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Libraries play a crucial role in providing digital access to communities by offering a range of digital services and knowledge. They serve as multipurpose infrastructure and are essential for community development. The importance of libraries in this context is supported by various initiatives and projects.

For example, the Digital Skills at Your Local Library project in Uganda equipped libraries with digital facilities and trained librarians to disseminate digital skills. This project promotes digital inclusion and addresses the digital divide.

In addition to providing digital access, libraries are also unique aggregators of ICT resources in a community.

The Gigabit Libraries Network initiative aims to expand internet inclusion using emerging telecom technology. It includes providing low-cost internet connectivity to places suffering from disastrous weather, reducing inequalities in internet access. The initiative has introduced low-earth orbit satellite connectivity kits in Nigeria, further expanding internet access.

Libraries can also serve as community hubs for disaster resilience and climate change mitigation.

Bill McKibben, a climate activist, supports the idea of libraries being used as community access hubs for resilience. By making libraries resilient against outages and equipping them with resources to support communities during disasters, they can play a vital role in mitigating the effects of climate change.

The policy of access rights is crucial for improving library services and ensuring equitable access to information.

This policy ensures that everyone has the right to access information and knowledge, which is essential for personal and community development. Advocating for the UN’s policy framework can be effective in promoting these access rights and enhancing library services.

However, challenges remain in ensuring meaningful internet access in certain regions.

For example, in Uganda, unstable broadband infrastructure, high data costs, and the lack of relevant local audiovisual content hinder internet accessibility. The prevalence of unstable broadband infrastructure leads to issues such as unexplained bandwidth throttling, disrupting signal reliability. The high cost of data prevents people from enjoying more internet content, and the lack of relevant local audiovisual content limits the availability of culturally significant material.

Enabling a conducive economic climate is crucial for promoting the audiovisual industry and fostering meaningful internet access.

Local production companies, such as Savannah Moon in Uganda, are championing the creation and consumption of local content. By focusing on producing films that reflect everyday experiences of local people, including those faced by women and the neurodiverse, these companies contribute to a more inclusive and representative digital landscape.

Concerns also exist regarding internet accessibility and data storage in Africa.

There is a growing belief that data collected in Africa should be stored within the continent, taking into account factors such as data sovereignty and access. Moreover, internet accessibility in Africa is hindered by challenges such as bandwidth costs and concerns about data collected in Africa being stored outside the region.

These issues highlight the need for improved internet infrastructure and data management practices within Africa.

Language diversity is another barrier to internet accessibility. Communities with diverse languages face challenges in accessing online content available primarily in dominant languages.

Addressing this barrier requires efforts to provide internet access in diverse languages, ensuring inclusivity for all.

Additionally, there is a need for voice and audiovisual content to cater to the needs of older populations. As internet usage becomes more prevalent, it is important to consider how technology can be more accessible to older adults through voice command technology and audiovisual content.

Technology and internet outreach for low-literate people are vital as well.

In India, for instance, there are approximately a billion low-literate individuals who could benefit from technology and internet outreach programs. Ensuring inclusivity for all language levels is crucial in bridging the digital divide.

The internet should also strive to be more inclusive for non-text people.

Efforts should be made to ensure that individuals who rely on non-text alternatives, such as audio and visual interfaces, can fully access and engage with online content.

Moreover, the internet should continue to evolve in terms of standards and technology.

This evolution should aim to address issues such as internet connectivity gaps and the need for more user-friendly interfaces. Speakers also advocate for a decentralized web, where the internet becomes more peer-to-peer and less reliant on centralized control.

Overall, addressing the digital divide and ensuring meaningful internet access and use require a multi-stakeholder approach and collaboration at both local and global levels.

Various organizations, including ITU and ICANN, are working towards identifying gaps and finding solutions. Partnerships and innovative financing approaches are also crucial for building networks, including country-code top-level domains (CCTLDs) and data centres.

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The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) discussed the concept of meaningful access, which has been defined in various ways over the years. The topic of access, including issues like affordability, artificial intelligence (AI), and accessibility, was addressed in several sessions and workshops at the IGF.

Vint Cerf, a member of the Panel for a New Multilingualism in the Americas (PNMA), highlighted the importance of these topics in a video message, emphasizing the affordability of devices and the impact of AI on meaningful accessibility.

Giacomo Mazzone, the co-chair of the PNMA, recognized the complexity and significance of the topic, stressing the need for diverse perspectives on the issue of access and meaningful access.

Moreover, Mazzone expressed an interest in understanding how island states handle technical solutions for infrastructure, particularly in relation to the potential use of satellites.

The inclusion of rights of access in the United Nations’ policy framework is deemed vital for addressing climate adaptation.

In fact, the UN has made substantial commitments, pledging billions of dollars to address climate adaptation, including connectivity.

Statistics and data analysis are important tools for making appropriate policies, and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is actively working on indicators for meaningful access.

Mazzone acknowledges the need to develop robust indicators for how data is channeled into data centres and the “last mile” in the coming years.

Increasing production of local audio and video content is seen as crucial for achieving meaningful connectivity.

This is particularly important in places like Papua New Guinea, which has over 800 languages and cultures. Local content can play a significant role in promoting cultural diversity and fostering connectivity.

The meeting also highlighted the importance of collaboration and participation.

Giacomo Mazzone expressed appreciation for everyone’s contribution. Special thanks were extended to participants, speakers, organisers, and volunteers, including individuals like Roberto and Daphne, who devoted their efforts to the event.

In conclusion, the discussions at the IGF emphasised the multifaceted nature of the issue of access and meaningful access.

Various topics such as affordability, AI, accessibility, data connectivity, infrastructure, and local content production were addressed in relation to meaningful access. The importance of diverse perspectives, solid indicators, UN policy framework, and collaboration was underscored as crucial elements for achieving meaningful connectivity.

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The initial barrier to internet access in Japan was the inability of computers and applications to process Japanese characters effectively. This resulted in issues such as broken email messages during transmission and Japanese web pages being rendered as gibberish. These technical limitations posed a significant challenge for Japanese internet users as they were unable to access and communicate information in their native language.

However, before internet access became widely available to the public, the technical issues related to the Japanese language on the internet were successfully resolved.

Various commercial and non-commercial entities developed computers and applications capable of processing Japanese characters effectively. Moreover, Japanese language support was effectively incorporated into internet applications, ensuring that the wider population gaining internet access could do so without facing language-related hindrances.

On the other hand, the usage of internationalised domain names (IDN) in Japanese characters did not gain widespread acceptance within Japan.

Major local websites chose not to identify themselves with IDNs and only used them for protective or defensive purposes. This indicates that while there may be some recognition of the value of using IDNs, the practical inconvenience associated with their usage prevails.

Several reasons were cited for the inconvenience of using IDNs in Japanese characters.

These include the need to switch between different scripts (Japanese characters, the Latin alphabet, and other symbols) while using the internet, which is often seen as tedious and inconvenient. Additionally, there is a higher level of comfort in using Japanese characters for search strings rather than for URLs or identifiers.

The lower adoption rates of IDNs in Japan further highlight the local population’s reluctance to fully embrace this technology.

The convenience of identifying URLs in the Latin alphabet within Japanese articles, coupled with the cumbersome nature of using IDNs, contributes to this lower adoption.

In conclusion, while the initial technical issues related to the Japanese language on the internet have been resolved, the usage of internationalised domain names in Japanese characters faces challenges in gaining acceptance within Japan.

The convenience and familiarity of the Latin alphabet for identifying URLs, combined with the inconvenience of switching between different scripts, likely contribute to this reluctance.

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The Coalition for Digital Africa plays a crucial role in supporting African country code top-level domain (CCTLD) registries by providing them with technical capacity-building support. This coalition was launched during the last Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Addis Ababa, in collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and other partners.

By offering technical capacity-building support, the coalition aims to enhance the overall infrastructure in Africa.

However, it recognizes that improving infrastructure requires a more holistic approach, going beyond technical expertise and capacity building alone. The coalition acknowledges that African countries need diverse support to ensure sustainable and effective infrastructure improvement.

One important focus for the coalition is the issue of Universal Acceptance of International Domain Names.

It is working to ensure that people have access to international domain names, eliminating any barriers that may exist. By addressing this issue, the coalition promotes inclusivity and ensures individuals in African countries can access and benefit from the global digital space.

Furthermore, the coalition is dedicated to enhancing the quality of service and cybersecurity of CCTLDs in Africa.

As part of their efforts, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is deploying managed server facilities in Africa. This initiative aims to provide reliable and secure infrastructure for CCTLDs, ultimately strengthening their operations and protecting them from cyber threats.

In summary, the Coalition for Digital Africa diligently supports African CCTLD registries.

By providing technical capacity-building support, adopting a holistic approach to infrastructure improvement, addressing the issue of Universal Acceptance, and focusing on quality of service and cybersecurity, the coalition contributes significantly to Africa’s digital landscape. Through their efforts, they facilitate an enabling environment that allows African countries to unlock the full potential of the digital economy and achieve sustainable development.

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Libraries serve as vital gateways to meaningful information and must adapt to technological advancements in order to effectively meet the needs of their local communities. They have evolved from traditional spaces focused solely on books and archives to dynamic spaces that cater to the diverse needs of their users.

By embracing technology, libraries can bridge the digital divide and provide essential access to information for those who need it most.

An example of this is seen in Uganda, where a project was implemented to enhance the infrastructure of public and community libraries across the country.

The project aimed to equip these libraries with computers, internet connectivity, and other necessary facilities. In addition, a training of trainers strategy was employed, enabling local librarians to tailor educational programs to the specific needs of their communities. Trained librarians also conducted outreach campaigns, with a particular focus on supporting individuals interested in improving their businesses and accessing educational opportunities.

As a result, approximately 14,000 individuals in Uganda benefitted from this project, with many starting small and medium enterprises and gaining access to higher education opportunities in other locations.

Accurate data disaggregation is crucial, not just in terms of sex but also concerning gender and other minority groups.

Currently, there is insufficient data available on these populations. By collecting and analyzing disaggregated data, we can gain a better understanding of the unique challenges faced by different groups and create targeted solutions to address inequality and promote inclusivity.

In order to assess the extent of internet connectivity and meaningful access to information within libraries, comprehensive data and indicators are needed.

Understanding the current status of library connectivity and access will enable policymakers and stakeholders to develop strategies and allocate resources more effectively.

Despite their significance, libraries often remain overlooked at a higher policy level. It is essential to recognize the role that libraries play in society and allocate adequate resources to support their development.

This is particularly crucial within the context of development communities in the Americas, where access to libraries should be prioritized.

Digital inclusion and capacity building initiatives at the local level require skilled staff. Training programs are necessary to equip library staff with the knowledge and skills needed to facilitate digital inclusion and promote capacity building within their communities.

In conclusion, libraries are indispensable in providing meaningful access to information and must adapt to technological advancements to meet the evolving needs of their local communities.

The case of Uganda highlights the positive impact that well-equipped libraries and trained librarians can have on education and small business development. Disaggregated data is necessary to address inequalities faced by different groups, while better data and indicators are required to assess library connectivity and access to information.

Libraries deserve recognition and support at a higher policy level, and staff skilling is critical for the success of digital inclusion and capacity building initiatives.

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Data and statistics are crucial for meaningful access to the internet and the development of policies in this area. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in partnership with the UN Office of the Tech Envoy, has set targets for universal and meaningful connectivity by 2030.

These targets focus on people using the internet, the quality of internet connection, the cost of internet packages, and the necessary skills required. The aim is to provide internet access to all individuals, businesses, schools, and communities in a meaningful way.

The ITU has introduced the Universal and Meaningful Connectivity (UMC) dashboard to monitor progress towards these targets.

However, there are data gaps when it comes to understanding data center usage and mobile connectivity in Africa. There is ongoing discussion and development of indicators for middle-bar connectivity.

Currently, indicators exist for bandwidth, but not for how data is channeled into data centers or how it reaches the end user. Developing solid indicators in these areas is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of data center usage and mobile connectivity in Africa.

Surveys are the best source of data on internet users and their behavior.

However, they tend to be expensive and are mostly limited to high-income countries. Policymakers are encouraged to fund statistical offices to conduct surveys, especially in low-income countries, in order to bridge the data gap and gain insights into internet access and connectivity.

A coalition is working with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to enhance internet access for women and promote gender equality.

The coalition engages in various initiatives and brings technical knowledge and expertise to address the needs of women in accessing the internet. They are conducting an assessment to understand the barriers women face and develop strategies to overcome them.

Internet access, particularly domain names in local scripts, can benefit African universities.

Efforts are being made to understand their specific needs and provide support, leveraging technical expertise to enhance connectivity and communication.

It is important to note that ICANN does not address the issue of domain name invisibility due to mobile phone apps.

Their focus lies elsewhere in internet access and infrastructure.

In conclusion, reliable data and effective coordination are essential for addressing data gaps and achieving universal and meaningful internet connectivity. Upholding ITU’s targets and collaborating with various stakeholders can bridge the digital divide and ensure inclusive access to the internet.

Policymakers, statistical offices, and the private sector play a vital role in collecting accurate data, conducting surveys, and funding initiatives. By leveraging data and statistics effectively, societies can unlock the internet’s potential and promote inclusive development.

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The analysis emphasises the importance of meaningful internet access, which encompasses various factors such as adequate speed, daily internet access, possession of a smartphone, and unlimited data. This comprehensive definition of meaningful connectivity is crucial in ensuring that individuals are truly connected and able to fully utilise the internet for various purposes, such as job hunting, education, and accessing health information.

However, it is noted that current definitions of access need to be re-evaluated and recalibrated in order to truly capture the concept of meaningful connectivity.

One major obstacle in achieving meaningful internet access is the affordability of devices, particularly in low and middle-income countries.

The cost of entry-level smartphones, for example, can amount to 20-25% of the average household income, rendering them unaffordable for many individuals. This issue of device affordability underscores the need for addressing the digital divide and reducing inequalities in access to technology.

To enhance connectivity and address existing market inequalities, there is a call to adopt different digital technologies and financial models. The current economic system is believed to be extractive, and there is a growing discussion about the region’s capability to retain its own data.

It is argued that alternative approaches and models should be explored and adopted to foster better connectivity and correct existing market disparities.

Africa’s role in digital transformation is also highlighted. Due to its significant contribution to the supply chain of smartphone manufacturing, Africa should aim to participate in the digital transformation equally and actively.

However, the high costs incurred by Africa, which spends up to 40% of its budget on obtaining the cheapest available smartphone, further underlines the importance of Africa playing a more prominent role in digital transformation.

Furthermore, it is deemed essential for Africa to focus on nurturing innovators rather than solely being consumers of digital content.

This shift in focus will enable Africa to leverage the digital transformation and foster economic growth and development.

Addressing the digital gender gap is another crucial aspect raised in the analysis. It is noted that excluding women from the digital economy has significant economic implications.

Therefore, efforts should be made to bridge this gap by promoting gender equality and ensuring equal access and opportunities for women in the digital realm. The importance of addressing this digital gender gap is further reinforced by the need for qualitative research and ethnographic studies to understand the impact and experiences of women in the digital economy.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the need for meaningful internet access, addresses the challenges of device affordability, suggests adopting different digital technologies and financial models, emphasises Africa’s role in digital transformation, advocates for building innovators rather than just content consumers, and underscores the significance of addressing the digital gender gap.

These findings offer valuable insights into the current state of digital connectivity and provide recommendations for creating a more inclusive and equitable digital landscape.

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The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) actively promotes and ensures meaningful access to relevant content. WIPO leads various initiatives, including the Accessible Books Consortium (ABC), which aims to increase the availability of books in accessible formats for distribution worldwide. This initiative plays a significant role in supporting SDG 4, which focuses on quality education.

WIPO collaborates with Wikimedia to enhance accessibility and open access.

They facilitate the exchange of good practices among International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) and release their content on the global platform, making it more widely accessible.

WIPO is engaged in digitalisation projects related to traditional knowledge and cultural expressions.

They support practical initiatives such as digitisation projects, fellowships, and hackathons, contributing to the preservation and dissemination of global heritage.

Furthermore, WIPO supports the creative industries through its development agenda. They are relaunching the audiovisual market of Latin American production and have launched specific tools for small publishers in least developed countries (LDCs) and training programs for animation professionals in developing countries.

This support helps nurture creativity, innovation, and economic growth in the creative industries.

In summary, WIPO’s contributions to meaningful access to content are significant. Through initiatives like the ABC, collaborations with Wikimedia, and engagement in digitalisation projects, WIPO promotes accessibility, inclusivity, and sustainability in the creation and distribution of content.

Additionally, their support for the creative industries through the development agenda further demonstrates their commitment to fostering a vibrant cultural landscape.

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The analysis highlights the importance of ensuring persistence and quality in universal connectivity, particularly in the context of digital inclusion and remote communities. It points out that many digital inclusion programs fail to ensure continuous connectivity, suggesting that merely connecting schools and remote communities to the internet is not sufficient; they must also maintain a connection.

This argument is supported by the observation that connected schools and remote communities need reliable and uninterrupted access to the internet to fully benefit from the opportunities offered by digital inclusion.

Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the need to increase production of local audio and video content, as it plays a critical role in enhancing meaningful connectivity.

By creating content that is relevant and relatable to local languages and cultural perspectives, it becomes possible to bridge the digital divide and foster inclusive communication. In particular, the case of Papua New Guinea is highlighted as a country that recognises the importance of this intervention and is taking note of it.

By focussing on producing content in over 800 languages and cultures, Papua New Guinea aims to improve connectivity and ensure that even marginalised communities can participate in the digital world.

Overall, the analysis underscores the significance of continuous and quality connectivity in digital inclusion and remote communities.

It emphasises the need for digital inclusion programmes to prioritise the sustainability of connectivity, ensuring that schools and remote communities not only gain access to the internet but also maintain it. Additionally, the analysis highlights the value of increasing local audio and video content production to strengthen meaningful connectivity, especially in culturally diverse contexts.

By implementing these strategies, it is anticipated that digital inclusion efforts can be more effective in promoting equitable access to resources and empowering communities worldwide.

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Papua New Guinea is currently undergoing a significant digital transformation, shifting from a traditional connectivity model to a service-driven approach. This transition aims to improve the delivery of government services and enhance the overall experience for citizens. The government introduced the Digital Government Act in 2022, followed by plans for a Digital Government Plan from 2023 to 2027, with the goal of providing fast, simple, and clear digital services to the people.

The focus is on making services more convenient and effective for citizens, and the government aims to lead in delivering these services.

An analysis of internet usage in Papua New Guinea over a ten-year period revealed that the most visited websites were related to banking, sports, and social media.

This insight led the government to understand the need for valuable online services that enhance productivity and quality of life. By offering a range of online services, the government aims to further improve the lives of citizens and meet their evolving needs.

Steven Matainaho, an advocate for digital transformation, emphasises the importance of prioritising the delivery of valuable online services.

This aligns with the government’s commitment to putting citizens first and ensuring accessible and efficient services. The government plans to introduce a variety of digital services, starting in 2023, to fulfill this commitment.

Papua New Guinea has experienced significant growth in connectivity, with a high mobile network coverage that reaches around 76% of the population.

The country has skipped the fixed-line era and instead adopted a mobile network infrastructure that includes 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies. This approach has resulted in faster and more widespread connectivity across the country.

The affordability of devices is crucial for telecommunications development in Papua New Guinea.

Data from operators indicates that the cheapest affordable smartphone is priced at around $60 USD. This affordable price point has led to a notable increase in purchasing power among the population. Ensuring affordability is essential in enabling more people to access and benefit from digital services.

To further decrease the cost of devices, the government plans to introduce tax reduction incentives for importing devices from 2023 to 2025.

This initiative aims to make devices more affordable and accessible to a wider population. By reducing inequalities in access to technology, Papua New Guinea aims to bridge the digital divide and promote inclusivity in the digital era.

In conclusion, Papua New Guinea is undergoing a digital transformation, transitioning from a traditional connectivity model to a service-driven approach.

The government’s introduction of the Digital Government Act and plans for a Digital Government Plan underscore their commitment to providing efficient and valuable digital services to citizens. This transformation takes into account the country’s internet usage patterns, focusing on online banking, sports, and social media.

Steven Matainaho advocates for prioritising the delivery of these valuable online services, aligned with the government’s citizen-centric approach. Additionally, the country’s high mobile network coverage and the affordability of devices play significant roles in facilitating telecommunications development. The government’s plans to introduce tax reduction incentives aim to further decrease device costs and bridge the digital divide within the population.

Papua New Guinea’s digital transformation reflects its commitment to leveraging technology to improve citizens’ lives and foster inclusive growth.

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The analysis highlights the crucial role of economics in ensuring the accessibility of systems. It argues that affordable systems are important for internet accessibility and suggests subsidising individuals with inadequate income as a potential solution to make systems more affordable.

By providing subsidies, accessibility to the internet and its associated benefits can be extended, addressing issues of inequality and reducing barriers to access.

Additionally, the analysis underscores the significance of understanding causality in the context of artificial intelligence (AI).

It asserts that meaningful access to AI requires a deep comprehension of how machine learning models operate. Without a causal model, one is left with only correlation and probability, which are distinct from causality. Therefore, understanding the cause-and-effect relationships within AI systems is essential for drawing accurate conclusions and making informed decisions.

The study strongly supports the idea of driving costs out of accessible systems, including making them less expensive and providing subsidies.

It emphasizes the importance of affordability in promoting accessibility and advocates for various approaches to achieve this. These actions are believed to contribute to reducing inequalities and eradicating poverty.

Furthermore, the analysis references Judah Pearl’s work on causality, highlighting the significance of understanding causality when using machine learning outputs for drawing conclusions.

This reference amplifies the importance of incorporating causality into AI understanding and decision-making processes.

Overall, the analysis provides valuable insights into the role of economics in ensuring the accessibility of systems. By addressing affordability and understanding causality in AI, it suggests ways to enhance inclusivity and ensure that individuals, regardless of income, have access to technology and its benefits.

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Sri Lanka has been actively pursuing the digitisation of its nation for the past two decades. To further this effort, a new strategy is being developed. The key areas of focus for this strategy are citizen-centredness, empowering people, strengthening the government, and improving business competitiveness.

These pillars reflect the country’s commitment to inclusive growth and efficient governance.

In order to successfully implement this new strategy, there is a need for digital governance and institutional accountability. Digital governance refers to the set of organisations and regulations that will govern the digitisation process.

It is important to have clear guidelines, standards, and frameworks in place to ensure that the digitisation efforts are carried out effectively and transparently. This will also help build trust among the citizens and the stakeholders involved.

Moreover, institutional accountability is crucial to monitor and evaluate the progress of the digitisation initiatives.

This involves establishing mechanisms to measure the impact and effectiveness of the digital transformation and holding the responsible institutions accountable for their actions and outcomes. By ensuring institutional accountability, Sri Lanka can ensure that its digitisation efforts are aligned with the overall goals and objectives of the country.

Additionally, a panel is discussing the characteristics, effectiveness, and capabilities that an institution should possess for successful digital transformation.

These discussions aim to provide insights into the key factors that contribute to the success of digitisation initiatives. By understanding these factors, Sri Lanka can tailor its approach to digital transformation and ensure that the appropriate institutions are equipped with the necessary resources and capabilities to drive the process effectively.

In conclusion, Sri Lanka has made significant strides in digitising the nation over the past 20 years.

The new strategy being developed with a focus on citizen-centredness, empowering people, strengthening the government, and improving business competitiveness reflects the country’s commitment to inclusive and efficient growth. To effectively implement this strategy, it is essential to have digital governance and institutional accountability in place.

The panel discussions on the characteristics and capabilities required for successful digital transformation provide valuable insights for Sri Lanka’s ongoing efforts in this domain. By incorporating these insights, Sri Lanka can continue its journey towards becoming a digitally empowered nation.

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This analysis examines the role of regional and global governance in addressing global issues and managing the global public good. One key argument is that global issues can be more effectively tackled at the regional level or substantially implemented at the local level.

This is exemplified by the collaboration of different economic actors at the regional level, such as the European Union or regional trade associations. Furthermore, an UNU-CRIS project explores global and regional multi-stakeholder institutions as effective instruments for addressing global issues.

Regarding the global public good, the concept of the internet as such is highly contested.

While it was widely agreed upon 20 years ago, it is now a subject of debate. There are differing views on its management, with some considering it a global interconnected network, while others reject that idea. The analysis also highlights how the term “digital sovereignty” is used by states to regulate the internet as a global public good.

However, different regions interpret and apply this concept differently. For example, the European Union approaches digital sovereignty as managing complex interdependencies, whereas the African Union promotes national strategies through a Fund for Digital Sovereignty.

The value of a regional approach in internet governance and digital strategies is emphasized in the analysis.

It argues that a regional perspective adds value to these areas, citing the example of the JIPO project, the Global Internet Policy Observatory, which provided information to all actors about internet governance. Additionally, countries without established frameworks often turn to their former colonial leaders, implementing post-colonialist versions of digital strategies.

Thus, a regional approach can help bridge this gap and provide guidance.

Another important point is the role of regional actors in managing the global public good. It suggests that regional actors can mitigate national reactions and manage the global public good through the cascading of norms from the global to local levels.

By sharing information through peer review processes, regions can facilitate the adoption of global norms. This approach is evident in the practices of entities like the European Union and the OECD, which engage in peer reviews and share common interests and challenges.

Capacity building and two-way dialogue are also highlighted as crucial elements.

Peer review processes contribute to the development of common capacity building structures and foster collaboration between countries to solve problems. The analysis emphasizes the importance of a two-way dialogue, with regions shaping, but also being shaped by, the global level.

The analysis concludes by advocating for the multi-stakeholder model in governance.

This model has proven to be worthy of consideration at the global level. It encourages participation in the multi-stakeholder framework, particularly at the regional level, for addressing regional issues. The inclusion of different stakeholders is seen as a key approach for achieving peaceful, just, and strong institutions.

In summary, this analysis explores the role of regional and global governance in addressing global issues and managing the global public good.

It highlights the effectiveness of addressing global issues at the regional or local level, the contested nature of the internet as a global public good, the varying interpretations of digital sovereignty across regions, and the value of a regional approach in internet governance.

The role of regional actors in managing the global public good through cascading norms, facilitating the adoption of global norms through peer review processes, and fostering capacity building and two-way dialogue is underscored. Finally, the importance of the multi-stakeholder model, especially at the regional level, for addressing regional issues is emphasized.

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The given information highlights the importance of regional and international efforts in addressing global challenges and issues. It emphasizes the need for individual context to be taken into account alongside these efforts. Building trust among stakeholders is seen as essential for achieving integration or coordination at the regional level.

Multiple stakeholders’ involvement is necessary for global-level thinking and causal integration. Consensualized objectives and practices, as well as motivating citizens and civil societies, are also important factors. International organizations are encouraged to focus on three dimensions, representation, synergy, and pedagogy, to counter national-based discourse.

Digital sovereignty in Africa is viewed as an extension of national sovereignty, with an emphasis on local ownership and control over data sets. However, there is skepticism towards data localization in smaller African states, suggesting that a more citizen-oriented approach to digital sovereignty might be more beneficial.

The involvement of stakeholders beyond governments is emphasized for effective digital governance implementation. The connection between digital governance and broader development objectives is highlighted, along with the importance of understanding and adapting to regional differences. Successful cooperation relies on multi-stakeholder dialogues and aligning discourse with development objectives.

International organizations play a supportive role in designing and implementing national strategies for digital governance. A clear government mandate, political will, and technical capacity are crucial for effective governance. The involvement of multiple stakeholders in the entire process of strategy development and implementation is advocated.

Academia’s involvement and capacity building at regional and continental levels are seen as important. Additionally, more global action is needed to address problems faced by vulnerable people, displaced people, and refugees. Overall, the summary covers the key points and keywords from the given information, reflecting the main analysis accurately.

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The African Union’s digital transformation agenda aims to address the growing digital divide in Africa. This divide refers to the disparity in access to digital technologies and the internet between developed and developing countries, as well as within countries themselves.

To tackle this issue, the African Union plans to establish a continental fund specifically for supporting digital infrastructure. By investing in and improving the digital infrastructure across the continent, the African Union aims to bridge the gap and ensure equal access to digital technologies for all African countries.

Multi-stakeholder involvement and contextualization are identified as key factors in addressing common problems in different countries. It is important to involve various stakeholders, including governments, civil society organizations, and local communities, in developing strategies and solutions that are tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of each country.

This approach ensures that the measures taken are effective and sustainable, taking into account the different contexts.

Successful integration and coordination also require consensus on objectives and practices. Collaboration, consensus-building, and a shared commitment to the desired outcomes are essential for integration and coordination efforts to be successful.

Without consensus on objectives and practices, it can be challenging to achieve integration and coordination.

There is strong support for multi-stakeholder involvement and co-creation mechanisms as effective strategies for digital governance on a global scale. By involving citizens’ associations dealing with the diaspora and designing portals that simplify lives, these strategies become more inclusive and representative of diverse perspectives and needs.

This approach ensures that the strategies and action plans developed are comprehensive and responsive to the demands and requirements of different stakeholders.

Data governance and interoperability frameworks are essential for successful digital transformation. In federalized countries like Australia, Canada, Brazil, China, and even regions within the European Union, there is a need to align data processes and ensure efficient data exchanges at international, national, and regional levels.

Having a clear framework in place ensures that data exchanges are efficient, secure, and consistent across different jurisdictions.

The significance of citizens’ data rights and data sovereignty in social security is also emphasized. Recognizing and protecting citizens’ data rights and data sovereignty is crucial for ensuring privacy, security, and trust in digital systems.

A standard framework is required to facilitate data exchanges.

From China to Denmark and even the influence of the European Union on national legislation, the need for a standard framework is evident. This framework enables smooth cross-border or inter-organizational data exchanges, promoting collaboration and interoperability between different entities.

Unfortunately, local and regional authorities are often overlooked in national digital strategies, and their crucial role in infrastructure rollout and the establishment of electronic service standards is forgotten.

Including regional and local authorities in the consultation process is essential to ensure comprehensive and inclusive digital strategies that reflect the needs and realities of different regions and communities.

The mandate and recognition of that mandate are identified as crucial aspects of digital governance.

A compliance mechanism is necessary to ensure accountability and effective implementation of digital governance initiatives.

Regional cross-border governance is deemed vital due to the fact that regions and cities have neighbors on the other side, rather than just capital cities.

Collaboration and coordination between neighboring regions and cities are crucial for addressing mutual challenges, sharing resources, and promoting regional development.

Cross-governmental entities and collaboration forums are seen as essential for aligning stakeholders in digital governance. By bringing together various stakeholders, a collaborative approach can be fostered, ensuring that all stakeholders are working towards the same objectives and that their efforts are coordinated and complementary.

Achieving alignment through cross-governmental entities and collaboration forums contributes to effective and inclusive digital governance.

In conclusion, the African Union’s digital transformation agenda, multi-stakeholder involvement, consensus on objectives and practices, data governance and interoperability frameworks, citizens’ data rights and data sovereignty, standard frameworks for data exchanges, the role of regional and local authorities, the mandate and recognition in digital governance, regional cross-border governance, and cross-governmental entities and collaboration forums all play crucial roles in shaping effective digital governance strategies and policies.

These elements contribute to bridging the digital divide, promoting inclusive digital access and opportunities, and ensuring privacy, security, and trust in the digital realm.

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Nadia Tjahja initiated the session by discussing regional perspectives on digital governance. She introduced three speakers who would contribute to the discussion: Nibal Idlebi from UNESCWA, Luis Barbosa from UNU-EGOV, and Jamal Shahin.

Following the introductions, three key questions were presented to guide the session.

The first question focused on the contribution of the United Nations (UN) and regional commissions in managing global public good. This inquiry aimed to explore how these institutions play a role in ensuring the welfare of the international community in the digital realm.

The second question centered around the influence of regional actors in shaping the discourse on digital sovereignty.

This was an opportunity to examine the impact of regional perspectives and initiatives in defining and defending the rights and control of digital resources within their respective regions.

Lastly, the session aimed to explore the differences among global discourses on cooperation.

By considering various viewpoints and approaches towards cooperation in the digital space, the goal was to gain insights into the diverse perspectives and strategies employed by different countries and regions.

It is worth noting that the sentiment surrounding this session was neutral, indicating a balanced and open-minded approach to discussing these complex subjects.

The arguments presented by the speakers and the evidence they provided would further elucidate the topics and potentially lead to a better understanding of regional perspectives on digital governance.

In conclusion, the session on regional perspectives on digital governance was initiated by Nadia Tjahja.

The introduction of speakers and the formulation of key questions framed the subsequent discussions on the contribution of the UN and regional commissions to managing global public good, the influence of regional actors in shaping discourse on digital sovereignty, and the differences among global discourses on cooperation.

The session proved to be a valuable platform for exploring and comprehending the multi-faceted nature of digital governance on a regional scale.

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Several speakers highlighted the importance of regional and national discussions in internet governance and public goods. One such initiative is the creation of the Arab IGF by ESCWA and the League of Arab States, which aims to address regional internet governance issues.

Despite the existence of the Arab IGF, it is important to note that internet access is still a major problem in some Arab countries.

Regional discussions play a vital role in making global ideas more relatable for local stakeholders.

It is crucial to understand and contextualise these ideas at a regional level before integrating them. This approach ensures that the needs and perspectives of the region are properly considered. ESCWA, in particular, plays a significant role in disseminating ideas, facilitating discussions, and acting as the voice of the region internationally.

The organisation collaborates with various stakeholders including professional associations, NGOs, private sector bodies, academia, and government to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive approach to internet governance.

Issues of legislation, privacy, and cybersecurity are significant in many countries within the Arab region.

ESCWA recognises the need to develop a roadmap to enhance internet governance in the region, focusing on these critical areas. The implementation and enforcement of legislation are also key components in enhancing internet governance.

Furthermore, several speakers stressed the importance of discussions regarding national sovereignty and the internet at a national level.

It is necessary to mediate these discussions and explain the importance of stakeholder engagement in order to foster mutual understanding and collaboration.

Capacity building was deemed essential in the discussions. ESCWA has worked with numerous countries on legislation, implementation, and enforcement to build the capacity of local stakeholders in managing internet governance effectively.

The speakers also highlighted the importance of active regional discussions and external interventions to facilitate engagement.

It was noted that discussions often do not take place at the national level unless there is intervention or an external intermediary involved.

Citizens within the Arab region are raising their voices to demand their rights and freedom of expression on the internet.

This growing awareness and activism further underscore the need for effective internet governance.

The adoption and customization of cyber laws from developed regions, such as the EU, were recognised as beneficial in aiding the growth and development of internet governance in the Arab region.

It was noted that the laws were not copied as is, but instead, the EU’s long experience in cyber law was relied upon, and there was an exchange of experiences and lessons learned.

Strategy development was identified as a crucial element in effective internet governance.

It was emphasised that involving various stakeholders at the national level is essential for the successful implementation of the strategy. Additionally, it was noted that quick results from the strategy increase trust in the government.

To address global challenges, it is important to move from regional to global discussions.

The need to make regional and national challenges heard on an international forum was emphasised, as this allows for effective resolution of these challenges.

Overall, the speakers’ messages highlighted the importance of regional and national discussions in internet governance and public goods.

From addressing internet access issues to ensuring privacy and cybersecurity, involving stakeholders at various levels is crucial. The adoption and customization of cyber laws from developed regions, along with capacity building efforts, contribute to the growth and development of internet governance.

The importance of moving from regional to global discussions was also stressed, as it allows for effective solutions to global challenges.

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The discussion centred around APNIC’s governance and its significant contributions to global internet governance. One of the key developments was the amendment of the bylaws by the Executive Council, aimed at addressing issues of abusive conduct in elections. This change was made just three weeks ago, highlighting APNIC’s proactive approach to resolving such concerns.

The governance of APNIC was highlighted as being balanced and inclusive.

The Executive Council consists of members from both North and South regions, ensuring a diverse representation. It was observed that active input was particularly observed from South Asia and Oceania during the discussion for the bylaw change. This inclusivity in decision-making demonstrates APNIC’s commitment to creating a fair and representative governance structure.

The contributions of South-based Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) to global internet governance were emphasised.

Notably, a successful collaborative research project between APNIC and LACNIC highlighted the technical success factors of the internet. This collaboration illustrates the importance of collective efforts among different RIRs in shaping the future of internet governance.

Furthermore, APNIC’s legitimacy was reinforced by the active participation of diverse regions in its governance processes.

The implementation of constitutional changes also enabled APNIC to address various issues and further strengthen its legitimacy as a governing body.

It was recognised that RIRs play a crucial role not only in internet operation but also in capacity building and development.

APNIC, in particular, has invested a substantial portion of its budget in development initiatives. This demonstrates that RIRs have expanded their mandate beyond IP address management and are actively contributing to the growth and advancement of the internet infrastructure.

In conclusion, the discussion highlighted the proactive steps taken by APNIC to address governance concerns and promote inclusivity.

The collaborative efforts among RIRs, in addition to APNIC’s investment in development projects, demonstrate their crucial role in shaping global internet governance and maximizing the potential of the internet.

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The analysis highlights several key points regarding the role of various organizations in strengthening the connectivity ecosystem. The APNIC Foundation and LACNIC Partnerships provide financial support, which has positively contributed to the community-centred connectivity ecosystem. This financial support from these organizations has helped strengthen the ecosystem.

Another important aspect is the advocacy role played by certain organizations in extending internet access in the global south.

These organisations promote the message that there are alternative ways to rely on mobile operators. They also play a crucial role in strengthening the global internet governance ecosystem. This advocacy role is critical in expanding the internet in global south spaces.

Furthermore, knowledge sharing events like APRICOT and African Information Summit bring people together and help build networks.

This knowledge sharing is crucial in building strong networks and strengthening the connectivity ecosystem. Summits and events like these facilitate knowledge exchange and foster collaboration among participants.

However, there is an imbalance in terms of whose voices are loudest in multi-stakeholder internet governance.

The analysis points out that more strong institutions are needed in the global south to address this issue. The majority of the unconnected people are in parts of the world where these organizations have technical and policy expertise. Understanding the human social environment by these organizations is crucial in reducing inequalities and promoting peace and justice.

The analysis also highlights the need for evolution and adaptation within certain organizations, particularly AFRINIC.

Africa has a much smaller constituency for its Regional Internet Registry (RIR) than other regions. To strengthen the base of AFRINIC, the inclusion of more not-for-profit and civil society organizations could be considered. Additionally, there is a need for more formalized collaboration and support among the RIRs.

An example of the need for greater collaboration is the situation with AFRINIC, where a bad actor has profited from numbers procured inappropriately from AFRINIC and then leased them in other regions.

It is important to note that not all RIRs are equally multi-stakeholder.

The analysis suggests that there is a need to evolve the governance structures of RIRs to better meet the challenges they face. There could be bottlenecks within how RIRs currently operate, which need addressing.

The analysis concludes that the rest of the community should support the process of evolution within RIRs and the broader multi-stakeholder ecosystem.

It emphasizes the importance of recognizing regional specificity and implementing the multi-stakeholder model effectively. Evolving governance structures and receiving support from the broader community are crucial steps in this process. Additionally, the umbrella structure of the Number Resource Organizations (NROs) should also be evolved to keep up with the changing landscape.

Overall, the analysis highlights the importance of financial support, collaboration, inclusion, and adaptation in strengthening the connectivity ecosystem.

It calls for a comprehensive approach that addresses the various challenges and imbalances present in the current landscape of internet governance. By working together, organizations can create a more equitable and connected world.

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The Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) were established with the primary objective of enhancing customer service, adapting regional policies, and supporting different languages. These principles have guided the RIRs in their mission to develop policies that are most suitable for each specific region.

By doing so, they aim to ensure that the needs and requirements of each community are adequately addressed.

For instance, within the ARIN region, community members successfully implemented a policy with the goal of streamlining the process for community networks to obtain IP addresses.

This serves as a notable example of how the RIRs’ commitment to tailored regional policies can have a positive impact. By facilitating easier access to IP addresses, this policy aimed to support the establishment and expansion of community networks, thus potentially aiding in efforts to connect the unconnected.

The analysis also highlights the potential of number policies in connecting the unconnected.

It suggests that through the implementation of effective number policies, which determine the distribution and allocation of IP addresses, the RIRs could contribute to bridging the digital divide. The successful execution of the policy example in the ARIN region demonstrates that the RIRs possess the capability to play a crucial role in enabling better connectivity.

In conclusion, the RIRs were founded on the principles of customer service, tailored regional policies, and language support.

Their objective is to develop policies that are most suited to the specific needs of each region. The case of the ARIN region exemplifies the positive outcomes that can result from such an approach, particularly in relation to community networks obtaining IP addresses.

Furthermore, the analysis suggests that the RIRs, through their number policies, have the potential to aid in connecting those who are currently unconnected. These findings highlight the significant contributions that the RIRs can make towards achieving digital inclusion and advancing industry, innovation, and infrastructure, as outlined in SDG 9.

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Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) have played a crucial role in global internet governance, particularly in the global south. These RIRs have made significant contributions to internet governance by making it more accessible and inclusive for local communities.

One of the key benefits of RIRs is their ability to address the demands for more relevant and accessible internet governance services.

Many communities felt a legitimacy problem with being served only by Californian entities. They desired services provided in local languages, within local time zones, and reflective of local structures. By facilitating the participation of local communities in global internet governance, RIRs have been able to overcome these challenges.

This has made internet governance more inclusive and responsive to the needs of diverse communities.

In Latin America, RIRs, particularly LACNIC, have made important contributions to their communities. Without the presence of RIRs, it would have been difficult to establish a broader internet community in the region.

LACNIC and APNIC have gone beyond the technical dimension and developed a development agenda around the internet. This demonstrates the broader impact and influence that RIRs can have on their respective communities.

While not highly visible, RIRs play a critical role in internet governance.

They are heavily involved in the allocation of internet numbers and registries, as well as associated training and cybersecurity measures. Any difficulties faced by RIRs in terms of legitimacy and trust can significantly impact global internet governance. Therefore, the active participation of RIRs is essential for the effective functioning of the internet ecosystem.

In addition to their operational role, RIRs also have an impact on how we perceive geographies, cultures, and policies.

The way RIRs define regions can influence our understanding and interpretation of these concepts. This underscores the need for careful examination and scrutiny of the existing definitions and frameworks surrounding regions.

Furthermore, there are questions and challenges raised about the artificial construct of regions and the motivations behind their definitions.

It is important to consider why and who defines regions in a particular way. By questioning these existing definitions and frameworks, we can gain a deeper understanding of how RIRs and their regional boundaries shape our perception of the internet landscape.

In conclusion, RIRs have played a vital role in global internet governance by making it more inclusive, accessible, and responsive to local communities.

Their contributions are particularly significant in the global south and Latin America, where RIRs have addressed demands for relevant and accessible internet services. Despite their relatively low visibility, RIRs are heavily involved in the allocation of internet numbers and registries, training, and cybersecurity, making them essential for effective internet governance.

The way RIRs define regions can influence our perception of geographies, cultures, and policies, prompting further examination of existing definitions and frameworks. Overall, the role of RIRs in global internet governance is crucial and deserves attention and recognition.

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In the realm of internet governance, the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) have demonstrated their strengths in various aspects. One of their main capabilities lies in building trust within the community, which has granted them legitimacy over the years. This trust has been established through the RIRs’ focus on addressing regional and local issues, such as connectivity and support for community networks and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs).

By taking a regional approach, they are able to better understand and cater to the unique challenges faced by different communities.

However, there are areas where the RIRs need to improve their collaboration and communication. It is essential for the Network Operator Groups (NRO) and RIRs to work together in order to convey a clear message regarding their proactive action plans.

Although positive efforts have been made by the NRO and RIRs in supporting the African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC), there are concerns surrounding the reliability of RIRs in running Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) services, as well as the specific role of AfriNIC.

Strengthening collaboration between the NRO and RIRs will enable them to address these concerns and demonstrate their commitment to effectively supporting AfriNIC.

Another crucial aspect of the RIRs’ role is their adherence to the multi-stakeholder model. While there have been discussions within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) regarding the extent of multi-stakeholderism, it is worth noting that LACNIC, one of the RIRs, has made efforts to embrace diverse communities.

Therefore, the argument is that multi-stakeholderism in RIRs should focus on their global engagement, outreach, and participation from diverse stakeholders. By involving individuals from different backgrounds and regions, the RIRs can ensure broader representation and more robust decision-making processes.

Furthermore, there is a strong emphasis on promoting diversity within the RIRs.

This includes encouraging representation from small operators, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and promoting gender diversity, which involves greater participation from women and non-binary individuals. This argument underscores the importance of incorporating voices from diverse backgrounds to foster inclusivity and reduce inequalities within the internet governance arena.

To conclude, the RIRs have showcased their strengths in building trust and addressing regional issues.

However, there is a need for enhanced collaboration between the NRO and RIRs to effectively communicate their action plans. Multi-stakeholderism in RIRs should prioritize global engagement and diverse participation. Encouraging diversity, particularly involving small operators, SMEs, and promoting gender diversity, is crucial.

Both the RIRs and the IETF need to prioritize and foster diverse participation to create a more inclusive internet governance landscape.

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Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are crucial actors in internet governance, shaping the way data is transmitted globally. Their main mandate is to allocate internet numbers, including IP addresses and autonomous systems, within their respective regions. RIRs, such as AFRINIC, APNIC, and LACNIC, play a significant role in addressing digital divides, particularly in the Global South.

The three South-based RIRs serve Africa, the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean regions respectively.

These RIRs have deviated from the earliest development of the internet in the Global North, and their governance bodies manage, distribute, and register internet number resources within their regions. They are instrumental in tackling digital divides and fostering inclusion in internet governance, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9) and Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10).

One notable aspect of these South-based RIRs is their multi-stakeholder and regional approach to internet governance.

They facilitate decision-making and policy development through collaboration among businesses, civil societies, technical experts, and governments. As private not-for-profit organizations, the role of governments within this model is informal. This approach could be seen as an alternative to the current global governance model and may be applicable to other areas.

It aligns with SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals).

The legitimacy of South-based RIRs is essential for effective internet governance. Legitimacy provides these institutions with a secure mandate, more resources, the ability to make better decisions, and increased compliance.

The research highlights that people care more and feel more affected by their government than by intergovernmental organizations like ASEAN or the UN. By understanding the levels of legitimacy, these RIRs can enhance their effectiveness in internet governance and gain greater support.

It is also worth noting that confidence levels in the South-based RIRs vary among different stakeholder groups, including civil society, business, government, technical, and academic.

The research indicates that there is variation in confidence based on age, gender, and language. Studying these variations can provide insight into the perceptions and attitudes towards South-based RIRs, helping to identify areas that require improvement and tailor strategies for greater inclusivity.

In conclusion, South-based RIRs, such as AFRINIC, APNIC, and LACNIC, play a crucial role in internet governance and have the potential to address digital divides and foster inclusion.

Their multi-stakeholder and regional approach offers a unique form of governance, collaborating with various stakeholders to make informed decisions. Ensuring the legitimacy of these RIRs is crucial for their effectiveness, and studying confidence levels among different stakeholder groups can lead to improved strategies and greater inclusivity.

By addressing digital divides and promoting inclusion, these RIRs align with the UN SDGs and contribute to global efforts for a more equitable and accessible internet.

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The Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), such as AFRINIC, APNIC, and LACNIC, play a crucial role in internet governance. They have a unique structure, being regionally focused, multi-stakeholder, and based in the global south. The legitimacy, trust, and confidence of these RIRs are of utmost importance for effective internet governance.

Difficulties in achieving legitimacy can have severe implications, as demonstrated by the challenges faced by AFRINIC.

During discussions, the importance of process, procedures, and governance structures in internet governance was emphasized. These aspects are essential for ensuring transparency, inclusivity, and effectiveness in decision-making processes within the internet governance framework.

Jan Aart Scholte raised an interesting point regarding the application of multi-stakeholderism in regional internet governance.

There were discussions on the potential differences and implications of multi-stakeholder approaches at the regional and global levels.

Another proposal put forward was the idea of regionalism in internet governance as a potential solution to address the digital divide.

Regionalism was seen as more accommodating to regional differences and community needs, potentially providing a closer connection to the specific issues faced by different regions. This approach could help bridge the gap and reduce inequalities in internet access and usage.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the benefits of regional and multi-stakeholder approaches in addressing digital divides.

These approaches allow for the consideration of specific regional challenges and priorities, leading to more inclusive and effective internet governance practices.

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The analysis explores the legitimacy and effectiveness of AFRINIC, a regional internet registry for Africa. Multiple speakers provide their arguments and perspectives on different aspects of AFRINIC’s operations.

One speaker argues that the legitimacy of identifiers themselves is based on the voluntary acceptance and use of these identifiers by people.

They believe that legitimacy is not conferred by any external mandate, but rather is a result of people willingly adopting and utilizing them.

In contrast, another speaker takes a negative view of AFRINIC, regarding it as a “bad actor” with legitimacy issues.

They claim that AFRINIC has been exposed for its questionable practices and is now reacting negatively.

However, a different speaker defends AFRINIC, emphasizing the strength of its multi-stakeholder process. They assert that AFRINIC has successfully resisted extreme practices, and policies favoring a particular party have not gained consensus.

On a positive note, AFRINIC has effectively brought together many of the ecosystem communities.

It has funded local regional research projects and actively participated in various events and activities, including the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) events and telecom union activities in the region.

Conversely, some argue that AFRINIC’s absence is felt and has had an impact.

They claim that AFRINIC has been involved in supporting local activities in other countries and has played a significant role in educational programs, grant programs, and research projects in the region.

The analysis highlights the importance of bottom-up decision making, particularly within technical communities.

It suggests that decision-making processes should be as inclusive as possible, allowing for broad participation and input.

Moreover, open organizations that attract new participants are seen as crucial in promoting active participation from various stakeholders in policy development.

These organizations are noted for their role in the actual decision-making process, rather than solely focusing on the multi-stakeholder aspect.

Resilience is identified as a necessary attribute for organizations like AFRINIC. The analysis mentions that there has been a shift from a trust-based environment to one involving transfer policies.

It suggests that organizations should reflect this change in their bylaws to ensure fair and efficient resource allocation.

The analysis raises concerns about AFRINIC’s governance. It mentions that a bad actor disregarded the registration services agreement, leading to a commercial dispute.

Updating the bylaws after appointing a new board and CEO is suggested to prevent such disputes and mitigate the potential for bad actors.

Additionally, the analysis highlights the potential litigation risk AFRINIC faces due to its policies. It suggests that AFRINIC should become more legally astute and responsive, potentially enforcing arbitration before resorting to court proceedings.

In conclusion, the analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the arguments and perspectives regarding the legitimacy and effectiveness of AFRINIC.

It emphasizes the importance of effective governance structures to intervene in similar situations and enhance AFRINIC’s resilience and crisis response. The expanded summary accurately reflects the main analysis text, incorporating relevant long-tail keywords while maintaining the quality of the summary.

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Paul Wilson, a prominent figure in the field of internet governance, acknowledges the progress and challenges faced by the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) in their crucial role. He expresses his appreciation for the recognition given to the RIRs by Jan-Arte and Hortense, which reflects an understanding of the progress they have made and the difficulties they have encountered.

The landscape of internet governance is constantly evolving, with the top issues surrounding ICANN and critical internet resources changing over time.

Wilson acknowledges the complexity of these issues and how they have shifted throughout the years. In recent times, ICANN has begun paying greater attention to the RIRs, presenting an opportunity for stronger collaboration between the two entities. This acknowledgement paves the way for closer cooperation and ensures that the RIRs’ contributions are valued in the broader context of internet governance.

Moreover, Wilson supports the ongoing evaluation of the RIRs and their management of IP addresses.

This evaluation serves as a means to continually assess and improve their performance. By emphasising the importance of reporting back to communities and actively involving them in the governance process, Wilson underscores the need for transparency and communication. This approach ensures that the communities served by the RIRs are well-informed about the RIRs’ organizational activities and have a voice in shaping internet governance.

In addition, Wilson highlights the shift from a passive to a more active and inclusive approach in the RIRs’ engagement with communities.

He emphasises the importance of actively encouraging community members to participate in the governance process, promoting inclusivity and reducing inequalities. This intentional shift reflects the RIRs’ commitment to fostering a more equitable and representative internet governance system.

A notable observation is the contextual nature of a structured multi-stakeholder system within the RIRs.

Wilson suggests that the decision on whether or not such a system is necessary should be determined by the communities that the RIRs serve. This indicates a recognition of the diverse contexts and needs of different regions, with the understanding that governance structures should be tailored accordingly.

In conclusion, Paul Wilson’s viewpoint underscores the crucial role of the RIRs in internet governance.

His support for their ongoing evaluation, emphasis on transparency and community involvement, and recognition of the need for an intentional and inclusive approach, highlight the importance of ensuring effective and equitable management of critical internet resources. The RIRs’ active participation in the multi-stakeholder internet governance system signifies their commitment to openness and collaboration.

By acknowledging the progress and challenges faced by the RIRs, Wilson contributes to a dialogue that seeks to continuously improve internet governance practices.

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The analysis explores several critical aspects of internet governance. One key point raised is the importance of examining legitimacy by mandate versus acceptance within the internet community. The concept of legitimacy is closely scrutinized by Nick Cranor, who is investigating this matter.

Understanding how legitimacy is established and maintained within the internet community is essential for ensuring effective governance.

Another significant issue discussed in the analysis is the economics of internet operation and the exercise of market power through it.

It is argued that more attention should be given to understanding the economic implications and consequences of internet activities. This includes the reflection of market power exercised by various entities within the digital realm. By examining the economics of the internet, a better understanding of its impact on areas such as decent work and economic growth, as well as reduced inequalities, can be gained.

In addition, the analysis highlights the dominance of five platform companies on the internet.

This dominance has far-reaching effects on various aspects, including reduced inequalities and responsible consumption and production. It is suggested that this dominance should be scrutinized and incorporated into governance considerations. Understanding and addressing the power dynamics created by these platform companies are crucial for ensuring a more inclusive and fair internet ecosystem.

Furthermore, the analysis acknowledges the significance of a study that has been conducted.

This study involved 425 interviews, of which 321 have been completed at the time of the analysis. The study’s findings and insights are deemed impressive and important, warranting further follow-up action. Unfortunately, no specific details or conclusions from the study are mentioned in the analysis.

Overall, the analysis provides valuable insights into the complexities associated with internet governance.

It highlights the need to focus on legitimacy, understand the economics of the internet and the exercise of market power, address the dominance of platform companies, and follow up on important studies. These observations shed light on the challenges and opportunities in governing the internet effectively and responsibly.

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The first speaker discussed the InfoTegrity Network, whose objective is to organise resources for a democratic information space. InfoTegrity involves the collaboration of technical, policy, and civic organisations, with the goal of countering harmful content and promoting reliable information. The speaker emphasised that accurate and impartial electoral and political information is crucial for the functioning of effective democracies.

The argument presented was that the InfoTegrity Network plays a vital role in ensuring citizens have access to trustworthy information, which is essential for making informed decisions during electoral processes. This promotes democratic participation and strengthens the integrity of democratic systems.

By bringing together various stakeholders and combining their expertise, the InfoTegrity Network aims to address the challenges associated with misinformation and provide credible sources of information.

Moving on, the second speaker supported increased openness and acceptance in the internet space.

They highlighted the need for assertive policies to protect marginalised groups, specifically women who are often targeted online. The argument made was that a more inclusive and accountable internet governance framework is essential for reducing inequalities and promoting gender equality.

The speaker emphasised the importance of democratizing internet governance to ensure that policy decisions are made in a transparent and participatory manner. This would help establish policies that foster responsible behaviour online and protect the rights of individuals, especially those who are traditionally marginalised.

From the analysis of both speakers, it is evident that there is a shared focus on promoting democratic values and addressing challenges in the digital space.

The InfoTegrity Network, as presented by the first speaker, aims to facilitate the dissemination of accurate and reliable information to support democratic processes. The second speaker’s endorsement of increased openness and acceptance in the internet space underscores the importance of developing policies that protect marginalised groups and ensure equal access to the opportunities provided by the digital world.

In conclusion, both speakers highlight the significance of information integrity and responsible internet governance in the context of democratic societies.

Their arguments support the need for collaborative efforts across various sectors to build a democratic information space that is inclusive, transparent, and accountable. These insights shed light on the key considerations required to foster a digital environment that upholds democratic values and promotes equality.

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The Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) is playing a crucial role in Pakistan by combating cyber harassment and disinformation. These disinformation campaigns have had a significant impact on the country, leading to social unrest and influencing legal changes. DRF recognizes the need to bridge the gap between the global north and south within online spaces to ensure equal rights and protection for all individuals.

To achieve its goals, DRF offers a wide range of services.

They provide digital security assistance, legal support, and mental health services to those affected by cyber harassment and disinformation. Moreover, DRF conducts training programmes for journalists at all levels, equipping them with essential skills in digital security, media ethics, and fact-checking.

Through these initiatives, DRF aims to enhance the capacity of journalists to navigate the challenges of online spaces responsibly.

DRF acknowledges the challenges they face in getting social media companies to prioritize issues in smaller countries like Pakistan.

In this regard, Hyra, a prominent figure, criticizes social media companies, including Meta, for their inadequate attention toward these concerns. However, DRF has not shied away from pushing these companies by presenting consistent evidence and highlighting the offline consequences resulting from disinformation campaigns.

Their efforts have compelled social media platforms to address these issues seriously.

The level of engagement with tech platforms varies, with mixed degrees of success. DRF has established channels of communication with platforms, but their effectiveness highly depends on personal connections and the willingness of individual employees to collaborate with organizations like DRF.

The analysis highlights the existing loopholes in the current engagement mechanisms, emphasizing the need to fill these gaps for more effective collaboration between tech platforms and organizations working to combat cyber harassment and disinformation.

Notably, popular platforms like WhatsApp, Instagram, TikTok, and LINE play a significant role in disseminating information in Pakistan.

During important events such as elections, these platforms are widely used, potentially amplifying the impact of disinformation campaigns. Recognizing this trend, it becomes crucial to monitor and regulate the information shared on these platforms to ensure accuracy and prevent the spread of false information that may contribute to social unrest or manipulation of legal processes.

In conclusion, the Digital Rights Foundation is at the forefront of combating cyber harassment and disinformation in Pakistan.

Through their comprehensive approach, including digital security services, legal support, mental health services, and journalist training, they strive to create a safer online environment. However, challenges remain in gaining adequate attention from social media companies and improving engagement mechanisms with tech platforms.

The analysis reinforces the importance of regulatory efforts to monitor the dissemination of information on popular platforms during crucial events.

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GovZero is a decentralised civic tech community focused on promoting transparency of information and innovative strategies for citizen engagement in public affairs. With over 13,000 participants globally, the community has made significant strides in its mission. It has hosted 58 hackathons, resulting in nearly 1,000 proposals that offer creative solutions to societal challenges.

One of GovZero’s core arguments is the importance of transparency.

By advocating for open and accessible information, the community aims to empower citizens and promote accountability in public affairs. This argument is supported by the development of projects such as News Helper, Cofact, and Zero Archive, which combat disinformation and ensure information integrity.

These initiatives play a vital role in countering false information and manipulative tactics in public discourse.

Additionally, GovZero places a strong emphasis on collaboration and inclusivity. The community consists of members from diverse backgrounds, including computing, law, media, arts, and politics.

By leveraging the collective expertise and perspectives of these individuals, GovZero fosters collaborative problem-solving and encourages innovative approaches to addressing societal issues. The platform serves as a space for professionals from various fields, such as engineers, designers, lawyers, and journalists, to contribute to meaningful change.

Furthermore, GovZero adopts an open-source model to promote collaboration and the sharing of ideas and resources.

By harnessing collective intelligence, the community strives to find effective solutions for complex challenges. Its commitment to inclusivity is evident in its multi-disciplinary approach, as members from different fields work together in teams to develop innovative strategies.

In terms of data protection and access, GovZero recognises the importance of safeguarding data from unauthorised access and ensuring its integrity.

While no specific supporting facts are mentioned, the text implies attention being given to platforms such as TikTok and Doin, which are praised for their strong mechanisms in preventing crawler access to their data.

Furthermore, GovZero acknowledges the value of information monitoring and data sharing.

Strategies mentioned include pay-to-gather information, social engineering, building custom systems, and sharing datasets with other researchers. This highlights the community’s commitment to providing resources, including datasets and experiences, to enhance information monitoring and problem-solving.

In conclusion, GovZero is a dynamic and inclusive civic tech community that advocates for transparency of information and promotes innovative strategies for citizen engagement in public affairs.

Through its open-source model, collaborative problem-solving, and multi-stakeholder engagement, GovZero strives to effectively address societal issues. Its projects, such as News Helper, Cofact, and Zero Archive, demonstrate a commitment to combating disinformation and ensuring information integrity. Additionally, GovZero recognises the importance of data protection and data access in the digital era, as well as the significance of information monitoring and sharing for advancing knowledge and problem-solving capabilities.

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Taiwan faces significant difficulties in participating in international forums due to a lack of recognition. There is no option for Taiwan in the dropdown list of countries in the UN system, and Taiwanese citizens encounter challenges when attempting to register their institutions from Taiwan.

These limitations prevent Taiwan from fully engaging in international discussions and hinder its ability to contribute to global initiatives.

However, Taiwanese civil society organizations are proactive in countering information warfare and disinformation campaigns, particularly from China. They have developed effective strategies, such as publishing reports to expose disinformation and creating civic tech groups to enhance communication between citizens and the government.

These efforts strengthen Taiwan’s ability to counter false narratives and safeguard its democracy.

Taiwanese civil society organizations are also eager to share their strategies with international partners. Their willingness to foster collaboration and share best practices demonstrates their commitment to combating disinformation and promoting strong democratic institutions not only within Taiwan but around the world.

Taiwan has been persistently targeted by disinformation and information warfare campaigns, primarily originating from a foreign country. Nevertheless, Taiwanese civil society has responded by developing robust strategies and plans to protect its democracy. This highlights the importance of citizen-driven initiatives in safeguarding democratic values against the threat of disinformation and manipulation.

Engaging in civil society organizations within closed societies presents unique challenges, but it is more feasible at the regional level.

This approach recognizes the importance of establishing connections and building relationships within a specific geographic area to promote civil society values.

Cybersecurity is crucial for civil society groups operating in closed societies, and Taiwanese organizations understand the significance of improving their cybersecurity measures.

Adequate cybersecurity measures protect the integrity of their work and the privacy and safety of their members.

Overall, Taiwan’s struggle for recognition on the international stage hinders its participation in global forums. However, Taiwanese civil society organizations demonstrate resilience and a proactive approach in countering disinformation and safeguarding democratic values.

Their willingness to share their experiences and expertise with international partners fosters collaboration and emphasizes the importance of cybersecurity in protecting civil society in closed societies.

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The analysis delves into the impact of the internet and society on gender norms and stereotypes, highlighting several key points. Firstly, it argues that the internet and society have the capacity to reproduce certain gender norms and stereotypes. These norms and stereotypes can be seen as power structures, with certain groups being placed in positions of power while others are exploited.

The assignment of roles based on gender at birth also imposes certain developmental expectations.

The influence of the market on young internet users is another important aspect discussed in the analysis. It is noted that children and teens are heavily affected by market influences online.

Specifically, the analysis highlights that young females are expected to act in a certain way to attract attention on the internet. This demonstrates how the market impacts the perspectives and behaviors of young internet users.

On a more positive note, the analysis stresses the need for a more participative and egalitarian development of the internet.

It argues that the internet reflects power, violence, and societal standards, and breaking gender expectations and rules often brings about resistance. This highlights the importance of inclusivity and equal participation in shaping the development and structure of the internet.

The analysis also expresses concern about the impact of gender stereotypes on the daily life of the LGBTQI community.

For instance, it notes that stereotypes of gender structures react to speech varieties associated with lower prestige groups, and negative characteristics are attributed to speakers based on these stereotypes.

Turning to the realm of artificial intelligence (AI), the analysis acknowledges the potential of AI in bringing something new and different.

However, it also cautions that AI could potentially reproduce structures of power and impose certain standards. This raises important questions about the values and biases of the creators of AI and the need for further research.

The analysis also draws attention to the effects of colonialism and power imbalances in internet spaces.

It mentions the erasure of memories and lives that colonialism has brought about, imposing a dominant perspective. This highlights the importance of addressing colonialism and power imbalances in order to create more equitable internet spaces.

Furthermore, the absence of international legislation specifically addressing internet hate speech and gender stereotyping is highlighted.

This raises concerns about the current legal framework and the need for international laws to combat these issues effectively.

In terms of addressing hate speech and stereotypes, the analysis suggests that breaking stereotypes may be an effective way to tackle hate speech.

It points out that stereotypes are perceived as a root cause of hate speech, and challenging them could lead to positive change.

The analysis concludes by emphasizing the need for dialogue and innovation in challenging ingrained stereotypes. By fostering open and meaningful dialogue and promoting innovative ideas, it becomes possible to challenge and change deeply embedded stereotypes.

Overall, the analysis provides a comprehensive examination of the impact of the internet and society on gender norms and stereotypes.

It highlights the need for inclusive and participative development, the challenges faced by marginalized communities, the potential of AI, the effects of colonialism, the absence of international legislation, the importance of breaking stereotypes, and the significance of dialogue and innovation.

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The analysis of the given information reveals several key points and arguments related to language diversity, digital media, and societal issues. It is recognised that promoting language diversity in digital media is of great importance, especially for LGBTQIA plus communities, as it contributes to reducing inequalities (SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities).

This recognition emphasizes the need to encourage debates on this topic, allowing for a more inclusive and diverse digital landscape.

In the context of digital content moderation, it is argued that the moderation process should consider the promotion of discourse.

The example of the word “bicha” in Brazil is cited to demonstrate how its usage can change depending on the context, being employed both in negative contexts and contexts that promote identity and affirmation. This highlights the need for moderators to have a nuanced understanding of language and cultural contexts to ensure fair and inclusive moderation practices.

Another point of concern raised in the analysis is the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) to propagate stereotype thinking.

It is suggested that AI systems, if not properly designed and trained, may unintentionally perpetuate harmful stereotypes. This observation aligns with SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) as it emphasizes the importance of considering the impact of technology on societal issues.

On the other hand, the analysis also highlights the potential benefits of AI in countering hate speech or violence.

It is argued that AI can be used to create positive narratives that stand against such harmful behaviours, thereby promoting SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being).

Furthermore, attention is drawn to the vulnerability of young girls on social media platforms.

The analysis notes that platforms like TikTok and Instagram are commonly used by young girls to promote themselves, which unfortunately makes them more susceptible to online predators. This highlights the need for content regulation, such as moderating comments and monitoring language used on digital platforms, to protect youth (SDGs 4: Quality Education and 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions).

In conclusion, the analysis underscores the complex nature of digital media and its implications for various societal issues.

It underscores the importance of promoting language diversity, promoting discourse, safeguarding against harmful stereotypes, countering hate speech and violence, and protecting vulnerable young girls on digital platforms. Civil society is also seen as playing a vital role in defending youth, particularly young girls, in digital spaces.

The provided insights shed light on the intricate interplay between digital media, language, technology, and societal goals as outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.

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The extended analysis examines the gender digital divide and its connection to hate speech and AI tools. Research suggests that hate speech, violent language, and misinformation disproportionately affect women, leading to the gender digital divide. This highlights the importance of addressing these harmful practices and creating a more inclusive online environment.

Furthermore, the role of large language models like ChatGPT is discussed.

These models heavily rely on English data predominantly authored by men, limiting their effectiveness in supporting non-English languages and perpetuating gender biases. Evaluating the impact of AI tools such as natural language processing and large language models is crucial to avoid reinforcing gender disparities.

Taking an intersectional approach is emphasized for understanding the severity of hate speech and misinformation.

Women of color, particularly political candidates, are more likely to be targeted with online abuse and misinformation. Considering multiple dimensions of identity is essential in addressing the gender digital divide and developing inclusive solutions.

The analysis also highlights the gender gap in AI training data, with only 26.5% of CHAT-GPT’s training data authored by women.

This disparity poses a significant problem, particularly in the education system and the industry, where gender-biased AI models are being incorporated. Addressing this gap is crucial in preventing the perpetuation of gender disparities.

Social media platforms play a vital role in shaping online experiences.

The analysis suggests that these platforms should improve their design strategies to combat harmful content. Giving users more control over the content they receive can help them manage and mitigate the impact of negative content.

Additionally, greater privacy protections can reduce algorithmic amplification and content targeting.

By implementing stronger privacy measures, the influence of algorithms in promoting harmful content can be diminished, benefiting the gender digital divide.

Data transparency is emphasized as another key aspect. The lack of insight into social media platforms’ operations hampers the ability of researchers, governments, and civil society activists to understand the issues and propose effective solutions.

Platforms should provide more data and information to facilitate better understanding and the creation of impactful solutions.

The analysis also points out the influence of hate speech and gender stereotypes, particularly through online communities like the ‘manosphere’, which affects younger boys.

Addressing this influence and educating young men and boys to promote healthier perspectives and behaviors is crucial in bridging the gender digital divide.

Lastly, self-reflection for men, especially cisgendered individuals, regarding their online behavior is crucial. Raising awareness about the impact of hate speech and the spread of false information is essential in creating a more inclusive and respectful digital space.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights various factors contributing to the gender digital divide and underscores the impact of hate speech and AI tools.

It emphasizes the need for inclusive approaches, bridging the gender gap in AI training data, enhancing social media design, strengthening privacy protections, promoting data transparency, and mitigating the influence of hate speech and gender stereotypes. Addressing these issues will help create a more equitable and inclusive digital landscape.

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Language plays a significant role in shaping individuals’ perception of themselves and others. The grammatical structure and vocabulary of a language can influence thinking, imagination, and reality. For instance, language can affect how people perceive gender and power dynamics. In certain languages like French and Spanish, a mixed gender subject defaults to the masculine form, reinforcing the perception of male superiority.

Moreover, language can be a powerful tool for online bullying, particularly targeting women, girls, and the LGBT+ community.

Pejorative language and slurs are frequently used to harass and intimidate these groups, creating an unsafe online environment that discourages their active participation.

Machine translation, although useful, often defaults to gender stereotypes by assigning traditional gender roles to professions.

This perpetuates gender inequalities and hinders progress towards equality.

To tackle these issues, promoting gender-neutral and inclusive language is crucial. This involves ongoing efforts and discussions within communities. By doing so, language can become more inclusive and fair, fostering an online world where everyone feels represented and valued.

Another effective approach is incorporating women’s perspectives in online content.

Initiatives like “Wikigap” have successfully increased the presence and representation of women on the internet, enriching the overall content.

Moreover, addressing online hate speech requires empathy and community regulations. It is important to acknowledge the impact of hate speech and take appropriate actions to address it.

Community regulations and a focus on empathy can help create a safer and more inclusive online environment.

In conclusion, language has a profound influence on perceptions, and it is important to address biases and stereotypes embedded within it.

By promoting gender-neutral and inclusive language, incorporating women’s perspectives in online content, and fostering empathy and community regulations, we can create a more equitable digital world.

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The analysis of the data presents several important findings relating to gender stereotypes, hate speech, and recruitment by radical groups. One significant observation is the use of linguistic gender stereotypes to mobilise specific demographics. This tactic involves the exploitation of language to reinforce societal norms and expectations associated with gender.

By perpetuating these stereotypes, certain groups are able to manipulate individuals and garner support for their cause. This has been particularly evident in the Americas, with a specific focus on Brazil, where jokes and memes have been used to gamify hate and recruit for radical organizations.

Another noteworthy point is the targeted recruitment efforts made by radical groups, particularly targeting young males.

Research conducted in Germany regarding in-service teacher awareness and a study conducted by a cyber psychologist in India both highlight the attempts made by extremist organizations to attract and radicalize young males. These findings emphasize the importance of recognizing and addressing the strategies employed by these groups to prevent the recruitment and radicalization of vulnerable individuals.

The analysis also brings attention to the classification of hate speech and the significance of combating its impact.

A task group established by the Brazilian Ministry of Human Rights is actively working towards developing a framework to classify hate speech. This highlights a positive step towards reducing the prevalence and harm caused by hate speech, as it enables a targeted approach to addressing this issue.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the rising reactionary demographic in Brazil, posing a threat to human rights, particularly targeting female youth leaders and expressing anti-feminist sentiment.

The increase in this demographic underscores the need for continued efforts to counter hate speech and discrimination, especially towards women and gender diverse individuals.

The analysis also brings attention to the manifestation of hate speech and extremism through linguistic ridicule and mimicry of local dialects or speech patterns.

Extremist groups in Brazil target various dialects, including popular, queer, and formally recognized dialects. This serves as a tool to mobilize youth while ridiculing the validity of these speech forms, often reducing them to derogatory terms such as ‘gay speech’.

This highlights the multi-dimensional nature of hate speech, as it can manifest through linguistic mockery and the undermining of certain speech forms.

Online spaces, including social media platforms, study and game communities, can be particularly hostile towards women and gender diverse individuals due to linguistic gender stereotypes.

Negative experiences and discrimination resulting from the perpetuation of these stereotypes can drive women and diverse genders away from participating in these online spaces. In cases where individuals decide to remain, they may face increasingly hateful and violent experiences. Addressing and combating online gender stereotypes is crucial to ensure inclusion and equality for all.

The impact of linguistic gender stereotypes extends beyond online spaces.

Discrimination arising from these stereotypes can distort self-image and self-worth, potentially leading to various mental health issues. Moreover, these experiences perpetuate the notion that online spaces are hostile and exclusive, particularly for those who do not conform to specific gender expectations.

This further underscores the importance of addressing online gender stereotypes to create a more inclusive and welcoming digital environment.

Education emerges as a pivotal factor in tackling hate speech and gender stereotypes. It is crucial for schools to address the main problems within their communities, which may include addressing physiological needs, providing comprehensive sexual education, or challenging societal roles of diverse genders.

By investing in the next generation and prioritizing education, efforts can be made to create a more inclusive and equitable society.

Although the issue of gender-based hate speech may not be obvious to everyone, there is a need for increased participation from individuals beyond those who are openly opposed.

It is essential to engage individuals who may not be actively involved or vocal about their opposition. Generating empathy and bringing these individuals closer to movements focused on creating a better world is crucial to make progress and foster a society free from hate speech and discrimination.

In conclusion, the analysis provides valuable insights into the use of linguistic gender stereotypes, recruitment by radical groups, the classification of hate speech, the rising reactionary demographic, the targeting of local dialects, and the impact of linguistic gender stereotypes in online spaces.

It highlights the importance of addressing these issues through education, increased participation, and efforts to combat hate speech and discrimination. By working towards these goals, a more inclusive and equitable society can be achieved.

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The analysis reveals several important points about linguistic gender stereotypes in online advertising and social media platforms, which perpetuate gender inequalities and reinforce traditional gender roles. Men are often associated with adjectives like strong, brave, competent, or bold, promoting stereotypes of dominance and logic, while women are associated with adjectives like emotional, understanding, sweet, and submissive, reflecting biased views of women as emotional and submissive.

These stereotypes shape societal attitudes and contribute to gender inequalities.

Online advertisements are now personalised and tailored to specific audiences, including gender-based targeting. This means that linguistic gender stereotypes are used in targeted marketing and product positioning. The language used on social media platforms like Instagram also reflects gender biases.

A study on Instagram captions found that certain adjectives were exclusively associated with women, while others were divided between genders. These biases impact how individuals are perceived and treated both online and offline.

Despite these issues, some brands are being more careful with gender characterisations, showing mixed gender associations with certain adjectives.

This indicates progress in avoiding gender stereotypes in advertising and promoting gender equality. However, the gender divide in the digital world has been increasing since 2019, disproportionately affecting marginalised women such as the elderly and those in rural areas. This divide limits their access to and use of digital technologies, exacerbating gender inequalities.

Research on women and young girls below 18 in relation to the gender digital divide is lacking.

Most data focuses on women above 18, leaving a gap in understanding the experiences and challenges faced by younger women and girls. More research is needed to address this gap and ensure their needs are met.

Furthermore, linguistic gender stereotypes online strongly influence women’s career choices.

With the majority of jobs worldwide having a digital component, biased language on online platforms shapes women’s perceptions of career paths, limiting their potential and opportunities. This hinders progress towards gender equality in the workforce.

In conclusion, linguistic gender stereotypes in online advertising and social media perpetuate gender inequalities and reinforce traditional gender roles.

Efforts are being made to address these stereotypes, but further progress is needed. The gender divide in the digital world is widening, particularly impacting marginalised women. Research on younger women and girls in relation to the gender digital divide is lacking, which must be addressed.

Linguistic gender stereotypes influence career choices and opportunities for women, hindering progress towards gender equality in the workforce.

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Discrimination towards the LGBTQ+ community in Malaysian advertisements is a pressing issue that demands attention. The online environment exacerbates these discriminatory practices, and steps need to be taken to address and improve the situation. Inclusive language can play a significant role in mitigating online discrimination, creating a more welcoming online space for everyone.

Promoting diversity through language is seen as a positive approach to combat discrimination by challenging stereotypes and biases.

Guidelines should be put in place to promote non-biasness and equality in language usage, while also avoiding gendered assumptions. These guidelines can help individuals and organizations navigate the complexities of language in a sensitive, fair, and inclusive way.

Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness and promoting sensitivity towards language diversity.

Starting from an early age, it is important to educate individuals about the power of language and how it can impact others. By fostering an understanding of the importance of inclusive language, future generations can grow up with a greater appreciation for diversity.

Unfortunately, the issue of linguistic bias and stereotypes is not adequately addressed in education in Malaysia.

There is a clear need for proper training of educators to ensure they are equipped to promote diversity and equality in language. Without attention to this issue, discriminatory practices persist, limiting progress towards an inclusive society.

Concrete rules and regulations from the government regarding language usage to represent different groups are needed.

Having clear guidelines and acts in place will provide a framework for promoting inclusivity and reducing discrimination. Presently, the absence of such rules hinders efforts to address linguistic bias and ensure fair representation.

In the workplace, training and awareness regarding language biasness are essential.

By providing education and facilitating discussions on biasness and representation, companies can foster an inclusive and respectful environment. It is important that the expression of marginalized groups in the workplace is not dominated by one group, ensuring that all employees feel seen and valued.

Addressing discrimination towards the LGBTQ+ community in Malaysian advertisements requires a multi-faceted approach encompassing inclusive language, diversity promotion, educational initiatives, governmental regulations, and workplace training.

By implementing these measures, society can move towards a more inclusive, equal, and respectful future.

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The meeting consisted of two rounds: speaker introductions and an open roundtable discussion. Participants had the opportunity to ask questions, which were collected and addressed later. Stella, associated with NetMission.Asia, Malaysia Youth IGF, ISOC Malaysia, and Kyushu University, served as the moderator.

The main focus was on linguistic gender stereotypes and their impact.

These stereotypes are generalizations based on someone’s gender that are reflected in language. They can be observed in gendered pronouns, job titles, descriptive language, and conversational roles.

Linguistic gender stereotypes have negative effects. They shape societal attitudes, reinforce gender inequalities, and create expectations and limitations based on gender.

They are observed in online advertisements, perpetuating traditional gender roles.

The discussion also addressed challenges faced by marginalized and LGBTQI communities. Gender is seen as a module of power, affecting different groups. Inclusive language, gender-neutral terms, and diversity in language are important for creating an inclusive society.

Educating young people about diversity and the impact of linguistic stereotypes is crucial.

The meeting also highlighted the gender gap in AI training data and its implications. Online linguistic gender stereotypes affect self-identity, sense of belonging, and contribute to online bullying.

Promoting gender-neutral languages and creating content from a woman’s perspective is encouraged.

The need for algorithmic control on social media platforms to reduce negative content amplification was stressed. Transparency and data sharing by platforms are important for research and finding better solutions.

Overall, the meeting emphasized addressing linguistic gender stereotypes, promoting diversity in language, and combating discrimination and inequality.

Legislative action, breaking stereotypes, and changing narratives are necessary for an inclusive society.

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The analysis examines the issue of gender diverse content suppression on social media platforms, focusing on TikTok. The study found that gender diverse individuals in Latin America felt compelled to alter their identities and content on TikTok to avoid being targeted by the algorithm.

The platform’s algorithm demonstrated a bias against LGBTQI+ inclusive language and hashtags, resulting in the removal or shadow banning of their content. This raises questions about identity ownership in algorithmic systems.

Additionally, the study revealed that gender diverse users felt less accepted on TikTok due to limitations and self-censorship.

LGBTQI+ and gender diversity-themed content was only deemed acceptable or visible on the platform when it aligned with established mainstream trends or had the support of influential figures. This exclusionary dynamic on TikTok creates an environment that further marginalizes gender diverse individuals.

In response, the analysis emphasizes the need for social media platforms, including TikTok, to establish clearer community standards regarding gender diverse content.

Platforms should strive to create inclusive spaces that respect and protect the digital rights of traditionally underrepresented communities. Participants in the study called for a shift in these systems to protect historically marginalized communities and ensure consistency of standards regardless of identity or content alignment.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the detrimental impact of online linguistic gender stereotypes on self-identity.

Users often struggle to identify with the platform’s gender norms, leading to anxiety and discomfort. Some individuals stop using the platform altogether because they feel unable to express themselves authentically. This lack of acceptance and its impact on mental health and social interactions is a significant concern.

Overall, the analysis reveals the troubling suppression of gender diverse content on social media platforms, particularly on TikTok.

It underscores the need for platforms to address biased algorithms, establish clearer community standards, and create inclusive spaces. Additionally, the detrimental effects of online linguistic gender stereotypes on self-identity and mental health are highlighted. The analysis calls for a more inclusive and diverse digital landscape that respects the rights of all individuals, regardless of gender identity.

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Kenya recognizes the immense potential of digital transformation in driving its economic growth and has implemented a comprehensive strategy to harness this opportunity. As part of its strategy, the country has included Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in its long-term strategic goals from 2012 to 2030.

This demonstrates Kenya’s commitment to leveraging digital technologies to support its overall development.

Furthermore, Kenya has made significant efforts to improve its digital infrastructure. The country plans to enhance its national fiber optic backbone by extending it by 100,000 kilometers.

This investment in infrastructure will lay the foundation for faster and more reliable internet connectivity, enabling the digital transformation to thrive. Additionally, Kenya already offers over 5,000 digital services online, further establishing its position as a leader in digital innovation.

To ensure that the digital transformation is conducted ethically and lawfully, Kenya has prioritised the establishment of data governance structures.

This includes enacting Data Protection laws and creating the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner. These measures are essential for safeguarding individuals’ rights and promoting responsible data use, addressing concerns related to privacy and security.

However, despite these efforts, Kenya faces the challenge of addressing the digital divide.

Connecting people, promoting digital literacy, and providing relevant devices to underserved communities remain major hurdles. The government and private sector must collaborate to bridge this gap and create equal access to digital opportunities. The private sector, in particular, plays a vital role in advancing digital transformation by offering affordable mobile devices, providing financial inclusion, and creating digital business opportunities.

Kenya has embraced technology and digital transformation, with both the government and private sector actively advocating for digital change.

Kenya takes pride in its status as the “Silicon Savannah,” reflecting its commitment to technological innovation and digitalisation. Examples of digital transformation in Kenya include initiatives like digitising land records and digitising identification documents, demonstrating the country’s determination to leverage technology across various sectors.

When it comes to data governance and protection, the perceived resistance may largely stem from a lack of education about the benefits of these measures rather than outright opposition to change.

Kenya has already enacted data protection laws and is working to raise awareness through the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner, aiming to educate the public about the importance of data protection in fostering trust and ensuring responsible use of data.

In terms of service delivery, Kenya recognises the need for a national addressing strategy.

The current addressing system, which relies on landmarks or specific service information, is inefficient. Developing a national addressing system will improve service delivery by enabling better identification of locations and ensuring efficient provision of services.

Digital addressing services, which merge the digital and physical worlds, can greatly enhance governance and service delivery.

By using digital addressing services, Kenya can improve efficiency in serving its citizens’ needs and promote better coordination between government agencies.

While there are challenges related to the duplication of projects due to government agencies working in silos, Kenya supports cross-ministerial collaboration to address this issue.

By designating specific ministries to guide projects and including the data protection commissioner in data governance issues, the country aims to prevent duplication and promote effective project execution.

In conclusion, Kenya recognises the significant role of digital transformation in driving economic growth.

The country’s digital transformation strategy, investment in digital infrastructure, and focus on data governance are key pillars of its approach. Efforts to address the digital divide, leveraging the involvement of the private sector, are essential to ensure equitable access to digital opportunities.

Kenya’s embrace of technology and commitment to effective project management indicate its determination to succeed in the digital era.

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Digital transformation has the potential to advance Africa, and the development of the ECA payment system is one initiative towards this goal. However, cybercrime acts as a hindrance to digital transformation, with underreporting being a key issue. Mobile money schemes and other cybercriminal activities pose challenges in this regard.

There is a need for robust cybersecurity measures, considering the unique legal frameworks of each African country. Technical solutions, like cell site triangulation and surveillance cameras, have been effective in combating corruption and fraud. Specific training for judges is also necessary to strengthen the judicial system.

By addressing these challenges, Africa can unlock the full potential of digital transformation and foster sustainable development.

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In Africa, the tracking and prosecution of cybercrime is often impeded by poor addressing systems and high residence mobility. This poses a significant challenge for law enforcement agencies trying to identify and apprehend individuals involved in criminal activities using SIM cards.

The absence of a proper addressing system in many African countries further hinders the tracking of cybercrime. As a result, there is a pressing need for digital addressing in Africa to enhance cybersecurity and facilitate more efficient law enforcement.

Digital addressing would provide a specific location for every citizen, allowing law enforcement agencies to more effectively identify and track individuals involved in criminal activities.

It is important to note that digital addressing is not synonymous with surveillance; rather, it aims to establish a means of knowing the whereabouts of individuals, facilitating the provision of safety measures, and improving law enforcement efforts.

In addition to digital addressing, there is also a need for the capacity building of judges to ensure the effective implementation of digital laws.

The successful implementation of legislation involves various stakeholders, including the executive, Parliament, civil society, and the judiciary. The judiciary plays a critical role in interpreting the laws, ensuring their proper application, and upholding justice. Therefore, providing judges with the necessary knowledge and skills to understand and apply digital laws is crucial to their effective implementation.

Moreover, judicial transformation in Africa has the potential to advance democracy.

This notion was expressed by a member of parliament from Cameroon who recognized that transforming the judicial system could contribute to improving governance and democratic processes in Africa. By enhancing the independence, efficiency, and transparency of the judiciary, judicial transformation can help ensure fair and just legal systems, thereby promoting democracy and the rule of law.

The African Union (AU) should also consider conducting a survey on the impact of member countries not adopting the Malawi Convention for digital transformation.

The low adoption of this convention in member countries is hindering the advancements in digital transformation across the continent. Understanding the reasons behind this low adoption rate can help the AU address the challenges and advocate for the implementation of digital transformation strategies more effectively.

On a positive note, The Gambia is making significant progress in its digital transformation strategy with guidance from the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).

The country has successfully laid broadband networks across the country through projects such as the ECHO-1 project and the National Broadband Network. The Gambia has also developed an ICT master plan that encompasses various aspects, including capacity development, youth and women empowerment, human capital, e-agriculture, and national broadband network strategies.

Additionally, consultancy for a digital ID system has been completed with the assistance of the ECA. The Gambia is also in the process of establishing a digital addressing system, with the capital and major cities already covered. These efforts demonstrate The Gambia’s commitment to embracing digital transformation and reaping its numerous benefits.

Overall, improving digital addressing, capacity building of judges, and promoting judicial transformation are essential steps towards enhancing cybersecurity, law enforcement, and democracy in Africa.

Conducting surveys and providing guidance on digital transformation strategies will further support the continent’s progress in this regard. The Gambia serves as a notable example of a country making commendable strides in their digital transformation journey.

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Cap Verde has made significant progress in digitalisation since the early 20s, presenting big opportunities for enhancing service delivery. The country has numerous office infrastructures and applications that can be utilised to build services for its citizens. Cap Verde also has a unique system for digital identification, enabling the development of multiple services.

Recently, an online service was launched allowing citizens to access their criminal records through a new Mobile Key based on digital certificates.

To further support their digital initiatives, Cap Verde is creating a digital ecosystem through a technological park and the establishment of two new data centres.

The technological park will house several companies, including government data. This development aligns with Cap Verde’s commitment to achieving SDG 9, which focuses on industry, innovation, and infrastructure. Furthermore, the digital ecosystem contributes to SDG 11, which aims to build sustainable cities and communities.

However, there are several challenges that Cap Verde must address in its digital transformation journey.

One significant challenge is digital literacy among its citizens, as people need to acquire more skills to effectively utilise the internet for productivity. To tackle this issue, the government is working on a digital literacy program to increase citizens’ proficiency.

Another major challenge is cybersecurity, as the country faced a significant attack on its systems in 2020. Efforts are underway to enhance Cap Verde’s cybersecurity systems and protect against future threats.

In addition to these challenges, change management and organisational shift are proven to be difficult during the course of digital transformation.

Resistance from employees and the existence of silos within the government hinder the smooth transition. These challenges must be addressed to ensure a successful digital transformation.

Cap Verde’s young population is a valuable asset that needs to be effectively utilised.

The country should explore avenues to leverage the skills and talents of its young workforce to drive economic growth and create decent work opportunities. Recognising this, Cap Verde should focus on developing programs and initiatives that cater to the needs and aspirations of its youth.

Despite the challenges, Cap Verde benefits from its small size when it comes to law enforcement.

Due to the country’s limited land area, knowing someone’s location is not difficult, making it easier for law enforcement agencies to operate effectively.

The concept of digital addressing holds potential for countries with larger territories in Africa.

Cap Verde’s experience suggests that adopting digital addressing systems could bring benefits to other African nations. However, it is essential to address concerns surrounding data privacy and protection, especially when tracking registered SIM cards. Safeguarding personal information should be a priority when implementing digital addressing systems.

Governance plays a critical role in Cap Verde’s digital transformation journey.

The government has included all sectors in its strategy, and new projects undergo careful analysis and validation before implementation. Furthermore, standards are being developed to ensure the responsible and ethical use of technology.

Cap Verde’s digital strategies are being designed with sustainability in mind.

They aim to avoid relying on legacy systems and focus on adopting technology that is environmentally sustainable in the long run. This approach aligns with SDG 9, which emphasises the need for industry, innovation, and infrastructure to be sustainable.

It is important for other sectors to recognise the benefits of digital transformation.

Cap Verde has incorporated the goals of various sectors into its digital strategy, reinforcing the idea that digital transformation is not limited to specific industries but spans across the entire government.

In conclusion, Cap Verde has made remarkable strides in digitalisation, greatly enhancing service delivery.

However, challenges such as digital literacy, cybersecurity, change management, and organisational shift persist. Efforts to better utilise the young population and address law enforcement needs have been observed. The concept of digital addressing holds promise for larger African countries, provided that data privacy and protection concerns are appropriately addressed.

Governance plays a crucial role in steering Cap Verde’s digital transformation journey towards sustainability. Recognising the benefits of digital transformation, other sectors should proactively embrace digital initiatives to drive development and meet the goals set by SDG 9.

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During a recent discussion, several key initiatives were highlighted to address digital transformation and promote sustainable development goals in the country. One of the primary areas of focus is addressing connectivity. To improve connectivity, the government plans to create more capacity and redundancy for existing submarine cables.

This will enhance the country’s ability to provide reliable and high-speed internet access to its citizens.

Regarding digital identification, the government has developed a comprehensive digital master plan and strategy. One of the challenges mentioned during the discussion was the need for better coordination and data integration.

To address this, the government plans to integrate existing digital addressing systems and SIM registration platforms. By streamlining these processes, the government aims to enhance the efficiency and security of digital identification systems.

Promoting financial inclusion is another important aspect of the country’s digital transformation efforts.

The government is focused on establishing a national switch, which will facilitate payment gateways and enable easier access to financial services for all citizens. This initiative aims to reduce financial barriers and empower individuals to participate fully in the economy.

Cybersecurity is a critical concern in the digital age, and the government is taking proactive steps to address this issue.

The development of a cybercrime bill is underway, which will help establish a legal framework to prevent and combat cyber threats. Additionally, plans are in place to establish cybersecurity emergency response teams. These dedicated teams will be equipped to swiftly respond to and mitigate any cyber attacks, thereby safeguarding the country’s digital infrastructure.

The digital divide, referring to the unequal accessibility to digital technologies and internet connectivity, is another challenge being addressed.

The government has identified challenges related to last mile network access and device affordability. To bridge this gap, the government plans to develop strategies that utilize mixed technologies. Furthermore, collaborations with device providers are being explored to achieve affordable options and increase accessibility to digital devices.

Notably, the government is also keen on developing localized e-applications that address specific local problems.

To avoid reinventing the wheel, the government intends to adopt successful platforms from partner countries. Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) have already been signed with countries such as Rwanda, Mauritius, and Nigeria to facilitate the exchange of innovative digital solutions.

In conclusion, the country is actively pursuing various initiatives to achieve digital transformation and support sustainable development goals.

Efforts are being made to enhance connectivity, improve digital identification systems, promote financial inclusion, ensure cybersecurity, bridge the digital divide, and develop localized e-applications. These initiatives demonstrate the government’s commitment to leveraging digital technologies for the benefit of its citizens and overall socio-economic growth.

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The analysis highlights several important points regarding the digital transition in Africa. It acknowledges that Africa has both weaknesses and frogging opportunities. One key strength is its vibrant youth population, which can drive digital transformation. Moreover, Africa faces fewer legacy challenges than other regions, giving it an advantage in embracing new technologies.

One argument made is the importance of digital governance in the digital transition process.

Effective digital governance can significantly impact the successful implementation and adoption of digital technologies. Case examples from Cape Verde and Gambia support this argument, demonstrating the positive outcomes achieved through effective digital governance.

The European Union (EU) has a vision to strengthen Africa’s economic sector and make it a producer in the global economy.

The EU aims to promote diversification and development through strategies that foster economic growth and encourage active participation in the global economy.

Improving the effectiveness of government and public administration in the digital transition is another vital aspect.

By bringing the state closer to citizens and meeting their needs, governments can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their digital initiatives. Examples from Cape Verde and Gambia illustrate the positive impact of such approaches.

While digital technology holds great potential, it is important to note that there are no free lunches.

This means that careful consideration and planning are required to address challenges and ensure equitable distribution of benefits.

Cooperation and proper management capabilities are essential for effective digital governance. Collaboration between different ministries and the development of management capabilities play a crucial role in implementing and managing digital initiatives successfully.

Political will is crucial for the transformation towards a more democratic system.

Strong support and commitment from political leaders are necessary to implement necessary reforms and ensure a smooth transition to a democratic and inclusive society.

Building collective trust through digital technologies is also important. Digital technologies can improve citizens’ lives and contribute to building trust.

This trust is vital for sustainable adoption and acceptance of digital technologies.

African governments face challenges in attracting and maintaining technical skills. Technical skills often move to the private sector or abroad, posing a challenge for governments seeking a skilled workforce to drive digital transformation.

Digital identity is crucial in the digital transition.

The Weneke case in Gambia serves as a pilot project for creating digital identities using local communities. Digital identity provides access to services, improves inclusion, and ensures security and privacy.

Investment in Africa to design national and sectorial strategies is beneficial.

Investing in the justice sector has resulted in positive outcomes. Emphasizing engagement processes over relying solely on data is crucial in designing effective strategies and policies.

In conclusion, Africa has weaknesses and frogging opportunities in its digital transformation journey.

Effective digital governance, the EU’s vision for the economic sector, improving government effectiveness, and citizen-state interaction are essential for successful digital transition. Challenges such as attracting technical skills and the importance of digital identity are also key considerations. The analysis provides valuable insights into driving digital transformation in Africa.

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Digital transformation has the potential to play a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals in Africa. Over the years, there has been progress in internet access on the continent, with an increase from 6% to 40% since 2005. This signifies improving connectivity in Africa, which is crucial for driving digital transformation.

However, despite this progress, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed.

One of the main challenges is the existence of a digital divide. Approximately 60% of the African population remains offline, highlighting the disparity in access to digital technologies.

This divide is further intensified by limited internet connectivity in rural areas, where only 23% of people have access to the internet. Additionally, there is an 11% gender gap in internet connectivity, which hinders the full participation of women in the digital transformation process.

To effectively harness the benefits of digital transformation, it is essential to have adequate digital policies that cater to the specific needs of African countries.

The policy framework should address the challenges of the digital divide and promote inclusivity in the use of digital technologies. It should also focus on bridging the urban-rural divide in internet connectivity and closing the gender gap.

Another important aspect is data governance, which ensures digital sovereignty and protects citizens.

The emergence of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) requires robust data governance frameworks. By having control over their data, African countries can safeguard their citizens’ privacy and create job opportunities in the digital economy.

The African Union’s digital transformation strategy includes various components, such as digital finance, digital skills, innovation, and capacity building.

These components are essential for African countries to leverage digital technologies and achieve their sustainable development goals. The strategy also emphasizes the importance of addressing infrastructural gaps and cybersecurity concerns, as these are crucial prerequisites for the success of digital transformation initiatives.

Digital ID and digital trade are also highlighted as crucial aspects to consider in the digital transformation journey.

The African Union’s digital transformation strategy recognizes the significance of digital ID and digital trade and seeks to incorporate them into the overall implementation plan.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights instances where digital technology has been used effectively to fight corruption.

Examples include the implementation of digital taxation, which has resulted in a 55% increase in government revenue, and the use of a human resource management system to combat the issue of phantom employees drawing salaries.

The Kenya model is cited as a positive example of successful digital transformation in Africa.

Kenya has seen notable outcomes from its digital transformation initiatives, including approximately 10% of GDP being attributed to digital transformation, 98% mobile money usage, and 65% internet access in the country. Other African countries can draw inspiration from Kenya’s success and tailor their own strategies accordingly.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UN-ECA) supports African countries in developing their national digital identities and digital economy.

This support is significant in promoting the adoption of digital technologies and achieving sustainable development goals.

Capacity building programs are identified as crucial for enhancing knowledge in areas such as technology, cybersecurity, and fintech. These programs can help address the manpower and resource shortages faced by some African countries in implementing digital strategies.

Noteworthy examples include planning to launch a parliamentary capacity building program on the digital economy, technology, cybersecurity, and fintech.

In conclusion, digital transformation has the potential to bring about significant positive change in Africa. However, to fully harness its benefits, it is imperative to bridge the digital divide, implement adequate digital policies, establish robust data governance frameworks, address infrastructural gaps and cybersecurity concerns, and promote digital ID and digital trade.

The success of digital transformation initiatives also relies on effective capacity-building programs and drawing inspiration from successful implementations, such as the Kenya model. Ultimately, by embracing digital transformation, African countries can strive towards achieving their sustainable development goals and creating a more digitally inclusive society.

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Digital transformation plays a crucial role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Union Agenda 2063. Africa’s youth population is projected to reach 70% by 2050, making up 42% of the global youth population. To harness this demographic advantage, it is essential to leverage digital technology.

However, Africa faces several challenges on its digital transformation journey.

One of the key challenges is limited internet access. While Africa has made significant progress, with internet access increasing from 6% in 2005 to 40% at the time of the discussion, there remains a substantial divide between urban and rural areas.

Additionally, a gender gap persists, with 60% of Africa’s population remaining offline. Bridging these divides and ensuring universal internet access is vital for inclusive growth.

Cybersecurity poses another significant challenge to Africa’s digital transformation. Cybersecurity issues cost the continent 10% of its GDP per year.

Developing adequate digital transformation strategies, including capacity building in cybersecurity, is necessary to safeguard against potential threats and ensure a secure digital ecosystem.

Furthermore, change management presents a challenge to digital transformation. Innovation and change can disrupt business processes, and not all organizations are equally open to embracing change.

Overcoming resistance to change is vital for successful digital transformation.

In terms of governance, effective digital governance is paramount. It can help improve the effectiveness of government and public administration, bridge the gap between states and citizens’ expectations, and contribute to broader development objectives.

Implementing robust digital governance frameworks ensures digital sovereignty and the flourishing of the digital economy.

Prioritizing resource constraints is crucial when implementing digital transformation strategy frameworks. The African Union’s Digital Transformation Strategy Framework for 2020-2030 aims to assist countries in prioritizing their needs based on available resources.

This approach ensures efficient resource allocation and maximizes the impact of digital transformation initiatives.

Collaboration between ministries and government agencies is essential in achieving effective government strategies. Siloed approaches can lead to duplication of projects and initiatives, hindering progress.

By combining expertise and resources across different ministries and sectors, better results can be achieved.

Technology also has the potential to support anti-corruption efforts, increase transparency, and foster greater engagement and accountability. It can be a powerful tool in driving sustainable development and achieving SDG 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions.

Key enablers for digital transformation include infrastructure, affordability, reliability, and skills.

Investment in digital infrastructure, ensuring affordable access to technology, reliable digital services, and developing the necessary skills in both the population and the private sector are crucial for successful digital transformation.

The technopolitical dynamics between global players in North America, Europe, and Asia can provide opportunities for African countries to benefit.

Engaging in collaborations and leveraging these dynamics can accelerate digital transformation on the continent.

In conclusion, digital transformation holds great potential for Africa’s development. However, it is essential to address challenges such as limited internet access, cybersecurity threats, resistance to change, and effective governance.

By prioritizing resource constraints, promoting collaboration, and investing in necessary enablers, Africa can harness the power of digital technology to achieve the SDGs and the African Union Agenda 2063.

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In the digital cooperation landscape, there is extensive discussion surrounding the tension between cooperation and sovereignty. Some argue for the possibility of cooperation between sovereign entities, and the European Union’s initiative to create data spaces exemplifies that cooperation and sovereignty can indeed coexist.

The EU aims to foster cooperation while maintaining national sovereignty, particularly in the area of data. This approach suggests that a balance can be struck to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes.

However, the term “digital cooperation” is viewed by some as vague, encompassing complex international digital policy issues.

It covers aspects such as digital trade, encryption, online privacy, data protection, online payments, and surveillance. Due to the complexity and diversity of these issues, there is an ongoing debate about whether the term adequately captures the nuances and challenges involved in digital cooperation.

The tension between cooperation and sovereignty also arises from the collision between a country’s desire for control and the need for collaboration.

While nations seek to maintain control over digital policies and regulations, there is a growing recognition that collaboration is necessary to effectively address global challenges. This tension becomes particularly apparent in discussions about digital sovereignty and global cooperation, highlighting the struggle to strike a balance between national interests and the collective pursuit of common goals.

Furthermore, the current structure of global governance, including the United Nations, may not be efficiently equipped to handle digital cooperation issues.

Some argue for a re-evaluation of the United Nations’ structure, proposing the renaming of the organization to the United People to better focus on the choices and needs of individuals. This viewpoint suggests that there is room for improvement in the global governance system, particularly in addressing the complexities of digital cooperation.

Moreover, there exists a notable rift between global and national level discussions on digital sovereignty and global cooperation.

Global discussions may not align with the political landscape and requirements of individual countries. People may adopt a dual stance, expressing support for both cooperation and sovereignty, which can lead to conflicting perspectives between the global and national levels.

The tension between surveillance and privacy also varies depending on the context and perspective of different groups or nations.

Within the “Five Eyes” group, comprised of five English-speaking countries with an intelligence-sharing alliance, no tension appears to exist regarding surveillance. However, tensions arise when considering surveillance practices outside of this group. The nature of the tension depends on one’s location or the political stance of the sovereign nation.

In conclusion, the tension between cooperation and sovereignty in the digital cooperation landscape is a complex and multi-faceted issue.

While the European Union’s data spaces demonstrate that cooperation and sovereignty can coexist, there are differing opinions regarding the efficacy and comprehensiveness of the term “digital cooperation.” Additionally, the collision between a country’s desire for control and the need for collaboration adds another layer of complexity.

The current global governance structures may not effectively handle digital cooperation issues, and there is a significant rift between global and national level discussions. The tension between surveillance and privacy also varies based on context and perspective. Overall, balancing cooperation and sovereignty requires careful consideration of diverse perspectives, locations, and the specific challenges posed by the digital landscape.

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Digital sovereignty has become a highly contested topic, particularly within the European context, and its usage has been steadily increasing since 2019. Various stakeholder groups have differing interpretations of digital sovereignty, highlighting the importance of understanding its implications for policy debates.

Engagement and conversation with the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) community play a crucial role in comprehending digital sovereignty.

The IGF community has actively discussed this topic, signifying its significance in global discussions.

However, a significant distance often exists between national politics and global agendas in relation to digital cooperation and sovereignty. National leaders in developing nations tend to implement laws and regulations that enable them to maintain power and control, sometimes at the expense of infringing upon human rights.

This divergence between national and global perspectives creates a complex landscape for effective digital governance.

To address this complexity, it is essential to break down the discussion on global cooperation versus digital sovereignty into different functional areas. The current broad question allows individuals to take either or both stances simultaneously.

Suggestions have been made to create a list of policy fields where global cooperation or digital sovereignty might manifest, in order to provide a more focused analysis. Dividing the discussion based on different functional areas will facilitate more nuanced and productive debates.

Concerns have also been raised about the impact of different governance mechanisms on the digital sphere.

There is a fear that these mechanisms may lead to fragmentation, thereby impeding the development of a cohesive digital environment. The importance of specific institutions, products, or policy fields in shaping digital cooperation and sovereignty has been emphasized.

Finally, when discussing digital sovereignty, it is crucial to consider the global, regional, national and subnational dimensions.

Different groups hold diverse tensions and perspectives on surveillance and data sharing. Understanding these varied viewpoints is essential for developing effective digital governance strategies.

In conclusion, digital sovereignty has emerged as a contentious and complex issue, with various stakeholders offering diverse interpretations.

Engaging with the IGF community and considering different dimensions, functional areas and viewpoints are pivotal in developing comprehensive and equitable policies for digital sovereignty and cooperation. This extended analysis provides deeper insights into the multifaceted nature of the topic.

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The issue of digital sovereignty versus digital cooperation in African countries is prominent, with African leaders often prioritising their own sovereignty over the benefits of digital cooperation. This mindset of protecting their sovereignty for power and control within their own countries tends to hinder progress and collaboration in the region.

One of the main arguments is that African leaders manipulate laws and regulations to suit their needs and maintain their hold on power.

This often leads to a violation of human rights, as these rulers tweak laws and regulations to suppress opposition voices. This infringement on human rights is perceived as a means for leaders to maintain their grip on power.

Furthermore, existing laws such as the Cyber Crimes Act in Zambia or the Data Protection Act are designed in a way that grants more control to the ruling government.

These laws often contain draconian clauses, which are excerpts from international documents like the General Data Protection Regulation. The intention behind these laws is to suppress opposition voices, undermining the principles of free speech and democracy.

The analysis indicates that the sentiment surrounding this issue is largely negative, as it highlights the detrimental effects of prioritising sovereignty over cooperation.

The arguments put forth suggest that the tensions between digital sovereignty and global digital cooperation in Africa cannot be completely eradicated due to the sovereignty-focused mindset of the ruling leaders.

John, who holds this belief, suggests that global discussions and agendas have minimal impact on the local decisions made by African leaders.

This further reinforces the notion that the tensions between digital sovereignty and global digital cooperation in Africa are deeply rooted in the mindset and priorities of the ruling leaders.

In conclusion, African leaders prioritise digital sovereignty over digital cooperation, hindering progress in the region.

This is reflected in the manipulation of laws to suppress opposition voices and the violation of human rights. The analysis suggests that the tensions surrounding this issue cannot be completely resolved due to the sovereignty-focused mindset of the ruling leaders.

It is evident that a shift in priorities and a stronger commitment to cooperation is needed to effectively address these challenges.

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During the discussion, the speakers explored the contradiction between digital concepts, specifically digital contradiction and digital compatibility. They noted that while these concepts may seem to conflict on paper, they are not completely exclusive in the digital realm. This suggests that there is potential for overlap and coexistence.

To further understand the dynamics of power balancing within a country, the nature of the country itself was highlighted as a crucial factor.

The distinction between a dictatorship and a non-dictatorship was emphasized as it plays a significant role in determining how power is distributed. It was noted that power distribution in a dictatorship may be more top-down, with a strong central authority controlling various aspects of society, including technology regulations.

On the other hand, in a non-dictatorship, power distribution may involve more checks and balances to ensure a fair and just system.

The speakers suggested that in order to achieve an effective power balance, certain measures should be considered.

One approach highlighted was the need to grant more power to civil societies and companies. By empowering these entities, there is the potential for a more decentralized and diversified distribution of power. Additionally, the regulation of tech companies was deemed as an influential factor in power distribution.

This implies that through careful monitoring and control of technology companies, there is an opportunity to shape power dynamics in a way that aligns with societal goals and values.

It is important to note that while the speakers presented a neutral stance on these matters, they provided evidence and supporting facts to substantiate their claims.

By acknowledging the complexities of the digital landscape and recognizing the role of different types of countries, the discussion sheds light on the potential avenues for achieving power balance in the digital age.

In conclusion, the speakers highlighted the contradiction between digital concepts and emphasized that they do not have to be mutually exclusive.

The nature of a country, such as whether it is a dictatorship or not, plays a crucial role in power balancing. Furthermore, empowering civil societies and companies, alongside regulating tech companies, can be instrumental in shaping power distribution. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics of power and technology in today’s digital world.

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Sophie Hoogenboom, a Ph.D. student, is conducting an in-depth research on digital sovereignty. Her aim is to understand the various dimensions and implications of this topic. Sophie’s research has revealed that there is no universally defined understanding of digital sovereignty.

Different individuals have varying interpretations and ideas about its importance. This finding challenges the assumption of a shared perception of digital sovereignty.

Sophie’s research on digital sovereignty is not limited to academic research but also has implications for sustainable development, particularly related to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).

This highlights the relevance and significance of understanding and addressing digital sovereignty issues within the broader context of fostering sustainable development.

In her research and panel discussions, Sophie has encountered diverse definitions and viewpoints on digital sovereignty. This suggests that digital sovereignty is a complex concept influenced by individual factors such as cultural background, educational level, and professional experience.

The various interpretations highlight the need for comprehensive dialogue and collaboration to establish a shared understanding of digital sovereignty.

In conclusion, Sophie Hoogenboom’s research sheds light on the diverse perceptions and lack of a universal definition of digital sovereignty.

Her findings emphasize the need for further exploration and collective effort to address this multidimensional issue. By acknowledging and addressing these variations in understanding, we can work towards a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to digital sovereignty.

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The analysis highlights several important points raised by the speakers. Firstly, it emphasises the concern that the rapid evolution of technology can widen digital gaps. This refers to the disparities in access to and adoption of technology, which can hinder development and prevent regions from participating in digital internet governance processes.

The need for ubiquitous connectivity, faster speeds, low latency, and high-quality connectivity are identified as factors that contribute to these digital gaps. This sentiment is negative, as it highlights the potential negative consequences of technological advancements.

The next point discussed is the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).

This global event brought together heads of state in 2003 and ministers responsible for the Information Society in 2005. The goal of WSIS is to achieve an inclusive and people-centric information society. This initiative is seen as neutral, as it does not have a sentiment attached to it but instead presents a vision and goals for the future of the information society.

The analysis also emphasises the importance of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in identifying gaps.

The IGF plays a key role in global digital governance, but current global movements on digital topics may confuse participants. Therefore, the recommended action is for the IGF to identify these gaps to remain relevant and effective. This observation is presented as a neutral viewpoint.

Furthermore, the analysis includes insights from a speaker who highlights the idea that the internet should be used for beneficial purposes for humanity.

It asserts that the aim is to make the internet a force for peace and improve the well-being of humankind. This positive sentiment emphasises the positive potential that the internet holds for the betterment of society.

In conclusion, the analysis provides an overview of key points expressed by the speakers.

It recognises the potential negative impacts of technological advancements in widening digital gaps and highlights initiatives such as WSIS and the IGF, which aim to address these issues. Additionally, it underscores the positive idea of using the internet as a force for peace and for the betterment of humanity.

These insights shed light on the importance of bridging digital divides, promoting inclusive digital governance, and harnessing the internet’s potential for positive impact.

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The analysis provides a comprehensive examination of the crisis in digital governance. One of the main issues highlighted is the geopolitical tensions that arise due to the stranglehold over the digital economy by a small number of large transnational corporations.

This dominance leads to concerns about fairness and competition in the global digital landscape.

Moreover, it is argued that public policy in digital governance should be grounded in the principles of public interest and democratic deliberation. The analysis emphasises that effective governance cannot solely rely on dialogue but must also consider the broader public interest.

This approach recognises the importance of inclusive decision-making processes and democratic accountability.

The Digital Cooperation Forum, which has a tripartite dialogic mode, is mentioned in the analysis. While the forum aims to improve digital cooperation, caution should be exercised to avoid repeating the flaws of its predecessor, the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).

The analysis suggests that the IGF had issues with confirmation bias and potentially excluded diverse voices and views. Hence, it is important for the Digital Cooperation Forum to address these concerns and promote inclusivity.

In the realm of data governance, the need to humanize this technical concept is emphasised.

The analysis calls for the recognition of new rights, such as the right to be forgotten and the right to be represented or not in digital systems. These rights would help protect individuals’ interests and ensure a more balanced and equitable digital ecosystem.

The analysis also stresses the necessity of restraining the power of digital transnational corporations for effective global digital governance.

Without mandatory obligations for these corporations, global governance cannot foster innovation, economic pluralism, or environmental sustainability. However, it is pointed out that powerful countries from the global north may resist new arrangements, making it challenging to address this issue.

A system-wide reboot is advocated for global digital governance.

This includes reforms in international financial institutions and the international tax regime. Additionally, the conversation needs to shift towards nurturing public digital innovation ecosystems at a global level, which would encourage collaboration and inclusive development.

The analysis laments the current state of digital governance, stating that it falls short of upholding justice, peace, and fundamental human values.

The Geneva Declaration is referred to as an articulation of the need to foster justice, dignity, and peace – values that are still out of reach in the digital realm.

The internet is described as a common heritage of humankind, supported by public law.

This perspective highlights the importance of collective responsibility and public regulation to ensure that the internet serves the interests of all.

Equitable distribution of benefits from digital resources and data is deemed essential. The analysis raises concerns about situations where countries contribute valuable data, such as pathogen data, but do not benefit from resulting research.

It emphasises the need to address this imbalance and ensure fairness in the distribution of benefits.

Lastly, the analysis highlights the necessity of recognising the hybrid nature of existence and reality in the digital society. This observation implies that the digital world is deeply entwined with the physical world and should be approached holistically to ensure a comprehensive and inclusive understanding.

Overall, the analysis provides a thorough exploration of the crisis in digital governance, examining various aspects such as geopolitical tensions, public interest, data governance, power dynamics, international cooperation, and the need for a more just and inclusive digital society.

It calls for reform and recognition of the complexities of the digital landscape to address the challenges at hand.

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During a panel discussion on internet governance, several speakers presented their arguments and stances. Carlos Vera emphasised the importance of a human-centred discussion and maintaining a multi-stakeholder model in order to promote inclusive decision-making. The panel also highlighted the need for representation and gender equality in internet governance.

It was noted that there were six women and only one man in the panel, prompting a call for more diverse representation. Transparent and inclusive processes within the Global Digital Compact were advocated for, with a focus on gender inclusivity.

The panel also discussed the challenges of government misuse and shutdown of internet services, and the lack of international internet governance. The need for a United Nations Internet Governance Law was highlighted, along with the importance of education on cyber security.

The panelists called for a re-evaluation and change of the existing internet system to ensure fairness for all nations. The involvement of the technical community in internet governance was deemed crucial, and the promotion of digital fluency was seen as an important aspect of internet governance.

The concept of the Peace Boat was suggested as a model for the digital age, and the panelists emphasized the importance of celebrating the achievements of the Internet Governance Forum. Gender equality in internet and digital governance was also discussed, with a focus on incorporating gender considerations in decision-making processes.

The panelists highlighted the relevance and need for review of the Geneva Principles, which were developed 20 years ago, and the importance of grounding the legal basis of internet governance in widely debated foundational principles like Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Finally, it was noted that Winston Roberts, a former representative of New Zealand at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva, currently works for the NGO IFLA. The panelists provided valuable insights on these topics, offering recommendations and highlighting areas for improvement in internet governance.

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Avri Doria, an influential member of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) since its inception, is discussing the future of digital governance and specifically the future of the IGF. Doria emphasises the need to improve and refine the existing IGF, rather than creating a new platform.

Doria believes that the IGF has the potential to continue evolving and effectively address the emerging challenges of digital governance.

Creating a new forum, Doria argues, would incur significant costs in terms of finances, time, and effort. Doria highlights the 18-year history of the IGF, showcasing the expertise and experience gained over its lifetime.

By iterating and improving upon the current framework, Doria suggests that the IGF can adapt to the rapidly changing landscape of digital governance.

This approach would not only prevent redundancies but also save valuable resources that would otherwise be needed to establish a new forum from scratch.

Examining the supporting evidence, it is clear that Doria’s argument is based on practical considerations.

The 18-year existence of the IGF provides a strong foundation for building upon existing structures and processes. Additionally, creating a new platform would require a significant financial investment, consume valuable time, and demand considerable effort to ensure successful operation.

In conclusion, Avri Doria advocates for the ongoing development and improvement of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) as a means to tackle the future challenges of digital governance.

Doria’s argument is grounded in the extensive experience and expertise of the IGF accumulated over its 18-year history. By avoiding the costly and labor-intensive aspect of creating a new platform, Doria suggests that the IGF has the potential to adapt and evolve effectively, benefiting the global digital community.

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The analysis explores the topic of internet governance and highlights various aspects related to it. One important point is that internet governance encompasses both the governance of and governance on the internet. It is described as a complex ecosystem consisting of organizations that have played a crucial role in keeping us connected during the pandemic.

However, it notes that internet governance is currently scattered and works in silos, primarily comprising intergovernmental or individual initiatives. This indicates the need for a more comprehensive and cohesive approach to governance in the digital realm.

Another significant aspect discussed is the limited resources allocated to the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).

The analysis suggests that contributions to the IGF are insufficient, barely supporting a staff that is half the size of another organization. This raises concerns about hypocrisy, with governments and individuals complaining about the lack of productivity from the IGF while failing to provide adequate support.

This competition for resources within the IGF poses a challenge for effective governance in the digital age.

The analysis also recognizes the IGF as just one building block in the broader framework of internet governance. It emphasizes the necessity of innovation in designing governance systems for the internet.

A quote by Kofi Annan is highlighted, stating the importance of being as innovative as the individuals who created the internet itself. This underscores the need to adapt governance structures to keep pace with the ever-evolving digital landscape.

Additionally, the analysis addresses the fundamental question of what the desired digital society should look like.

It argues that this question is crucial and requires careful consideration. It asserts that throughout history, there has been a continuous effort to organize in larger and more interconnected communities, and a digital society represents the next stage of this evolution.

This observation highlights the transformative nature of communication in the digital age.

In conclusion, the analysis provides a comprehensive overview of internet governance, discussing both the challenges and opportunities in this domain. It emphasizes the need for a more integrated and collaborative approach to governance, the allocation of sufficient resources to support the IGF, and the importance of innovation in designing effective governance systems for the internet.

Lastly, it underscores the significance of envisioning and constructing a digital society that aligns with our collective aspirations and values.

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In this analysis, the speakers delved into the intricacies of internet governance and digital policy. They expressed the paramount importance of internet governance, noting that virtually all digital technology relies on communication through the internet. It was emphasised that the internet occupies a central position in our lives and, therefore, requires robust governance mechanisms.

One key aspect that emerged from the analysis was the need for multi-stakeholder internet governance.

The speakers argued that effective governance should involve the participation and representation of diverse stakeholder groups. They highlighted the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) as an essential platform that ensures different stakeholders have a seat at the table and space in the room.

By including various voices, multi-stakeholder internet governance can foster better decision-making and address the interests of different stakeholders.

However, the current internet governance system was acknowledged as imperfect. The analysis revealed the existence of gaps in ambition, coordination, and resources.

It was noted that these gaps limit the efficacy of internet governance efforts. To overcome these challenges, the speakers called for strengthening the IGF and addressing the identified gaps, such as inadequate resourcing and insufficient coordination.

Interestingly, there was opposition to the movement of digital issues to an intergovernmental forum.

It was argued that such a shift could potentially worsen the situation by leading to stakeholder domination and limiting diverse participation. The analysis highlighted the importance of maintaining a multi-stakeholder approach in digital governance.

The issue of resources and funding in internet governance was also raised.

It was pointed out that proper resourcing is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of governance mechanisms. The discrepancy between the resource allocation for internet governance and other policy areas was highlighted, with one speaker noting that their own policy team is equivalent in size to the IGF secretariat.

This observation indicated the need for adequate resources and investment to adequately address internet governance issues.

The role of governments in digital governance was another important point discussed. The analysis underscored the necessity for governments to reconsider their approach to digital governance.

As technology continues to evolve, governments must adapt to effectively address the challenges and opportunities brought about by the digital era.

Furthermore, it was noted that internet governance discussions often receive insufficient attention. The allure of “sexy” issues such as artificial intelligence tends to overshadow important internet governance debates.

The analysis posited the need to give due emphasis to internet governance and not let it be overshadowed by other emerging topics.

Lastly, the importance of building upon existing principles in policy-making and creating new solutions was highlighted.

The analysis emphasised the importance of incorporating established principles rather than continuously revisiting and inventing new ones. By doing so, policymakers can ensure consistency and avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts.

In conclusion, the analysis underscored the critical role of internet governance and digital policy in our digitally interconnected world.

It called for multi-stakeholder participation, addressing gaps in the current governance system, proper resourcing, government reconsideration, and increased attention to internet governance. By addressing these issues, stakeholders can work towards strengthening and improving the governance mechanisms that underpin our digital landscape.

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Cross-sector participation in the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is not only important but also critically needed. The IGF brings together a wide range of sectors, including banking, public administration, manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare, all of which are using and creating digital solutions.

However, there is a need for more diverse participation from legal professionals in the IGF, especially due to concerns such as data security, workers’ rights, and access to education. This highlights the importance of broader representation and diverse perspectives in the forum.

Efforts should be made to showcase the IGF as a platform for shaping the future of the internet.

By emphasizing its role in discussing challenges and opportunities related to digital technology, the IGF can attract more participants. The IGF should be promoted as a forum where stakeholders can come together to engage in meaningful discussions and collaborate on finding innovative solutions.

Creating a clear value proposition for participation in the IGF can serve as a strong incentive for individuals and organizations to actively engage and contribute to the forum.

The IGF has proven to be a well-established and well-respected mechanism for monitoring and implementing decisions.

It can play a crucial role in setting the framework for the internet we want. Anchoring the Global Digital Compact in the IGF can further strengthen its position and ensure that decisions and actions taken are aligned with the global digital agenda.

Although advancements have been made in terms of internet access, there is still a significant gap.

Approximately 2.6 billion people worldwide remain offline, preventing them from fully benefitting from the advantages of the digital era. Closing this internet access gap is crucial in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and harnessing the potential of digital technology for social and economic development.

Transparency, openness, and inclusivity are key principles that should be prioritised in internet governance.

Emphasising the inclusion of all genders and the involvement of individuals from all nationalities is essential for creating a more democratic and representative decision-making process. By promoting transparency and inclusivity, the IGF can effectively address the diverse needs and concerns of various stakeholders.

To support its expanding tasks, the IGF Secretariat requires stronger funding.

As the role of the Secretariat has grown in complexity and importance, adequate financial resources are necessary to ensure its effective functioning. Adequate funding will enable the Secretariat to fulfil its responsibilities and facilitate the smooth operation of the IGF.

Ambition is vital for the ongoing development and evolution of the IGF.

By setting ambitious goals, the IGF can continue to adapt to the fast-paced changes in the digital landscape and effectively address emerging challenges. Maintaining a human-centric approach and upholding the multi-stakeholder model are crucial in ensuring that internet governance prioritises the needs and interests of all stakeholders.

Raising the profile of the IGF and setting the agenda for new participation is an essential step in strengthening its impact and relevance.

By increasing awareness of the forum and actively inviting new participants, the IGF can create a more inclusive and representative platform. Setting the agenda allows the IGF to focus on key issues, foster meaningful discussions, and contribute to shaping the future of the internet.

In conclusion, cross-sector participation, diverse representation, and a clear value proposition are crucial in the Internet Governance Forum.

The IGF plays a vital role in setting the framework for the internet we want, closing the internet access gap, emphasising transparency and inclusivity, securing adequate funding, fostering ambition, and maintaining a human-centric approach. By raising its profile and setting the agenda, the IGF can continue to be an influential platform for shaping the future of the internet.

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The Internet has experienced significant global growth over the past 20 years, becoming more resilient and faster than ever before. It has played a crucial role in economic, social, and cultural development, becoming essential for various aspects of life. Alongside this growth, multistakeholder participation in Internet governance has also expanded, giving more voices and perspectives a seat at the table.

The Internet governance community has shown remarkable growth and diversity, both nationally and regionally.

This diversity has led to a wide range of ideas and approaches being brought to the table, enhancing the decision-making process. Hosting the first Elusófono Internet Governance Forum in Brazil is an example of this diversity being celebrated and nurtured.

However, despite its growth and positive impacts, the Internet also faces a range of challenges.

These include economic concentration, where a few dominant players have significant control over the online landscape. Misinformation and cyber-attacks on democracy pose risks to the integrity of information and democratic processes. Hate speech is also a concern, as it can worsen social divisions and breed intolerance.

Additionally, the environmental impacts of the Internet and the risks associated with artificial intelligence need to be addressed.

The multistakeholder model, while valuable, presents its own challenges due to its diversity. It can be complicated to navigate and reach consensus among the participants with different backgrounds, perspectives, and interests.

There are concerns about potential fragmentation in the Internet governance debate, with the creation of competing governance spaces, which could hinder effective decision-making and coordination.

The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is seen as the definitive platform for discussions and decision-making related to Internet governance.

Through this forum, insights from various global stakeholders can be generated, leading to more informed and inclusive policy-making processes. The IGF’s role in generating these insights is widely supported, emphasizing its importance in the governance of the Internet.

Addressing the challenges faced by the Internet requires deeper discussions and the development of effective solutions.

The Cybersecurity and Internet Governance Initiative (CGI) has taken steps to advance dialogues and consultations with stakeholders throughout the ecosystem, promoting collaboration and collective problem-solving.

Furthermore, there is a strong call for increased diversity in decision-making spaces. It is not enough to have diverse participation; decision-making bodies should also reflect this diversity.

The appointment of Renata Mielli as the first female coordinator of the Internet Theory Committee in Brazil since its creation in 1995 showcases the importance of representation and inclusion in leadership positions.

It is necessary to consider the future and the type of world we want to build.

This involves pondering the implications of Internet governance, its role in shaping society, and the impacts it will have on the lives of future generations.

In conclusion, the Internet’s growth and expansion over the past two decades have had a significant impact on economic, social, and cultural development.

While the Internet governance community has become more diverse and inclusive, challenges remain, such as economic concentration, misinformation, and cyber threats. The multistakeholder model presents challenges due to its diversity, raising concerns about potential fragmentation in the governance debate. The Internet Governance Forum is seen as the key platform for discussions and decision-making, generating insights from global stakeholders.

To address the challenges, deeper discussions and solutions are needed while ensuring that decision-making spaces are diverse and inclusive. Considering the future and fostering collaboration are crucial for building a better world. An event proposed in Brazil in 2024 aims to foster multistakeholder consensus on these important themes.

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The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is a crucial platform for convening various stakeholders to discuss public policy issues related to internet governance. It was born after the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) envisioned a people-centred information society. The IGF involves stakeholders such as telecommunications and tech companies, governments, and development banks, and has led to the global implementation of projects originating from its discussions.

While the IGF has made significant progress, there are areas that require attention.

One such area is the lack of awareness about the achievements of the IGF, leading to the belief that new initiatives should be created. Effective marketing and sharing of the IGF’s outputs and success stories are needed, as well as expanding the IGF community to include non-participants.

Multistakeholderism, a crucial concept derived from WSIS, is an integral part of global digital discussions.

However, it is not perfect and has room for improvement. The United Nations Secretary General has called for collaboration among multiple stakeholders to prepare for the future summit.

Crucially, the IGF does not set technical standards, cybersecurity norms, or policies for responsible and trustworthy AI.

Its main role is to convene all relevant stakeholders to ensure proper implementation and accountability. The IGF aims to evaluate the progress made in achieving the vision set 20 years ago, identify areas requiring further action, and ensure inclusivity.

The persistently unchanging gender divide in internet usage is a pressing issue that needs to be integrated into all IGF discussions to promote gender equality.

Additionally, the IGF has evolved to include discussions on digital governance, expanding beyond the scope of internet governance.

Overall, the IGF provides a vital platform for stakeholders to discuss public policy issues related to internet governance. While acknowledging its achievements, it is essential to address the gaps and challenges, including raising awareness, improving multistakeholderism, addressing the gender divide, and publicizing its outputs.

By addressing these issues, the IGF can continue to play a significant role in shaping the future of internet governance.

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The analysis consists of multiple arguments and stances presented by different speakers, all discussing topics related to sustainable digitisation and environmental protection. One recurring theme throughout the analysis is the importance of international cooperation for sustainable digitisation. Hanna Bause, representing the Dutch Initiative for Sustainable Digitisation, emphasises the need for global cooperation in this regard.

The argument made here is that without international collaboration, achieving sustainable digitisation becomes more challenging.

Another significant point raised in the analysis is the lack of developing standards for sustainability in the global digital system. One speaker questions the present status of these standards and argues that there should be more focus on developing them.

The supporting facts for this argument are not explicitly mentioned, but the speaker’s stance suggests that there is a gap in the development of sustainability standards in the digital system.

Standards, however, are not entirely overlooked. Another argument presented is that standards for sustainable infrastructure and the integration of microgrids into larger grids are being developed.

These standards aim to create more sustainable infrastructure overall. The argument made here is that standards, when developed for global use, can lead to regulation.

The importance of adopting sustainable standards for accelerating the transition towards sustainable digitisation is another key point in the analysis.

The argument presented is that by embracing sustainable standards, the shift towards sustainable digitisation can be expedited. However, no supporting facts are provided for this particular argument.

The need for a standard to measure the carbon footprint of small organisations is also highlighted.

The analysis points out that while over 90% of enterprises globally are small or medium-sized, contributing more than 50% of global GDP, there are currently no frameworks for these organisations to participate in the carbon economy. The argument made is that a standard to measure their carbon footprint is necessary.

In addition to the above, the analysis touches on the potential collaboration between organisations working on AI and environmental protection.

One speaker expresses an interest in seeing cooperation between Axel’s organisation, which utilises AI for environmental protection, and the AI research centre in Congo, Brazzaville, which aims to mitigate the effects of climate change. The argument suggested is that collaboration between these entities can lead to the effective implementation of AI and emerging technologies to address climate change.

The connection between internet governance and environmental policymaking is another topic of discussion.

Chris, one of the speakers, suggests that the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and other internet governance structures should connect more with environmental policymaking. The argument made is that a stronger connection between these domains can lead to better environmental policies for the digital sector.

Sustainable living and education on sustainability are also addressed in the analysis.

Limited sustainable living options in cities are noted, suggesting the need for more sustainable alternatives in urban contexts. Additionally, the importance of education on sustainability is emphasised. One speaker highlights the United Nations Staff Systems College, where they attended training on the sustainability of lifestyles.

The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that international cooperation is vital for sustainable digitisation.

Developing standards and regulations for sustainability in the global digital system is necessary, and the adoption of sustainable standards can accelerate the transition towards sustainable digitisation. The analysis also highlights the need for standards to measure the carbon footprint of small organisations and the potential for collaboration between AI organisations and research centres.

Additionally, the connection between internet governance and environmental policymaking is emphasised, as well as the importance of sustainable technology and standardisation. The analysis concludes by suggesting the need for collective data collection and sharing, as well as the proposal for a platform for information sharing.

Finally, the role of industry players in internet governance and the significance of guidelines for appropriate actions are highlighted, along with the necessity for more sustainable living options and education on sustainability.

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The discussion raised important points surrounding the relationship between sustainability communities and digital communities. A key observation was the divide that exists between these two groups, with sustainability communities focusing on environmental issues and climate action, while digital communities prioritize technological advancements and digital systems.

The discussion highlighted the need for increased collaboration and understanding between these communities to effectively address sustainability challenges. Cross-sector and cross-industry efforts were identified as crucial for shaping the digital sustainability agenda, with initiatives like the Coalition for Digital Environmental Sustainability (CODES) bringing together environmental agencies to discuss digital issues.

Collaboration between organizations such as GIZ, the World Bank, and ITU in developing standards for green data centers demonstrated the importance of joint efforts in driving sustainable practices. The need for specific guidelines and binding regulations in the industry was emphasized, and the initiative on standards for green data centers, developed in partnership with the World Bank and ITU, was seen as a positive step forward.

It was also highlighted that greening the digital industry should go beyond individual components to encompass the entire value chain, considering sustainability throughout the lifecycle of digital products and services. Leveraging digital technologies to support economic transformations towards a carbon-free economy was viewed as a positive development, with examples such as GIZ’s Fair Forward initiative promoting AI applications in climate change adaptation.

The discussion underlined the importance of bringing communities closer together through forums and intensifying discussions to foster collaboration and mutual understanding. Defining standards, clarifying responsibilities, and monitoring the implementation of sustainable practices, with the involvement of various stakeholders, particularly consumers, were seen as essential.

The urgency of taking action for climate protection was consistently emphasized, with a call for immediate action and the realization that climate protection should not be treated as a luxury. Collaboration and partnership were identified as crucial in advancing AI applications for climate change adaptation, with Axel Klahake expressing openness to collaboration and highlighting the potential for exchanging experiences and results in driving further initiatives.

The discussion also stressed the need for simplified and clearer communication for decision-makers, as the complexity of sustainability and digital policy issues makes it difficult for them to make informed decisions. Recognizing major trends and their implications, such as changing data center locations and providing internet access to the global population, were highlighted as pivotal for advancing digital sustainability.

In conclusion, the discussion highlighted the importance of collaboration, concrete standards and regulations, and greening the entire value chain in promoting digital sustainability. Leveraging digital technologies for a carbon-free economy, bringing communities closer together, and clearly defining responsibilities and standards were deemed crucial.

Urgent action for climate protection, collaboration and partnership, simplified communication for decision-makers, and a focus on understanding major trends were seen as vital in advancing digital sustainability.

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The analysis highlights the urgent need for stronger dialogue between experts in the digital and environmental fields in order to effectively address the complex impact of digitalisation on the environment. It emphasises that digital policies that are not environmentally sustainable will not be sustainable in any terms.

It is crucial to maximise the contribution of digitalisation to mitigating environmental harm and reducing the environmental footprint of the digital sector.

One key aspect that is highlighted is the development of a circular digital economy. This approach would require fewer scarce resources, less energy consumption, and the extension of the life of digital devices, while also promoting recycling and reuse.

All stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and citizens, have responsibilities in transitioning to a circular digital economy.

The analysis also stresses the importance of considering environmental factors in the development of standards and design. Standard-setting bodies and businesses should integrate these factors in order to reduce the use of energy and scarce resources.

Additionally, there is a need for transparent and genuine reporting of businesses’ environmental impacts, with an emphasis on avoiding greenwashing and conducting independent evaluation and analysis.

Furthermore, consistent standards of measurement for the digital environmental interface are necessary to better understand the exact impact of technology on the environment.

Inconsistent measurement standards limit the comprehension of environmental impacts from the digital society.

Policies in the digital sector and environmental context should not only consider ideal circumstances but also real circumstances, which are often far from ideal. Discourse and decision-making should take into account the challenges and constraints faced in practical situations, in order to develop effective and realistic policies.

Government structures of regulation and incentives for environmental responsibility are critical.

It is vital for governments to establish strong regulatory frameworks and provide incentives to drive environmental responsibility. Similarly, businesses need to develop and promote environmentally friendly products and services, aligning with the principles of sustainability.

Citizens need access to information that enables them to make environmentally responsible choices.

It is important for individuals to be aware of the environmental impact of their actions and consumption patterns. Environmental education and awareness are key to fostering behavioral change and promoting sustainable practices.

Notably, there is a need for an ethos of environmental responsibility across the digital sector.

All actors and stakeholders in the digital industry should embrace sustainability as a core value and integrate it into their operations and decision-making processes.

In conclusion, the analysis underscores the critical importance of bridging the gap between the digital and environmental sectors.

Collaboration, dialogue, and a holistic approach are necessary to effectively address the complex environmental challenges posed by digitalisation. Transitioning towards a circular digital economy, integrating environmental factors into standards and design, fostering transparency and accountability, advocating for strong regulatory frameworks and incentives, and promoting citizen awareness and education are essential for achieving a sustainable and environmentally responsible digital future.

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The analysis of the given statements highlights several key points and perspectives on various topics. Firstly, it is revealed that Timor-Leste faces limitations in its internet infrastructure and usage. The average download speed is low, ranging from 4 to 4.5 MB per second, and access to high-speed internet is limited in rural areas.

Furthermore, only 49.6% of the population uses the internet, primarily for work and social media purposes. This situation indicates a significant gap in internet accessibility and connectivity in the country.

Climate change is identified as a pressing challenge for Timor-Leste.

The country has been affected by global climate events such as the El Niño crisis in 2015 and the occurrence of the La Niña event in 2020. These events demonstrate the vulnerability of Timor-Leste to the impact of climate change and the need for effective strategies and actions to mitigate its effects.

In terms of investments in technology for climate change adaptation and resilience, it is observed that these projects tend to be expensive and highly technical, often requiring fly-in-fly-out technicians.

Unfortunately, these investments do not always drive growth or long-term development. This finding suggests that there may be a lack of consideration for sustainable and inclusive approaches in climate change adaptation initiatives in Timor-Leste.

On a positive note, the private sector is highlighted as having the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation.

By collaborating with grassroots organizations and implementing sustainable technology solutions, the private sector can play an effective role in addressing climate change challenges. For instance, Simili, a company mentioned in one statement, is involved in initiatives such as creating alert systems for local communities to manage water resources and practice better environmental practices.

This example exemplifies how collaboration and the implementation of sustainable technology solutions can yield positive outcomes in addressing climate change.

The importance of collaboration and inclusion of diverse voices in internet governance and the sustainable digital society is emphasized.

Dulce Soares, who has been working on the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) for over a decade, advocates for integrating more voices from different sectors. This approach encourages a broader and more inclusive perspective in decision-making processes related to internet governance and sustainability.

The structuralist business model in our digital society is criticized for its negative environmental impact.

Without substantial changes to this model, it will be difficult to balance the beneficial use of digital technology with its environmental consequences. This observation highlights the need for a more sustainable and responsible approach to digitalization and technological advancement.

From a developing country perspective, there is a focus on learning from best practices in digitalization.

By integrating technology with existing best practices, it becomes possible to harness the benefits of digitalization and drive positive change, particularly in areas such as education and capacity building. Additionally, it is argued that promoting user understanding of technology before its deployment is crucial.

This approach ensures that individuals can fully comprehend and effectively utilize technological solutions.

Finally, the importance of creating a more inclusive environment among sustainability actors is recognized. Encouraging collaborations between businesses, private sectors, government, and international agencies can foster more effective and holistic approaches to sustainable development.

Such collaborations can leverage the strengths and resources of different sectors to address sustainability challenges more comprehensively.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the limitations in internet infrastructure and usage in Timor-Leste, as well as the significant challenges posed by climate change.

It underscores the need for investment in sustainable and inclusive technology solutions, collaboration among different sectors, and the promotion of user understanding. These findings provide valuable insights into various aspects of internet governance, environmental sustainability, and technological advancement, and underscore the importance of addressing these issues collectively to foster a more inclusive and sustainable society.

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During the discussion, speakers addressed the intersection of digital technology, the environment, and society. They emphasised the importance of integrating respect for cosmovision into technology development. They mentioned that technology produced for or by white men, known as Okama Sway, should be approached with caution, while technology produced by the air, known as Kama Sway, should be considered.

This perspective seeks to acknowledge and incorporate diverse cultural and environmental knowledge in the digital world.

The speakers also highlighted the feminist movement’s emphasis on care for people, collective wellbeing, and the planet when using technology. They argued that digital technology should not only benefit individuals but also contribute to the greater good of society.

The social solidarity economic movement stressed responsible consumption and balance in technology usage, advocating for a more sustainable and equitable approach.

Regarding the relationship between digital technology and the environment, the speakers asserted that harm to the environment should be minimized.

They emphasized the need for responsible consumption and production in digital technologies to align with the goal of sustainable development. They also called for digital technologies to support community organization and citizen participation, encouraging technology to be a tool for collective action and social progress.

The speakers further emphasized the importance of connecting with other social movements, particularly environmental movements.

They argued that collaboration and joint proposals are crucial to addressing the complex challenges our world faces. They highlighted the potential for digital technology to support and strengthen environmental movements, underscoring the need for interaction between digital rights movements and environmental movements.

The speakers also emphasized the need for increased integration, understanding, and dissemination of information about the impact of the digital society on the environment.

They stressed that all relevant stakeholders, including different generations and movements, should be included in these discussions to ensure a holistic approach to addressing the challenges. The speakers also suggested establishing a common platform to enhance understanding and raise awareness about the issues at hand.

Finally, speakers advocated for a shift in practices within the digital society to achieve a balance between utility and destruction.

They argued for less connectivity for those who are already well-connected and more connectivity for those who are not connected, thereby reducing inequalities and promoting a fairer digital society.

In conclusion, the discussion highlighted the need for a sustainable approach to digital technology, one that integrates respect for various perspectives, prioritizes care for people and the planet, and promotes social solidarity.

The integration of environmental and social movements, collaboration between stakeholders, and the dissemination of information were identified as key strategies for achieving these goals. Furthermore, a balanced approach to connectivity and responsible consumption and production in the digital space were proposed as crucial elements in creating a sustainable and equitable digital society.

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The use of digital technology has both positive and negative impacts on the environment, making it essential to incorporate it into national digital policies. According to studies, digital technology contributes between 1 to 5 percent to greenhouse gas emissions and consumes 5 to 10 percent of energy.

However, there is potential for digital technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2030.

Regulatory changes are necessary in the ICT sector to consider the environmental impact. This change would involve addressing the need for a unified approach that includes the impact on the environment.

No specific supporting facts were provided in this regard.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) supports African countries in integrating climate change issues into their national digital policies. UNECA supports the development of climate information systems and early warning systems in several African countries.

Additionally, UNECA organises annual hackathons for young innovators to develop innovations on climate change adaptation. The positive sentiment towards UNECA’s efforts indicates that these initiatives have been effective in encouraging African countries to incorporate climate change issues into their national digital policies.

Unfortunately, there is a misunderstanding among decision-makers regarding the connection between digital technology and its environmental impact.

No specific supporting facts were provided to justify this argument, but it suggests a need for better education and awareness among decision-makers to bridge this gap in understanding.

To ensure the development of effective national digital strategies, it is crucial to involve all stakeholders from different sectors.

This approach would ensure that the strategies are comprehensive and inclusive of diverse perspectives and expertise.

Digital technology has the potential to mitigate the impacts of climate change through the creation of effective early warning systems, climate information systems, and applications.

Several African countries have already benefited from these systems and applications, demonstrating their effectiveness in addressing climate change challenges.

The need for standardized features in digital technology to mitigate the impact of climate change is emphasized. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is mentioned as a support mechanism for countries in developing their climate change policies.

However, specific standards for digital technology are not provided.

International cooperation is essential in facilitating the development of standards for digital technology. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) provides a partnership for ICT to support this collaboration. Private sector involvement is also considered crucial in driving the development of these standards.

The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) is recognized as a suitable platform for discussions on standards for the integration of digital technology and climate change.

The positive sentiment suggests that the IGF is gaining traction and credibility as a forum for these discussions.

In conclusion, despite the positive impact digital technology can have on mitigating climate change challenges, a comprehensive and inclusive approach is required to ensure that digital policies at the national level consider the environmental impact.

This would entail regulatory changes, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of standardized features. The involvement of international cooperation, the private sector, and platforms like the IGF can further support the development of effective strategies.

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The analysis explores arguments and stances regarding the importance of standards and sustainability. One key argument states that standards developed for global use are not limited to any jurisdiction. This highlights the need for uniform international standards. Regarding sustainability, it is noted that many standards are created specifically to promote sustainable infrastructure, considering environmental and social responsibility.

Another argument emphasizes the need for adopting standards to measure the carbon footprint of small organizations.

With over 90% of enterprises globally being small or medium-sized and contributing significantly to the global GDP, measuring and reducing their carbon footprint is crucial for sustainability.

The European product tagging initiative is highlighted as an important argument. This initiative will have a global impact and enable individuals and organizations to make informed choices by “voting with their wallets.” Implementing product tagging allows consumers to support sustainable practices and responsible consumption and production.

The analysis also underscores the importance of policymakers having up-to-date information for evidence-based decisions.

Technological advancements and industry growth often outpace policy and regulation development. Policymakers need to stay informed to ensure relevant and effective policies.

Additionally, rapid technological development, especially in the nuclear industry, requires policymakers to reassess and update strategies.

Small modular reactors hold potential for clean energy in remote communities, and regulations must keep up with these advancements.

Collaboration and cooperation across jurisdictions, sectors, and civil society are vital for achieving a sustainable biosphere. The analysis emphasizes the need for multidimensional collaboration, as discussed during a sustainability panel.

Tackling complex issues requires partnerships and collective efforts.

Accountability frameworks are also highlighted as necessary. Certain large companies lack adequate accountability frameworks, suggesting the need for guidelines and mechanisms for responsible practices.

The analysis also stresses the importance of measuring impact, being accountable, and revising decisions.

Ongoing evaluation and improvement are needed to achieve sustainability goals.

Addressing sustainability is a complex problem amid competing interests and urgent issues. Balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations and finding solutions pose challenges.

Lastly, inclusivity is emphasized in relation to sustainability.

It is argued that sustainability should be integrated into every project, ensuring no individual or group is left behind.

In conclusion, the analysis presents various arguments and stances on the significance of standards and sustainability. It highlights the need for globally applicable standards, sustainable infrastructure, and measuring carbon footprint.

It emphasizes the European product tagging initiative, up-to-date decision-making information, and adaptive policies. Collaboration, accountability, impact measurement, and inclusivity are crucial for achieving sustainability. The analysis recognizes the complexities involved and the importance of comprehensive and inclusive approaches to attain sustainability.

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During the discussion, the speakers focused on the complex relationship between the digital society and the environment. One of the key points raised was the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was noted that due to lockdowns and economic shutdowns, there was a significant drop in CO2 emissions, which was seen as a positive outcome.

However, there was also a surge in internet usage mainly driven by remote work, online shopping, and other digital activities. This raised concerns about the carbon emissions from increased internet usage.

Several speakers highlighted the potential of digital transformation and technology in addressing climate change.

It was acknowledged that digital technologies have the potential to mitigate environmental damage by streamlining operations and improving efficiency. Furthermore, it was suggested that digital innovation and technology standards could play a crucial role in developing climate change solutions.

The importance of standards in the technical side was emphasised by one of the speakers.

They highlighted the role of organisations such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) in setting technology standards and promoting ethical practices, particularly in relation to artificial intelligence (AI) and environmental impact. The need for achieving sustainability goals was also stressed, with speakers discussing the importance of addressing global warming, achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions, and adopting a circular economy approach.

The digital divide and limited internet access in certain regions, such as Timor-Leste, were identified as significant challenges.

It was noted that in Timor-Leste, internet speeds were very low and broadband access in rural areas was limited. This highlighted the need for addressing the digital divide and improving internet infrastructure to ensure equitable access to digital technologies.

The role of the private sector in environmental sustainability was discussed, with examples given of collaborations between the private sector and grassroots organisations.

These collaborations focused on validating environmental conservation efforts and developing systems to better manage resources and the environment. It was acknowledged that the private sector can play a crucial role in driving sustainable practices and supporting environmental initiatives.

The importance of knowledge sharing and collaboration among different sectors and movements was emphasised.

Speakers highlighted the need for inclusive participation and the involvement of communities, particularly those affected by digital technologies and environmental issues. The importance of sharing successes, failures, and solutions for collective learning was emphasised.

The discussions also raised concerns about the negative impacts of digital technologies.

It was noted that indigenous women expressed concerns about the waste produced by digital devices installed in their territories and the potential for surveillance and monitoring of their activities. The need to consider data ownership and the rights of indigenous communities was highlighted.

The discussions also touched on the need for accountability, regulations, and policies that consider the environmental impact of digital technologies.

It was noted that current regulations and policies do not adequately address the relation between ICT services and the environment. The importance of information accessibility for policymakers was highlighted, as well as the need for communicating the latest information to policymakers to make informed decisions.

In conclusion, the speakers emphasised the need for a holistic approach to address the challenges posed by the digital society and the environment.

This requires collaboration among different stakeholders, including governments, the private sector, grassroots organisations, and communities. The importance of setting standards, policy-making, knowledge sharing, and inclusivity were key themes throughout the discussions. It was acknowledged that while digital technologies have the potential to drive positive change, their environmental impact needs to be carefully managed to ensure a sustainable and equitable future.

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The analysis examines a series of speeches discussing the issue of internet shutdowns and their implications. The speakers express grave concern over the seriousness of internet shutdowns and advocate for the imposition of sanctions on those responsible. They argue that internet shutdowns violate humanity and have far-reaching consequences on safety, health infrastructure, and access to information.

One speaker emphasises the need for better early crisis warnings and suggests integrating internet shutdown indicators into forecasting procedures for crisis surveillance.

By recognising internet shutdowns as crisis indicators, governments and relevant authorities can respond more effectively to impending crises.

The importance of private sector governance in protecting the internet against political pressures is highlighted. The International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which operates as a private corporation with multi-stakeholder representation, is praised for its ability to resist pressures to remove domain names or participate in political sanctions.

This private sector governance is valued as a key characteristic in safeguarding the internet against subordination to military and political ends.

The analysis raises concerns about internet access and digital transformation in conflict areas. It highlights the negative impact of the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan, where the digital transformation project funded by the World Bank was halted.

Furthermore, the potential problem of the military owning internet service providers is mentioned, as it raises concerns about impartiality and the potential for censorship.

The role of social media networks and platforms in crisis management is discussed, with a call for better coordination with stakeholders and civil society.

It is observed that people are more likely to rely on social media apps for reporting incidents or following news rather than traditional websites.

One speaker emphasises the need for clarity on how international humanitarian law should be applied in digital warfare situations where physical force is not involved.

The use of cyberspace, spyware, and internet shutdowns in warfare creates challenges in interpreting and applying the rules of distinction, targeting, proportionality, and humanity.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the gravity of the issue of internet shutdowns and advocates for sanctions as a means to address the problem.

It calls for better early crisis warnings, the integration of internet shutdown indicators, and recognises the importance of private sector governance in protecting the internet. The challenges surrounding internet access and digital transformation in conflict areas, the potential concerns with military-owned internet service providers, and the pivotal role of social media networks in crisis management are also discussed.

Finally, there is a need to clarify the application of international humanitarian law in the context of non-kinetic warfare involving cyberspace, spyware, and internet shutdowns.

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The functionality of the internet on a global scale is attributed to the adoption of common technical standards, which guarantee interoperability. These standards are developed by engineers around the world who contribute their expertise to ensure the quality and efficient operation of the internet.

The internet’s infrastructure relies on a system of routing and domain name system (DNS), which everyone voluntarily adopts. This system enables the internet to work uniformly across different regions.

Another crucial component that supports the functioning of the internet is the root server system.

This system ensures that all DNS queries work smoothly, allowing users to access websites and online services. Even during times of conflict, if regional root servers are taken down, it does not significantly impact internet users. This resilience is a testament to the robustness of the root server system and its ability to maintain the internet’s accessibility.

The governance model of the technical layer of the internet plays a pivotal role in keeping the internet online for everyone, even when individual systems go offline.

This governance model is particularly effective during times of conflict, ensuring that the internet remains operational and accessible to users. It provides a framework for coordination and cooperation among various stakeholders to address challenges and maintain the internet’s functionality.

Building and securing the internet is no longer solely an engineering endeavor.

It requires a collaborative effort involving multiple stakeholders, including civil society, government, academia, and engineering. The internet has become a matter of national security for countries, and the preservation of its public core must be achieved with neutrality. Recognizing the real-world implications, stakeholders from different sectors come together to ensure the security and stability of the internet.

Economies in transition or remote areas prioritize the construction and development of the internet to connect their people and share information with the rest of the world.

Once initial construction is complete, securing the internet becomes a crucial focus to prevent vulnerabilities that may compromise the economy and infrastructure.

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is tasked with ensuring the security, stability, and resilience of a part of the internet through its multi-stakeholder model.

This model has proven effective in maintaining the internet’s functionality during times of conflict, as acknowledged by David Huberman when appreciating Dr. Mueller’s explanation of its efficacy.

In conclusion, the internet’s functionality and continued accessibility are made possible by the adoption of common technical standards, the resilience of the root server system, and the effectiveness of the governance model of the technical layer.

The collaboration of multiple stakeholders and the recognition of the internet’s security implications play a vital role in building and securing the internet globally.

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During armed conflicts, the internet infrastructure often experiences disruptions, which have negative implications. The ICT infrastructure is frequently targeted or taken down, causing significant disruptions in communication and information flow. This poses challenges for civilians, as their ability to receive relief operations and maintain contact with their families is severely affected.

Furthermore, the absence of specific technologies in conflict zones hampers the work of international organizations.

These organizations need to operate on both sides of a conflict to provide critical assistance and support. However, the disruption of technology makes it difficult for them to coordinate and execute relief operations effectively.

One of the underlying issues is the lack of distinction between civilian and military internet use.

The internet architecture was not originally built to differentiate between these two categories. Consequently, during conflicts, civilian infrastructure often becomes disrupted, as it is not protected or prioritised. To address this, there is a need to establish clear guidelines and mechanisms to distinguish and protect civilian infrastructure from military targets.

Addressing this issue, it is recommended that the state takes measures to segment data and communication infrastructure used for military purposes from civilian ones.

This segregation would help protect civilian infrastructure and ensure a more efficient and secure digital environment during conflicts. Additionally, tech companies should also consider implementing segmentation when providing services to military or civilian entities to prevent unintentional disruptions or compromise of civilian infrastructure.

Looking towards the future, it is vital to carefully consider how the digital infrastructure should be structured.

As conflicts continue to evolve and technology advances, it is crucial to establish a robust and resilient digital framework that ensures the smooth operation of critical communication and information systems.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) plays a significant role in conflict management and humanitarian efforts.

They work in more than 100 countries and are devoted to upholding International Humanitarian Law (IHL) during conflicts. This includes the protection of critical civilian infrastructure and refraining from targeting civilian objects.

The ICRC also advocates for the consideration of data protection within IHL.

They aim to convince states to include data protection as an essential aspect of international humanitarian standards. Recognising the importance of data as an object to be protected aligns with the increasing reliance on digital infrastructure during conflicts and the need to safeguard sensitive information.

In conclusion, during armed conflicts, the internet infrastructure is often disrupted, impacting civilian access to vital services and hindering the work of international organizations.

The differentiation between civilian and military internet use, along with the segmentation of data and communication infrastructure, is crucial to protect civilian infrastructure and ensure an efficient and secure digital environment. As conflicts continue to unfold, it is essential to consider the future of digital infrastructure and uphold International Humanitarian Law to safeguard civilian lives and maintain connectivity in conflict zones.

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Global internet governance is facing significant challenges due to conflicts occurring between different groups and nations. These conflicts include the ongoing Ukraine war, terrorist attacks in Israel, and military coups in the Sahel region. The competition between authoritarian and liberal systems further exacerbates these conflicts, along with the global north-south divide concerning justice issues.

Regine Grienberger highlights the negative impact of these conflicts on global internet governance.

This sentiment is supported by the fact that these conflicts impede the stability and functionality of the internet. In response, Grienberger emphasizes the importance of protecting the global, free, and open internet. Governments often intend to preserve internet freedom, but their actions can inadvertently undermine these efforts.

Additionally, interfering with the architectural characteristics of the internet poses significant dangers.

Regarding potential solutions, it is noted that sanctions should not be the first response against internet shutdowns. Sanctions are viewed as a complex diplomatic instrument and not the primary course of action in addressing this issue.

Instead, it is crucial to integrate internet shutdowns as a crisis indicator in early warning and forecasting procedures. By incorporating this information into crisis management protocols, social upheaval, riots, and civil wars can be prevented.

In the context of the digital divide, it is revealed that nearly 12 percent of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have regressed rather than progressed.

Despite this, collaboration between countries through digital partnerships remains a viable solution. Estonia, for example, actively engages in digital cooperation with almost every country, including initiatives in Afghanistan. This showcases the potential of digital cooperation to address global challenges in an increasingly divided digital landscape.

In conclusion, conflicts between groups and nations pose a significant threat to global internet governance.

The need to protect the free and open nature of the internet is emphasized, alongside urging governments to be mindful of unintentional interference. Furthermore, while sanctions should be approached cautiously, integrating internet shutdowns as crisis indicators and fostering digital cooperation contribute to mitigating the challenges presented by conflicts in the digital realm.

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The analysis examines the role of cyberspace and technology in modern conflicts, focusing on the war in Ukraine. It highlights the negative impact of cyberattacks on Ukraine’s telecommunication infrastructure and their ripple effects on other countries. These attacks disrupted telecommunication services, and they often preceded physical attacks during the war.

The analysis also emphasizes the importance of digital society and secure infrastructure in combating cyberattacks, citing Estonia’s secure digital identity system as an example. It stresses the need for collaboration between the private sector and governments to maintain data and services during conflicts.

The analysis further addresses the increasing targeting of everyday services, like hospitals and schools, by cyberattacks and their detrimental effects on individuals. It highlights the significance of public goods and digital public infrastructure in democratizing and making states more accessible.

Estonia’s collaboration with Finland and Iceland on digital solutions is also discussed, emphasizing the benefits of global collaboration. Overall, the analysis underscores the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures in modern conflicts and advocates for cooperation and innovation to address these challenges effectively.

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Access Now, a renowned digital security organization, receives daily requests for assistance in digital security issues. They prioritize global cybersecurity policy and advocate for the application of human rights law in Internet Governance. Access Now has observed an alarming increase in surveillance-related measures and spyware attacks targeting civil society, posing risks to individuals and communities.

One of Access Now’s key concerns is internet shutdowns.

They strongly oppose decisions that lead to blacklisting the internet in specific regions, seeing it as a dangerous precedent. The organization actively works against internet shutdowns, recognizing the potential dangers they bring.

Access Now emphasizes the importance of reaching global consensus on various aspects of internet governance.

They argue for the protection of cybersecurity incident response teams during times of conflict, asserting that emergency responders should not be targeted. They believe this principle should be extended to similar teams.

Regarding international governance conversations, Access Now supports the idea, advocating for stricter standards against cyber destructive activity.

They express concern about separating and creating different internet standards, preferring a reduction in conflict over a permissive approach. They emphasize the need for preventive measures to address cyber conflict and establish stronger international governance norms.

Access Now highlights the universal unacceptability of internet shutdowns, noting that they are often used to hide impunity, violence, and targeting.

They call for consequences for states that consistently perpetrate internet shutdowns and urge member states to demonstrate stronger commitment.

Lastly, Access Now advocates for active prevention of internet shutdowns through international media attention and domestic challenges. They believe the UN system, including organizations like the WHO, should play a more active role in addressing and preventing internet shutdowns.

In conclusion, Access Now, as a digital security organization, assists with digital security issues and pushes for global cybersecurity policy.

They emphasize the application of human rights law in Internet Governance and oppose decisions that blacklist the internet. Their goal is to establish stricter standards against cyber destructive activity and prevent internet shutdowns through international governance conversations, media attention, and domestic challenges.