Data Governance in Broadband Satellite Services | IGF 2023 WS #307

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Satellite connectivity and data governance have geopolitical dimensions, especially in Ukraine and Iran. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Starlink satellite internet service proved crucial in providing communication support to the war-torn country. However, in Iran, requests for internet restoration were limited due to US restrictions and authorization issues with the Iranian government.

Concerns surrounding data privacy and monopolization have sparked discussions on the need for international treaties to address these issues in the context of satellite broadband.

A survey conducted for the ISAAC Foundation-funded research revealed that respondents had concerns about data privacy and suggested an international treaty approach to combat data monopolization. This indicates that global recognition is growing regarding the concerns associated with the data value chain in satellite broadband, and international treaties on data flows and standardization may provide potential solutions.

Certain European Union countries and the UK have licensed Starlink to provide services, but under the condition of compliance with domestic data governance regimes.

This shows that countries can employ regulatory measures to address data governance concerns in the use of satellite broadband services. Additionally, major space-faring nations like China and the EU are embarking on their own satellite constellations, citing data governance issues as one of the justifications for these projects.

It is crucial for satellite broadband technology to operate within existing rules and regulations, respecting the importance of the rule of law.

This ensures that the deployment and use of satellite broadband services adhere to legal boundaries and prevent potential conflicts. International legal boundaries may restrict broadcasting capabilities in certain countries, and approval is necessary for landing rights and spectrum usage. Turning on satellite services without approval in particular countries would attract international pressure and potentially cause political conflicts.

In terms of domestic regulations, developing countries are advised to reevaluate and update their regulations related to licensing and authorizing satellite broadband services.

By reassessing their regulations, these countries can create an environment that promotes the growth and accessibility of satellite broadband while also addressing governance concerns.

In addition, countries are recommended to form regional alliances to enhance the achievement of local policy goals.

This collaboration can foster cooperation in addressing common challenges and advancing the benefits of satellite broadband in the region.

Active participation in ITU (International Telecommunication Union) consultations is also encouraged. By engaging in these consultations, countries can contribute to the development of international standards and policies that govern satellite connectivity and data governance.

Countries should also reassess their commitments under trade treaties, ensuring that their satellite broadband initiatives align with international trade agreements and obligations.

Moreover, it is essential for countries to familiarize themselves with space law.

Having a comprehensive understanding of space law will ensure that satellite activities are conducted legally and in accordance with international norms.

Finally, a holistic approach is necessary to ensure that satellite broadband initiatives align with sustainable development goals.

By considering the environmental, social, and economic impacts of satellite connectivity, countries can maximize the benefits of satellite broadband while minimizing potential negative effects.

In conclusion, the geopolitical dimensions of satellite connectivity and data governance are prominent, particularly in Ukraine and Iran.

Addressing data governance concerns through international treaties, regulatory measures, and domestic regulations is crucial for the responsible and effective use of satellite broadband services. Collaboration, active engagement, and adherence to legal frameworks are essential in optimizing the benefits of satellite connectivity and data governance while working towards sustainable development goals.

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The analysis explores the different aspects of satellite connectivity, specifically focusing on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and their potential impact on internet accessibility. LEO satellites are seen as a promising solution for providing high-speed and low-latency connectivity, which is crucial for efficient internet access.

In comparison, geostationary satellites, which have been providing internet access for many years, have high latency, making them unsuitable for fast connectivity.

The potential of LEO satellites for revolutionizing internet connectivity is highlighted, particularly in terms of their ability to deliver faster and more efficient connections due to their closer proximity to Earth compared to geostationary satellites.

Additionally, LEO satellites can be mass-produced and launched in bulk using cost-effective methods, such as reusable rockets, resulting in significantly reduced expenses. However, it is important to note that LEO satellites have a shorter lifespan of around 5 years, requiring continuous deployment to maintain uninterrupted connectivity.

Despite the advantages, there are concerns regarding the implementation of LEO satellite networks.

One significant concern is the economic, societal, and environmental implications associated with these systems. Affordability and capacity remain major challenges, and the lack of established standards and privacy concerns pose potential issues for future LEO systems. Additionally, there are concerns about data handling through the required infrastructure and the generation of space debris, which can have potential environmental impacts.

The analysis also addresses the issue of regulatory and legal restrictions, which act as significant barriers to the global implementation of satellite internet.

Providers must secure landing rights and obtain spectrum approval in each country they seek to operate in. Operating without proper authorization can lead to international pressure and attention, underscoring the need for adherence to legal and regulatory frameworks.

Moreover, the control of satellite internet by a limited number of billionaires, such as Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, raises concerns about unequal access and power dynamics.

The high cost of launching satellites prevents smaller players or community networks from entering the field, potentially exacerbating inequalities in internet access.

The analysis also raises concerns about the potential risks associated with satellite internet, particularly in terms of two-way communication.

This vulnerability could make users, especially those in conflict zones, susceptible to targeting or surveillance.

The importance of healthy competition within a regulatory framework is advocated to address potential issues and failures in the LEO sector, as witnessed in the 1990s.

Furthermore, the need for regulation is emphasized to ensure equitable access and prevent regulatory capture, which may impede progress or lead to unfavorable outcomes.

While advancements in satellite technology, including mass production capabilities and improved launch capacities, have greatly improved over the past few decades, uncertainties remain regarding the viability and success of proposed systems.

Careful evaluation and addressing of these uncertainties are essential to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of satellite communication networks.

Alternative solutions, such as optical connectivity, are also discussed. Optical connectivity provides a direct and unshared connection, but its infrastructure is still in the early stages of development.

Finally, the analysis highlights the critical role of satellite communication in disaster management, as evidenced by the deployment of communication resources in disaster-stricken areas to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for first responders.

Additionally, the potential use cases of LEO satellites are emphasized, and the need for increased conversations and attention towards the International Telecommunication Union-Radio (ITU-R) is suggested to address the challenges and opportunities presented by LEO satellites.

In conclusion, the analysis provides a comprehensive exploration of the various dimensions of satellite connectivity, with particular emphasis on LEO satellites.

While LEO satellites offer promising high-speed and low-latency connectivity, there are concerns regarding environmental impact, data handling, affordability, regulatory restrictions, and broadband inequality. The importance of healthy competition, regulation, and planning ahead to address potential challenges is stressed. Caution and further evaluation are needed before implementing proposed systems, given the uncertainties that exist.

Overall, satellite communication, including LEO satellites, holds great potential for improving internet accessibility, and leveraging it effectively requires careful consideration of various factors.

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The panel discussion will delve into the intricacies of data governance in broadband satellite services, with a specific focus on satellite infrastructures and internet connectivity. Comprising seasoned experts in the field, the panel boasts a wealth of experience in both low Earth orbit satellites and internet connectivity.

They will shed light on the technological aspects of these systems while also examining the regulatory constraints that come into play, including those imposed by SpaceX.

In addition to exploring the technical and regulatory dimensions, the panel will address the impact of regulations within different jurisdictions.

Recognising that various countries may have differing approaches to governing satellite connectivity and internet access, this discussion aims to shed light on the potential consequences of these divergent regulatory frameworks. Civil society feedback, often instrumental in shaping policies and regulations, will also be taken into consideration.

One of the speakers, Kulesza, brings a unique perspective to the table.

Working on an ISAC foundation project, she is deeply involved in comprehending the legal framework underpinning low Earth orbit satellites and internet connectivity. To emphasise the significance of this understanding, Kulesza stresses the need to discuss the regulatory impacts that governments attempt to enforce across different jurisdictions.

By examining these impacts with a critical lens, the panel hopes to foster a more comprehensive understanding of the legal dimensions surrounding satellite infrastructures and internet connectivity.

Furthermore, the panel recognises the importance of community engagement in these discussions.

To facilitate a fruitful exchange of ideas, the audience will be encouraged to participate by posing questions or sharing comments through the chat function. Alternatively, they can wait until the dedicated Q&A session to provide their feedback. This commitment to fostering dialogue and incorporating diverse perspectives aligns with the broader goal of partnership for the goals, as outlined in SDG 17.

In conclusion, the panel discussion on data governance in broadband satellite services promises to offer valuable insights into the technological, regulatory, and legal aspects of satellite infrastructures and internet connectivity.

Through the expertise of the panelists and active audience participation, this discussion seeks to advance our understanding of the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

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The analysis explores the topic of optical laser communication between space and the ground, highlighting its potential impact on sustainable development. It is noted that this type of communication is related to SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. The technology has gained attention and investment from various smart individuals and organizations.

Optical communication offers several advantages, including faster speed, significant data capacity, wide directional angle, and license-free operation.

However, it also faces challenges related to atmospheric conditions, such as clouds and rain, which can distort or weaken the optical signals. Despite these challenges, the overall sentiment towards optical communication is neutral, acknowledging its potential but also recognizing the obstacles it faces.

The involvement of noteworthy organizations, such as NASA and universities, in experimenting with optical communication is highlighted in the analysis.

NASA has been working on this technology since 2013 and has achieved transmission rates of up to 200 gigabits per second. The Federal Technical University in Switzerland achieved even higher transmission rates, reaching 0.94 terabits per second using optical communication. This evidence shows that there is active research and development ongoing in this field.

However, there is some skepticism regarding the success of optical to low Earth orbit communication.

The president and CEO of KSAT, an established optical ground station company, doubts the viability of this type of communication. The analysis suggests that additional investments and research are needed to overcome the challenges associated with this technology.

In addition to the topic of optical communication, the analysis also examines the criticism directed towards Elon Musk for his political posts on Twitter.

Larry Press expresses disappointment and fear towards Elon Musk’s political content. This negative sentiment is further supported by Larry Press’s mention of following Elon Musk on Twitter and disliking the political content.

Another area of discussion revolves around the failures in the past attempts at providing internet connectivity through satellites.

The analysis cites the example of Teledesic, a project funded by Bill Gates and a Saudi prince, which failed in the 90s due to technological limitations. It is noted that at that time, the technology and economics did not support internet connectivity via satellites.

The limitations in technology made it economically unviable as the internet was primarily text-oriented and had limited technological capacity.

The analysis also includes Larry Press’s viewpoint that connectivity should be affordable based on what people can afford.

He argues that if people in an area or nation cannot afford connectivity to services like SpaceX, it implies they have excess capacity. Therefore, he suggests that adjusting prices according to an area’s available capacity would be more feasible.

Furthermore, Larry Press criticizes Elon Musk’s initial pricing structure for SpaceX, stating that it was unrealistic.

He points out that Musk initially stated he would charge the same price everywhere, but different rates are now used in different countries. This observation highlights a disparity between the initial intentions and the current pricing policies.

In conclusion, the analysis provides an in-depth exploration of optical laser communication, its advantages and challenges, ongoing research and development, as well as potential skepticism towards its success.

It also examines the criticism directed towards Elon Musk for his political posts on Twitter and highlights the failures in past attempts at internet connectivity through satellites. Additionally, it presents Larry Press’s viewpoint on affordability and pricing, emphasizing the importance of adjusting prices according to capacity and income levels.

These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

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The analysis examines several significant concerns surrounding the low-Earth-orbit satellite sector. A major apprehension is the potential regulatory risks posed by Starlink, the sector’s first mover. The consolidated control that Starlink holds over the industry raises concerns, particularly due to its dominance and associated risks.

Another worrisome aspect is the heavy reliance of Ukraine on Starlink and its controller.

This dependence on a single company creates vulnerability, as any disruption or manipulation of Starlink’s services could have severe consequences for the country.

The analysis also highlights potential security vulnerabilities in low-Earth-orbit satellites. It presents evidence from a live hacking competition at the DEF CON conference, where teams were able to hack into a satellite’s camera and capture pictures of specific locations on Earth.

This finding underscores the need for robust security measures to protect these satellites from malicious activities.

Furthermore, the analysis points out the significant dependence of civil society on government in the space sector. The report underscores the substantial funding and procurement efforts made by governments, particularly in defense industries and spending.

This heavy reliance on government support poses challenges for civil society to have equal say or influence in shaping sector policies.

Additionally, the analysis identifies an asymmetrical disadvantage in influencing public policy in the space sector. Despite efforts to engage with public policy directors, calls often go unanswered.

This lack of responsiveness hampers the ability of concerned parties to have a meaningful impact on policy and regulation development.

On a positive note, the analysis suggests promoting higher standards in government procurement and support for new and emerging technologies.

Initiatives like the donor principles on human rights in the digital age launched by the Freedom Online Coalition aim to harmonise and raise standards, addressing challenges in the sector.

Overall, the analysis highlights the need for careful consideration of regulatory risks, security vulnerabilities, and power dynamics in the low-Earth-orbit satellite sector.

It emphasizes the importance of inclusivity, human rights, and data protection in policy and regulation development. Promoting higher standards and fostering partnerships in government procurement and emerging technologies are seen as promising approaches going forward.

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The analysis explores the topic of internet connectivity and considers various arguments and supporting facts related to its significance for development. It suggests that regions with better internet connectivity tend to progress more rapidly compared to those with limited or no connectivity.

This supports the claim that internet connectivity acts as a catalyst for development.

Another important point raised in the analysis is the growing digital divide. As time passes, the gap between regions with adequate connectivity and those without expands further.

This emphasizes the urgency to address the issue and find effective solutions to bridge the digital divide.

One potential solution that is highlighted in the analysis is the use of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. It is argued that LEO satellites require minimal terrestrial infrastructure and can complement the development of fibre and mobile infrastructure.

This suggests that LEO satellites have the potential to bridge the digital divide faster than other connectivity solutions.

Furthermore, LEO satellite internet is seen as a valuable resource during times of conflict or natural disasters, when traditional communication networks may become unavailable.

This underscores the importance of having alternative means of communication that can remain functional in such challenging circumstances.

The analysis also discusses the benefits of connectivity alternatives. It suggests that offering a range of connectivity solutions can lead to an enlargement of the market and stimulate competition.

This variety allows end-users to have more choices, potentially leading to improved services and affordability.

An interesting point made in the analysis is the global nature of the governance of LEO satellite internet. It asserts that all global citizens are stakeholders due to the shared risks associated with the technology, such as potential space debris and environmental costs.

This highlights the need for collaboration and cooperation among stakeholders to address these issues effectively.

The analysis concludes by suggesting several recommendations for further action. Countries are encouraged to document and share best practices and explore opportunities to align their interests with providers.

This can help in authorizing and licensing LEO systems in a timely manner. Additionally, engaging with financing and investment opportunities is seen as crucial to support the advancement of satellite internet.

Other noteworthy observations from the analysis include the importance of transparency and multi-stakeholder input, as well as the need for research and twinning programmes to further understand and advance satellite internet.

The analysis also stresses the significance of quick onboarding and activation of services, and the need for coalition building to foster consumer interest.

Overall, the analysis highlights the positive impact of internet connectivity on development and the potential of LEO satellites in bridging the digital divide.

It provides valuable insights and recommendations for countries, stakeholders, and providers to collaborate and work towards achieving better connectivity outcomes.