National digital transformation strategies in Africa | IGF 2023 Open Forum #124

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Kenya recognizes the immense potential of digital transformation in driving its economic growth and has implemented a comprehensive strategy to harness this opportunity. As part of its strategy, the country has included Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in its long-term strategic goals from 2012 to 2030.

This demonstrates Kenya’s commitment to leveraging digital technologies to support its overall development.

Furthermore, Kenya has made significant efforts to improve its digital infrastructure. The country plans to enhance its national fiber optic backbone by extending it by 100,000 kilometers.

This investment in infrastructure will lay the foundation for faster and more reliable internet connectivity, enabling the digital transformation to thrive. Additionally, Kenya already offers over 5,000 digital services online, further establishing its position as a leader in digital innovation.

To ensure that the digital transformation is conducted ethically and lawfully, Kenya has prioritised the establishment of data governance structures.

This includes enacting Data Protection laws and creating the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner. These measures are essential for safeguarding individuals’ rights and promoting responsible data use, addressing concerns related to privacy and security.

However, despite these efforts, Kenya faces the challenge of addressing the digital divide.

Connecting people, promoting digital literacy, and providing relevant devices to underserved communities remain major hurdles. The government and private sector must collaborate to bridge this gap and create equal access to digital opportunities. The private sector, in particular, plays a vital role in advancing digital transformation by offering affordable mobile devices, providing financial inclusion, and creating digital business opportunities.

Kenya has embraced technology and digital transformation, with both the government and private sector actively advocating for digital change.

Kenya takes pride in its status as the “Silicon Savannah,” reflecting its commitment to technological innovation and digitalisation. Examples of digital transformation in Kenya include initiatives like digitising land records and digitising identification documents, demonstrating the country’s determination to leverage technology across various sectors.

When it comes to data governance and protection, the perceived resistance may largely stem from a lack of education about the benefits of these measures rather than outright opposition to change.

Kenya has already enacted data protection laws and is working to raise awareness through the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner, aiming to educate the public about the importance of data protection in fostering trust and ensuring responsible use of data.

In terms of service delivery, Kenya recognises the need for a national addressing strategy.

The current addressing system, which relies on landmarks or specific service information, is inefficient. Developing a national addressing system will improve service delivery by enabling better identification of locations and ensuring efficient provision of services.

Digital addressing services, which merge the digital and physical worlds, can greatly enhance governance and service delivery.

By using digital addressing services, Kenya can improve efficiency in serving its citizens’ needs and promote better coordination between government agencies.

While there are challenges related to the duplication of projects due to government agencies working in silos, Kenya supports cross-ministerial collaboration to address this issue.

By designating specific ministries to guide projects and including the data protection commissioner in data governance issues, the country aims to prevent duplication and promote effective project execution.

In conclusion, Kenya recognises the significant role of digital transformation in driving economic growth.

The country’s digital transformation strategy, investment in digital infrastructure, and focus on data governance are key pillars of its approach. Efforts to address the digital divide, leveraging the involvement of the private sector, are essential to ensure equitable access to digital opportunities.

Kenya’s embrace of technology and commitment to effective project management indicate its determination to succeed in the digital era.

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Digital transformation has the potential to advance Africa, and the development of the ECA payment system is one initiative towards this goal. However, cybercrime acts as a hindrance to digital transformation, with underreporting being a key issue. Mobile money schemes and other cybercriminal activities pose challenges in this regard.

There is a need for robust cybersecurity measures, considering the unique legal frameworks of each African country. Technical solutions, like cell site triangulation and surveillance cameras, have been effective in combating corruption and fraud. Specific training for judges is also necessary to strengthen the judicial system.

By addressing these challenges, Africa can unlock the full potential of digital transformation and foster sustainable development.

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In Africa, the tracking and prosecution of cybercrime is often impeded by poor addressing systems and high residence mobility. This poses a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies trying to identify and apprehend individuals involved in criminal activities using SIM cards.

The absence of a proper addressing system in many African countries further hinders the tracking of cybercrime. As a result, there is a pressing need for digital addressing in Africa to enhance cybersecurity and facilitate more efficient law enforcement.

Digital addressing would provide a specific location for every citizen, allowing law enforcement agencies to more effectively identify and track individuals involved in criminal activities.

It is important to note that digital addressing is not synonymous with surveillance; rather, it aims to establish a means of knowing the whereabouts of individuals, facilitating the provision of safety measures, and improving law enforcement efforts.

In addition to digital addressing, there is also a need for the capacity building of judges to ensure the effective implementation of digital laws.

The successful implementation of legislation involves various stakeholders, including the executive, Parliament, civil society, and the judiciary. The judiciary plays a critical role in interpreting the laws, ensuring their proper application, and upholding justice. Therefore, providing judges with the necessary knowledge and skills to understand and apply digital laws is crucial to their effective implementation.

Moreover, judicial transformation in Africa has the potential to advance democracy.

This notion was expressed by a member of parliament from Cameroon who recognized that transforming the judicial system could contribute to improving governance and democratic processes in Africa. By enhancing the independence, efficiency, and transparency of the judiciary, judicial transformation can help ensure fair and just legal systems, thereby promoting democracy and the rule of law.

The African Union (AU) should also consider conducting a survey on the impact of member countries not adopting the Malawi Convention for digital transformation.

The low adoption of this convention in member countries is hindering the advancements in digital transformation across the continent. Understanding the reasons behind this low adoption rate can help the AU address the challenges and advocate for the implementation of digital transformation strategies more effectively.

On a positive note, The Gambia is making significant progress in its digital transformation strategy with guidance from the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).

The country has successfully laid broadband networks across the country through projects such as the ECHO-1 project and the National Broadband Network. The Gambia has also developed an ICT master plan that encompasses various aspects, including capacity development, youth and women empowerment, human capital, e-agriculture, and national broadband network strategies.

Additionally, consultancy for a digital ID system has been completed with the assistance of the ECA. The Gambia is also in the process of establishing a digital addressing system, with the capital and major cities already covered. These efforts demonstrate The Gambia’s commitment to embracing digital transformation and reaping its numerous benefits.

Overall, improving digital addressing, capacity building of judges, and promoting judicial transformation are essential steps towards enhancing cybersecurity, law enforcement, and democracy in Africa.

Conducting surveys and providing guidance on digital transformation strategies will further support the continent’s progress in this regard. The Gambia serves as a notable example of a country making commendable strides in their digital transformation journey.

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Cap Verde has made significant progress in digitalisation since the early 20s, presenting big opportunities for enhancing service delivery. The country has numerous office infrastructures and applications that can be utilised to build services for its citizens. Cap Verde also has a unique system for digital identification, enabling the development of multiple services.

Recently, an online service was launched allowing citizens to access their criminal records through a new Mobile Key based on digital certificates.

To further support their digital initiatives, Cap Verde is creating a digital ecosystem through a technological park and the establishment of two new data centres.

The technological park will house several companies, including government data. This development aligns with Cap Verde’s commitment to achieving SDG 9, which focuses on industry, innovation, and infrastructure. Furthermore, the digital ecosystem contributes to SDG 11, which aims to build sustainable cities and communities.

However, there are several challenges that Cap Verde must address in its digital transformation journey.

One significant challenge is digital literacy among its citizens, as people need to acquire more skills to effectively utilise the internet for productivity. To tackle this issue, the government is working on a digital literacy program to increase citizens’ proficiency.

Another major challenge is cybersecurity, as the country faced a significant attack on its systems in 2020. Efforts are underway to enhance Cap Verde’s cybersecurity systems and protect against future threats.

In addition to these challenges, change management and organisational shift are proven to be difficult during the course of digital transformation.

Resistance from employees and the existence of silos within the government hinder the smooth transition. These challenges must be addressed to ensure a successful digital transformation.

Cap Verde’s young population is a valuable asset that needs to be effectively utilised.

The country should explore avenues to leverage the skills and talents of its young workforce to drive economic growth and create decent work opportunities. Recognising this, Cap Verde should focus on developing programs and initiatives that cater to the needs and aspirations of its youth.

Despite the challenges, Cap Verde benefits from its small size when it comes to law enforcement.

Due to the country’s limited land area, knowing someone’s location is not difficult, making it easier for law enforcement agencies to operate effectively.

The concept of digital addressing holds potential for countries with larger territories in Africa.

Cap Verde’s experience suggests that adopting digital addressing systems could bring benefits to other African nations. However, it is essential to address concerns surrounding data privacy and protection, especially when tracking registered SIM cards. Safeguarding personal information should be a priority when implementing digital addressing systems.

Governance plays a critical role in Cap Verde’s digital transformation journey.

The government has included all sectors in its strategy, and new projects undergo careful analysis and validation before implementation. Furthermore, standards are being developed to ensure the responsible and ethical use of technology.

Cap Verde’s digital strategies are being designed with sustainability in mind.

They aim to avoid relying on legacy systems and focus on adopting technology that is environmentally sustainable in the long run. This approach aligns with SDG 9, which emphasises the need for industry, innovation, and infrastructure to be sustainable.

It is important for other sectors to recognise the benefits of digital transformation.

Cap Verde has incorporated the goals of various sectors into its digital strategy, reinforcing the idea that digital transformation is not limited to specific industries but spans across the entire government.

In conclusion, Cap Verde has made remarkable strides in digitalisation, greatly enhancing service delivery.

However, challenges such as digital literacy, cybersecurity, change management, and organisational shift persist. Efforts to better utilise the young population and address law enforcement needs have been observed. The concept of digital addressing holds promise for larger African countries, provided that data privacy and protection concerns are appropriately addressed.

Governance plays a crucial role in steering Cap Verde’s digital transformation journey towards sustainability. Recognising the benefits of digital transformation, other sectors should proactively embrace digital initiatives to drive development and meet the goals set by SDG 9.

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During a recent discussion, several key initiatives were highlighted to address digital transformation and promote sustainable development goals in the country. One of the primary areas of focus is addressing connectivity. To improve connectivity, the government plans to create more capacity and redundancy for existing submarine cables.

This will enhance the country’s ability to provide reliable and high-speed internet access to its citizens.

Regarding digital identification, the government has developed a comprehensive digital master plan and strategy. One of the challenges mentioned during the discussion was the need for better coordination and data integration.

To address this, the government plans to integrate existing digital addressing systems and SIM registration platforms. By streamlining these processes, the government aims to enhance the efficiency and security of digital identification systems.

Promoting financial inclusion is another important aspect of the country’s digital transformation efforts.

The government is focused on establishing a national switch, which will facilitate payment gateways and enable easier access to financial services for all citizens. This initiative aims to reduce financial barriers and empower individuals to participate fully in the economy.

Cybersecurity is a critical concern in the digital age, and the government is taking proactive steps to address this issue.

The development of a cybercrime bill is underway, which will help establish a legal framework to prevent and combat cyber threats. Additionally, plans are in place to establish cybersecurity emergency response teams. These dedicated teams will be equipped to swiftly respond to and mitigate any cyber attacks, thereby safeguarding the country’s digital infrastructure.

The digital divide, referring to the unequal accessibility to digital technologies and internet connectivity, is another challenge being addressed.

The government has identified challenges related to last mile network access and device affordability. To bridge this gap, the government plans to develop strategies that utilize mixed technologies. Furthermore, collaborations with device providers are being explored to achieve affordable options and increase accessibility to digital devices.

Notably, the government is also keen on developing localized e-applications that address specific local problems.

To avoid reinventing the wheel, the government intends to adopt successful platforms from partner countries. Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) have already been signed with countries such as Rwanda, Mauritius, and Nigeria to facilitate the exchange of innovative digital solutions.

In conclusion, the country is actively pursuing various initiatives to achieve digital transformation and support sustainable development goals.

Efforts are being made to enhance connectivity, improve digital identification systems, promote financial inclusion, ensure cybersecurity, bridge the digital divide, and develop localized e-applications. These initiatives demonstrate the government’s commitment to leveraging digital technologies for the benefit of its citizens and overall socio-economic growth.

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The analysis highlights several important points regarding the digital transition in Africa. It acknowledges that Africa has both weaknesses and frogging opportunities. One key strength is its vibrant youth population, which can drive digital transformation. Moreover, Africa faces fewer legacy challenges than other regions, giving it an advantage in embracing new technologies.

One argument made is the importance of digital governance in the digital transition process.

Effective digital governance can significantly impact the successful implementation and adoption of digital technologies. Case examples from Cape Verde and Gambia support this argument, demonstrating the positive outcomes achieved through effective digital governance.

The European Union (EU) has a vision to strengthen Africa’s economic sector and make it a producer in the global economy.

The EU aims to promote diversification and development through strategies that foster economic growth and encourage active participation in the global economy.

Improving the effectiveness of government and public administration in the digital transition is another vital aspect.

By bringing the state closer to citizens and meeting their needs, governments can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their digital initiatives. Examples from Cape Verde and Gambia illustrate the positive impact of such approaches.

While digital technology holds great potential, it is important to note that there are no free lunches.

This means that careful consideration and planning are required to address challenges and ensure equitable distribution of benefits.

Cooperation and proper management capabilities are essential for effective digital governance. Collaboration between different ministries and the development of management capabilities play a crucial role in implementing and managing digital initiatives successfully.

Political will is crucial for the transformation towards a more democratic system.

Strong support and commitment from political leaders are necessary to implement necessary reforms and ensure a smooth transition to a democratic and inclusive society.

Building collective trust through digital technologies is also important. Digital technologies can improve citizens’ lives and contribute to building trust.

This trust is vital for sustainable adoption and acceptance of digital technologies.

African governments face challenges in attracting and maintaining technical skills. Technical skills often move to the private sector or abroad, posing a challenge for governments seeking a skilled workforce to drive digital transformation.

Digital identity is crucial in the digital transition.

The Weneke case in Gambia serves as a pilot project for creating digital identities using local communities. Digital identity provides access to services, improves inclusion, and ensures security and privacy.

Investment in Africa to design national and sectorial strategies is beneficial.

Investing in the justice sector has resulted in positive outcomes. Emphasizing engagement processes over relying solely on data is crucial in designing effective strategies and policies.

In conclusion, Africa has weaknesses and frogging opportunities in its digital transformation journey.

Effective digital governance, the EU’s vision for the economic sector, improving government effectiveness, and citizen-state interaction are essential for successful digital transition. Challenges such as attracting technical skills and the importance of digital identity are also key considerations. The analysis provides valuable insights into driving digital transformation in Africa.

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Digital transformation has the potential to play a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals in Africa. Over the years, there has been progress in internet access on the continent, with an increase from 6% to 40% since 2005. This signifies improving connectivity in Africa, which is crucial for driving digital transformation.

However, despite this progress, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed.

One of the main challenges is the existence of a digital divide. Approximately 60% of the African population remains offline, highlighting the disparity in access to digital technologies.

This divide is further intensified by limited internet connectivity in rural areas, where only 23% of people have access to the internet. Additionally, there is an 11% gender gap in internet connectivity, which hinders the full participation of women in the digital transformation process.

To effectively harness the benefits of digital transformation, it is essential to have adequate digital policies that cater to the specific needs of African countries.

The policy framework should address the challenges of the digital divide and promote inclusivity in the use of digital technologies. It should also focus on bridging the urban-rural divide in internet connectivity and closing the gender gap.

Another important aspect is data governance, which ensures digital sovereignty and protects citizens.

The emergence of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) requires robust data governance frameworks. By having control over their data, African countries can safeguard their citizens’ privacy and create job opportunities in the digital economy.

The African Union’s digital transformation strategy includes various components, such as digital finance, digital skills, innovation, and capacity building.

These components are essential for African countries to leverage digital technologies and achieve their sustainable development goals. The strategy also emphasizes the importance of addressing infrastructural gaps and cybersecurity concerns, as these are crucial prerequisites for the success of digital transformation initiatives.

Digital ID and digital trade are also highlighted as crucial aspects to consider in the digital transformation journey.

The African Union’s digital transformation strategy recognizes the significance of digital ID and digital trade and seeks to incorporate them into the overall implementation plan.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights instances where digital technology has been used effectively to fight corruption.

Examples include the implementation of digital taxation, which has resulted in a 55% increase in government revenue, and the use of a human resource management system to combat the issue of phantom employees drawing salaries.

The Kenya model is cited as a positive example of successful digital transformation in Africa.

Kenya has seen notable outcomes from its digital transformation initiatives, including approximately 10% of GDP being attributed to digital transformation, 98% mobile money usage, and 65% internet access in the country. Other African countries can draw inspiration from Kenya’s success and tailor their own strategies accordingly.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UN-ECA) supports African countries in developing their national digital identities and digital economy.

This support is significant in promoting the adoption of digital technologies and achieving sustainable development goals.

Capacity building programs are identified as crucial for enhancing knowledge in areas such as technology, cybersecurity, and fintech. These programs can help address the manpower and resource shortages faced by some African countries in implementing digital strategies.

Noteworthy examples include planning to launch a parliamentary capacity building program on the digital economy, technology, cybersecurity, and fintech.

In conclusion, digital transformation has the potential to bring about significant positive change in Africa. However, to fully harness its benefits, it is imperative to bridge the digital divide, implement adequate digital policies, establish robust data governance frameworks, address infrastructural gaps and cybersecurity concerns, and promote digital ID and digital trade.

The success of digital transformation initiatives also relies on effective capacity-building programs and drawing inspiration from successful implementations, such as the Kenya model. Ultimately, by embracing digital transformation, African countries can strive towards achieving their sustainable development goals and creating a more digitally inclusive society.

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Digital transformation plays a crucial role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Union Agenda 2063. Africa’s youth population is projected to reach 70% by 2050, making up 42% of the global youth population. To harness this demographic advantage, it is essential to leverage digital technology.

However, Africa faces several challenges on its digital transformation journey.

One of the key challenges is limited internet access. While Africa has made significant progress, with internet access increasing from 6% in 2005 to 40% at the time of the discussion, there remains a substantial divide between urban and rural areas.

Additionally, a gender gap persists, with 60% of Africa’s population remaining offline. Bridging these divides and ensuring universal internet access is vital for inclusive growth.

Cybersecurity poses another significant challenge to Africa’s digital transformation. Cybersecurity issues cost the continent 10% of its GDP per year.

Developing adequate digital transformation strategies, including capacity building in cybersecurity, is necessary to safeguard against potential threats and ensure a secure digital ecosystem.

Furthermore, change management presents a challenge to digital transformation. Innovation and change can disrupt business processes, and not all organizations are equally open to embracing change.

Overcoming resistance to change is vital for successful digital transformation.

In terms of governance, effective digital governance is paramount. It can help improve the effectiveness of government and public administration, bridge the gap between states and citizens’ expectations, and contribute to broader development objectives.

Implementing robust digital governance frameworks ensures digital sovereignty and the flourishing of the digital economy.

Prioritizing resource constraints is crucial when implementing digital transformation strategy frameworks. The African Union’s Digital Transformation Strategy Framework for 2020-2030 aims to assist countries in prioritizing their needs based on available resources.

This approach ensures efficient resource allocation and maximizes the impact of digital transformation initiatives.

Collaboration between ministries and government agencies is essential in achieving effective government strategies. Siloed approaches can lead to duplication of projects and initiatives, hindering progress.

By combining expertise and resources across different ministries and sectors, better results can be achieved.

Technology also has the potential to support anti-corruption efforts, increase transparency, and foster greater engagement and accountability. It can be a powerful tool in driving sustainable development and achieving SDG 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions.

Key enablers for digital transformation include infrastructure, affordability, reliability, and skills.

Investment in digital infrastructure, ensuring affordable access to technology, reliable digital services, and developing the necessary skills in both the population and the private sector are crucial for successful digital transformation.

The technopolitical dynamics between global players in North America, Europe, and Asia can provide opportunities for African countries to benefit.

Engaging in collaborations and leveraging these dynamics can accelerate digital transformation on the continent.

In conclusion, digital transformation holds great potential for Africa’s development. However, it is essential to address challenges such as limited internet access, cybersecurity threats, resistance to change, and effective governance.

By prioritizing resource constraints, promoting collaboration, and investing in necessary enablers, Africa can harness the power of digital technology to achieve the SDGs and the African Union Agenda 2063.