customer countries for choosing satellite internet providers and ensuring a robust monitoring system.

In conclusion, satellite technology, particularly low-Earth orbit satellites like Starlink, has the potential to bridge the digital divide and provide global broadband services.

However, there are challenges such as high costs, environmental impact, and potential misuse that need to be addressed. Libraries can also play a significant role in supporting communities and bridging the digital divide. It is crucial to monitor and regulate satellite activity to ensure accountability, better control, and informed public debates.

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Starlink Internet has revolutionised libraries in Nigeria, with its implementation in five urban areas including Lagos, Abuja, and Kaduna. This game-changing move has attracted a new audience to these libraries, thanks to the provision of fast, stable, and reliable internet services.

Particularly, open knowledge enthusiasts and those interested in Open Educational Resources (OER) have greatly benefited from this influential addition.

The introduction of Starlink Internet has significantly enhanced the efficiency of users’ work within the libraries. Users have reported faster and more efficient work, thanks to the stable internet connection.

This positive feedback highlights the immense impact of the fast internet provided by Starlink, which simplifies various online activities, including translation work on open platforms. Users have noticed that the internet does not slow down during use, making the translation process smoother and enhancing overall productivity.

Despite the notable advantages, several challenges need to be addressed to further develop and improve Starlink’s internet services.

One major challenge is the weak signals experienced beyond a specific radius from the libraries, limiting the accessibility of the internet service. Additionally, the service becomes unavailable during power outages, further hindering consistent and uninterrupted internet access. Moreover, the limited operating hours of the libraries pose a constraint for individuals seeking to utilise the service outside of the designated time frame.

To tackle these challenges and improve the service, it is crucial to identify and study the usage trends and user demographics of the Starlink Internet service.

Gaining a comprehensive understanding of users, including their age range, specific internet usage patterns, and overall internet needs, will enable service providers to enhance the service in a more targeted manner. Moreover, investigating the speed of the internet and potential drop points throughout the day is important.

User feedback also plays a vital role in gathering insights and suggestions for improving the service.

In conclusion, the introduction of Starlink Internet in Nigerian libraries has had a significant positive impact. The fast and reliable internet connection has attracted new users, particularly those interested in open knowledge and OER.

However, challenges such as weak signals, service unavailability during power outages, and limited operating hours need to be addressed. Therefore, identifying user demographics, studying usage patterns, and obtaining user feedback are critical steps toward enhancing the service and expanding its application.