DigiSov: Regulation, Protectionism, and Fragmentation | IGF 2023 WS #345

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Audience

The analysis features three speakers who delve into different aspects related to the internet and its impact on global trade and regulation. The first speaker emphasizes the complexities of the internet and how it has transformed the world. They also discuss the influence of state trade policies on end users. It is noted that critical resources play a significant role in this realm. Additionally, the speaker highlights that not all critical resources are managed by states, providing the example of IP and IPv4 blocks. Overall, their stance is neutral.

The second speaker raises a question posed by Samridhi Kumar regarding a potential different approach to the idea of fragmentation in the Global North and South from a regulatory perspective. The speaker focuses on topics such as fragmentation, the Global North and South, and internet regulation. This discussion is closely linked to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions). Unfortunately, no supporting facts or evidence are provided, leaving their stance neutral.

The third speaker, responding to an inquiry by Amir Mukavi, explores the effects of internet weaponization, digital interference, and violence in campaigns from abroad. They also discuss the impact of these factors on internet fragmentation. The speaker suggests ways to avoid this situation, particularly by promoting cooperation between cross-border digital entities and national competent authorities. Their sentiment is concerned.

From the analysis, it becomes evident that the internet is a complex domain that has greatly transformed the world. State trade policies have profound effects on end users, while critical resources have a crucial role to play. Additionally, questions arise regarding the regulatory perspectives on fragmentation in different regions of the world, highlighting potential disparities. The analysis also brings attention to the detrimental impact of internet weaponization, digital interference, and violence in campaigns from abroad, as they contribute to internet fragmentation. Cooperation between cross-border digital entities and national competent authorities is suggested as a preventative measure. Overall, the analysis provides insights into the multifaceted nature of the internet and its implications for global trade and regulation.

Neelesh Maheshwari

The analysis explores various aspects of digital sovereignty and internet regulations, discussing the importance of policies and regulations aimed at exerting state control over internet public policy issues within territories. Digital sovereignty has gained significant attention in recent years, with regulations having extraterritorial implications due to the nature of the internet.

The analysis argues for the need to address monopolistic tendencies of big corporations and promote the growth of small businesses, asserting that states have the right to combat these tendencies while ensuring a level playing field. The focus is on supporting small businesses and reducing inequalities in the digital economy.

Regarding data localization, the analysis suggests keeping restrictions minimal and opposes unnecessary constraints on the free flow of data based on security or information localization requirements. The example of the Indian government’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act is cited as a liberalized data protection regime.

The analysis emphasizes the inclusion of Global South countries in digital trade agreements and negotiations, recognizing their lack of infrastructure and institutional capacity. Capacity-building initiatives are seen as vital for these countries to benefit from big data, AI, and machine learning.

Regulations to combat the dissemination of disinformation and misinformation on the internet are deemed necessary, highlighting the real-life harm caused, particularly in the Global South. The analysis asserts the need for effective regulations in addressing this issue.

Concerns are raised regarding the potential limitation of fundamental rights due to regulations, cautioning against restrictions on freedom of speech and other fundamental rights when implementing regulations.

The analysis advocates for international norms and dialogue to address internet-related issues, promoting a standardized approach and providing guidelines for corporations facing state demands.

The potential risks of leaving public policy functions to private corporations are highlighted, citing surveillance capitalism and instances such as Cambridge Analytica, Snowden revelations, and electoral interferences. Regulatory oversight of public policy functions is advocated to prevent the misuse of power by private entities.

Different perspectives on the weaponization of the internet in the Global North and Global South are discussed, with cybersecurity and attacks on critical infrastructure being a focus in the North, while information security is a concern in the South.

Governance challenges in the digital age are addressed, emphasizing the need for novel approaches to address these challenges effectively.

The analysis stresses the importance of regulations that consider different contexts, allowing countries to pursue their own policies while ensuring a holistic approach to internet governance.

In conclusion, the analysis emphasizes the significance of digital sovereignty and regulations to exert state control over internet public policy issues. It advocates for the promotion of small businesses, reduced inequalities, and minimal restrictions on data flow. It highlights the necessity of regulations to combat disinformation, the importance of international norms and dialogue, and the potential risks of leaving public policy functions in the hands of private corporations. The differing perspectives between the Global North and Global South, as well as new governance challenges, are also considered. The analysis calls for regulations that consider different contexts and allow countries to pursue their own policies while maintaining a comprehensive approach to internet governance.

Andrea Beccalli

The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the internet and its governance, shedding light on several important points. One key highlight revolves around the principle of global accessibility of the internet, which is seen as essential and fundamental. It is emphasized that the internet functions as a network of networks, with approximately 60,000 networks operating as one single internet. Any disruption to the principle of global accessibility could result in the fragmentation of the internet, which would have significant implications for connectivity and communication worldwide.

Another point of concern raised in the analysis is the potential risk associated with policy development on the application layer of the internet. Discussions surrounding the application layer are gaining more attention, but it is crucial to consider the sovereignty of countries and ensure that public authorities handle any issues related to it. Disruptions in the application layer have the potential to disrupt the underlying technical layer, amplifying the need for careful consideration and policy-making in this area.

The geopolitical and economic context also plays a pivotal role in shaping the internet and its governance. The analysis notes that during the creation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), globalization was on the rise. However, current global events and wars have dramatically changed the way we view and use the internet, which necessitates a reevaluation of its governing principles.

Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the need for the evolution of the internet governance model. The current model, established around 30 years ago, was designed when the internet was nothing like what it is today. With the growing complexity and usage of the internet, the model needs to adapt and evolve to effectively address the challenges posed by the modern digital landscape.

The impact of internet fragmentation is also explored in the analysis. It is highlighted that the size and development of a market can have varying implications when it comes to fragmentation. Fragmenting a market as large as the European Union, for example, can have a different impact compared to a smaller market in the global south. Fragmentation could potentially exacerbate the digital divide, particularly in underdeveloped regions and countries.

Additionally, the analysis delves into the potential consequences of regulations and policies on the internet. The influence of regions such as Europe, China, and India in shaping internet regulations is noted, with concerns raised about certain regulations being inconsiderate of the impacts on the global south. It is crucial for policymakers to be mindful of the potential ramifications of their actions and to consider the specificities of the internet landscape.

The analysis also highlights the importance of not taking internet access for granted. The internet serves as a tool for global connection, transcending platforms, languages, and time zones. However, it should be acknowledged that internet access often comes at a cost to users or through public means, and its value should not be underestimated or overlooked.

Lastly, policymakers are urged to be specific and mindful of the consequences of their actions in the realm of internet regulation. The internet has been weaponized and misused for purposes it was not initially designed for, which underscores the need for careful and well-informed policymaking in order to address issues such as free speech and cybercrime effectively.

In conclusion, the analysis provides a comprehensive overview of several crucial aspects of the internet and its governance. It emphasizes the importance of upholding the principle of global accessibility, while also addressing the risks and challenges posed by policy development, geopolitical and economic factors, internet fragmentation, and the need for an evolved governance model. Policymakers are urged to be mindful and specific in their actions, and internet access should be valued as a tool for global connection.

Bruna Santos

There has been a significant discussion about internet fragmentation, which has resulted in the creation of a policy network. This network aims to promote inclusive discussions and resource sharing on the topic. It focuses on addressing the challenges posed by fragmentation in different aspects of the internet, including user experience, internet governance and coordination, and the technical layer of the internet.

One of the key concerns raised in these discussions is the lack of inclusivity and coordination in internet governance. This could lead to decision-making without consensus, favoring multilateralism over multi-stakeholder participation. It is argued that an inclusive approach is crucial to ensure that all relevant stakeholders have a say in shaping the future of the internet.

Fragmentation can be caused by various factors, such as client-side instruments or legislative interferences, which can lead to negative outcomes like internet shutdowns or restrictions on access to certain content or apps. Striking a balance between security measures and preserving open access to information is essential.

Advocates for user experience on the internet argue that it should adhere to principles of equality, enhancement, choice, impact assessment, harmonization, and allowing users to shape their own experience. Empowering users and providing them with diverse options to customize their internet experience is considered crucial.

The discussions on internet regulation have gained traction in many countries and member states, with ongoing debates on topics like disinformation regulation. The potential impact of internet regulation on the way the internet is viewed and used is being closely examined.

While regulation may be necessary in certain areas, it is important for policymakers to consider the significant aspects of the internet before implementing wide-ranging regulations. Striking a balance between addressing concerns and preserving the open and innovative nature of the internet is crucial.

The need for inclusive and balanced international regulations for information security is emphasized. It is argued that these regulations should take into account the perspectives of victims and marginalized communities, who are often excluded from the conversation. By including their voices, power imbalances can be addressed, ensuring equal representation in discussions on information security.

In summary, the discussions on internet fragmentation have led to the establishment of a policy network to facilitate inclusive conversations and resource sharing. This network focuses on addressing fragmentation in various aspects of the internet. The importance of inclusivity, user empowerment, and balanced international regulations is highlighted to mitigate the challenges posed by internet fragmentation. Policymakers are urged to approach regulation carefully, considering the significant aspects of the internet and maintaining its open and innovative nature.

Venceslas Katimba

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has made significant progress in digital transformation and internet inclusion. In 2021, the country appointed its first minister in charge of digitalization, demonstrating its commitment to embracing new technologies. The DRC has also adopted a digital law to regulate the digital sector, ensuring structured and controlled digital activities. Additionally, the country has signed the Malabo Convention for cybersecurity and data protection, emphasising its dedication to safeguarding data privacy.

However, the DRC still faces challenges in connectivity and internet access. Over 50% of the population lacks coverage, highlighting a digital divide. Private operators like Facebook and Google are investing in infrastructure, including the construction of a second cable, to improve connectivity. The DRC aims to connect to five submarine cables, bridging the digital divide and enhancing access to internet resources.

In conclusion, the DRC’s digital transformation efforts are underway with the appointment of a digitalization minister and the adoption of a digital law. The country’s commitment to cybersecurity and data protection through the Malabo Convention is also commendable. However, improving connectivity and internet access remains a challenge. Nonetheless, investments in infrastructure by private operators and plans to connect to submarine cables show a determination to address this issue and promote internet inclusion in the DRC.

Turra Daniele

The analysis thoroughly examines the complex issues of internet fragmentation and governance. There is an increasing debate about the sovereignty of countries in relation to the application layer of the internet. This indicates a growing concern among nations about maintaining control over their respective internet spheres.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the impact of trade policies on the end users of the internet and the management of critical internet resources. It is evident that trade policies can have far-reaching consequences for the accessibility and affordability of the internet for individuals and businesses. Additionally, the analysis notes that the management of critical internet resources, such as IPv4 blocks, is not solely dependent on state involvement. This suggests the need for a comprehensive multi-stakeholder approach in addressing these issues.

A key argument put forth in the analysis is that protectionist policies made by states should consider a multi-stakeholder model. It stresses that critical resources are not solely managed by states, and emphasizes the importance of incorporating various stakeholders in policy-making processes.

The analysis also explores the potential consequences of internet regulations. It highlights the possibility of these regulations leading to changes in the current internet landscape. Moreover, the analysis notes that different countries and member states are actively enacting various aspects of internet regulation. This raises important concerns about the management of the multi-stakeholder model when it comes to specific risks of fragmentation, indicating the challenges associated with balancing regulation and maintaining an open internet.

Another aspect addressed in the analysis is the challenge of determining who should review specific policy requirements. It notes that it can be difficult to establish a central authority or body responsible for reviewing and shaping policy requirements. This highlights the complexity involved in ensuring effective policy management in relation to internet fragmentation and governance.

The analysis stresses the need to include all perspectives in the design of global policies. It highlights the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) as a valuable space for inclusive discussions and contributions from a diverse range of panelists from various countries. The analysis recognizes that issues of internet governance affect not only local communities but also have global implications. Consequently, including multiple perspectives helps mitigate biases and ensures comprehensive policies that cater to the needs and interests of all stakeholders.

Lastly, the analysis points out concerns about connectivity issues and their impact on internet policies and governance. The importance of connectivity is emphasized, with one of the panelists, Venceslas, experiencing connectivity issues during the discussion. This serves as a reminder that connectivity is central to effective internet policies and governance, and efforts must be made to address connectivity challenges to achieve a truly inclusive and accessible internet for all.

In conclusion, the analysis provides a detailed examination of the complex issues surrounding internet fragmentation and governance. It sheds light on the debates over national sovereignty, the impact of trade policies on end users, the management of critical internet resources, and the challenges associated with regulatory measures. The analysis advocates for a multi-stakeholder model in policy-making, emphasizes the need for inclusive global policies, and highlights the importance of addressing connectivity issues. Overall, it provides comprehensive insights into the multifaceted nature of internet fragmentation and governance.

Speakers