Countries

Internet governance in Canada involves a multifaceted approach that encompasses various policies, regulatory frameworks, and collaborative efforts among governmental bodies, private sector entities, civil society, and international organisations. The governance framework is designed to ensure that the internet remains open, secure, and accessible to all Canadians while fostering innovation and protecting user rights.

Key Institutions and Stakeholders:

Government of Canada: The federal government plays a crucial role in shaping internet governance through departments such as Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). These bodies are responsible for creating policies and regulations that ensure the Internet’s accessibility and security.

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC): The CRTC regulates and supervises broadcasting and telecommunications in Canada. It ensures that Canadian content is available to internet users and that telecommunications services are accessible, competitive, and responsive to user needs.

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED): ISED develops policies related to innovation, science, and technology, including those that affect internet infrastructure and services. It aims to foster a competitive and innovative digital economy.

Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA): CIRA manages the .ca domain and contributes to the development of Canada’s internet infrastructure. It also supports initiatives that enhance the security and stability of the internet in Canada.

Private Sector and Civil Society: Internet service providers (ISPs), tech companies, and civil society organisations (CSOs) are essential stakeholders. They engage in policy dialogues, advocate for user rights, and develop technologies that shape internet governance.

Canada has implemented a comprehensive set of digital strategies to promote innovation, enhance economic growth, and improve the quality of life for its citizens. These strategies encompass various aspects of digital transformation, including digital infrastructure, digital government, digital economy, and digital inclusion.

Canada’s Digital Charter aims to build trust in the digital and data-driven economy by establishing principles that guide digital policy and behaviour. The Charter focuses on ensuring universal access, protecting Canadians from cyber threats, giving individuals control over their data, ensuring transparency in data collection and usage, and promoting open and modern digital government services.

Canada’s Connectivity Strategy seeks to provide high-speed internet access to all Canadians, particularly those in rural and remote areas. This strategy involves significant investment in broadband infrastructure through initiatives like the Universal Broadband Fund, with the goal of achieving universal high-speed internet coverage by 2030. It also emphasises collaboration with provincial and territorial governments, as well as the private sector, to expand connectivity.

The Digital Government Strategy is designed to modernise the delivery of government services, making them more accessible, user-friendly, and efficient through digital transformation. This strategy includes digitalising government services to improve accessibility and efficiency, developing secure digital identity solutions for citizens, and promoting transparency and accountability by making government data and processes open and accessible.

The Innovation and Skills Plan aims to drive economic growth through innovation by supporting businesses and preparing the workforce for the digital economy. Key focus areas of this plan include establishing innovation superclusters to drive collaboration between industry, academia, and government, investing in digital literacy and skills training programs to prepare Canadians for jobs in the digital economy, and providing funding and resources to support the growth of innovative startups and small businesses.

The Data Strategy Roadmap for the Federal Public Service seeks to improve data governance and management within the federal public service, enhancing data-driven decision-making. This involves establishing clear roles and responsibilities for data stewardship across government departments, promoting the sharing of data between departments and with external partners while ensuring privacy and security, and developing the skills and capabilities of public servants to effectively use and manage data.

The Canadian government has implemented several strategies, policies, and initiatives to address these challenges, with a strong emphasis on collaboration and innovation.

Key Policies and Strategies

National Cyber Security Strategy (2018)

The National Cyber Security Strategy outlines Canada’s plan to enhance cybersecurity across the nation. The strategy focuses on three main pillars:

• Security and Resilience: Enhancing the cybersecurity of government systems, critical infrastructure, and the broader economy.
• Cyber Innovation: Encouraging the development of advanced cybersecurity technologies and fostering a skilled workforce.
• Leadership and Collaboration: Promoting national and international partnerships to address cyber threats collectively.

National Cyber Security Action Plan (2019-2024)

This action plan supports the National Cyber Security Strategy by detailing specific initiatives and investments. Key areas include:

• Enhancing the capabilities of the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security.
• Supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in improving their cybersecurity posture.
• Investing in cybersecurity research and development.

The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security

The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre) is a central authority for cybersecurity within the federal government. It provides advice, guidance, and services to protect Canada’s critical infrastructure and networks. Key functions include:

• Monitoring cyber threats and coordinating responses.
• Providing cybersecurity advice and guidance to government departments and private sector organizations.
• Raising public awareness about cybersecurity threats and best practices.

Critical Infrastructure Protection

Canada’s critical infrastructure, including energy, finance, healthcare, and telecommunications sectors, is a primary focus of cybersecurity efforts. The government collaborates with industry partners to enhance the resilience of these sectors against cyber attacks. Initiatives include:

• Public Safety Canada’s Critical Infrastructure Resilience Strategy: This strategy emphasizes the importance of public-private partnerships and information sharing to protect critical infrastructure.
• Cybersecurity Information Sharing (CIS): A program that facilitates the exchange of cyber threat information between government and private sector entities.

Legislation and Regulations

Several laws and regulations underpin Canada’s cybersecurity framework, ensuring that organizations adhere to high standards of security and privacy. Notable examples include:

• Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA): Governs how private sector organizations collect, use, and disclose personal information.
• Communications Security Establishment Act: Empowers the Communications Security Establishment (CSE) to monitor and respond to cyber threats against federal systems.
• Digital Privacy Act (2015): Amends PIPEDA to include mandatory breach notification requirements.

Cybersecurity Awareness and Education

Raising awareness and educating the public and businesses about cybersecurity is a critical component of Canada’s strategy. Initiatives include:

• Get Cyber Safe: A national public awareness campaign that provides resources and tips to help Canadians protect themselves online.
• Cyber Security Awareness Month: An annual event in October that promotes cybersecurity awareness and education through various activities and programs.

International Collaboration

Canada recognizes that cybersecurity is a global issue requiring international cooperation. The country actively participates in international forums and collaborates with allies to address cyber threats. Key partnerships include:

• Five Eyes Alliance: A collaborative effort between Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand to share intelligence and coordinate responses to cyber threats.
• NATO Cyber Defence: Canada contributes to NATO’s efforts to enhance cybersecurity across member states.

Canada is recognized as one of a global leaders in artificial intelligence (AI), boasting a vibrant ecosystem of academic institutions, research centres, startups, and government initiatives. The country’s approach to AI emphasizes ethical considerations, innovation, and collaboration between public and private sectors. Key hubs such as Toronto, Montreal, and Edmonton have become focal points for AI research and development, driving the growth of this transformative technology.

Academic and Research Institutions

Canada is home to some of the world’s leading AI research institutions, which contribute significantly to advancements in AI technology.

• Vector Institute (Toronto): Focuses on cutting-edge AI research, particularly in deep learning. It collaborates with industry partners to translate research into practical applications.
• Mila – Quebec AI Institute (Montreal): Led by renowned AI researcher Yoshua Bengio, Mila is a hub for AI research and development, specializing in deep learning and reinforcement learning.
• Amii – Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Edmonton): Known for its expertise in machine learning and AI, Amii collaborates with businesses to integrate AI into their operations.

2. Government Initiatives

The Canadian government has implemented several initiatives to support the growth and development of AI:

• Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2017): A $125 million investment to support AI research and talent development across the country. This strategy aims to position Canada as a world leader in AI.
• Innovation Superclusters Initiative: This initiative includes the SCALE.AI supercluster, focused on applying AI to improve supply chain efficiency. It brings together industry, academia, and government to drive innovation.

3. Startups and Industry

Canada’s AI landscape features a thriving startup ecosystem and active participation from established industries:

• AI Startups: Canada is home to numerous AI startups that are developing innovative solutions across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and transportation. Companies like Element AI (recently acquired by ServiceNow), BlueDot, and Ada are notable examples.
• Industry Adoption: Major Canadian companies, including financial institutions and telecommunications firms, are increasingly integrating AI into their operations to enhance efficiency, customer experience, and decision-making processes.

Ethical AI and Regulation

Canada places a strong emphasis on the ethical development and use of AI:

• Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI (2018): A set of ethical guidelines developed to ensure that AI technologies are aligned with societal values and human rights.
• Directive on Automated Decision-Making (2020): A federal government policy that ensures transparency, accountability, and fairness in the use of AI for automated decision-making processes in public services.

International Collaboration

Canada actively engages in international collaborations to advance AI research and address global challenges:

• Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI): An international initiative that promotes collaboration on AI projects that respect human rights and democratic values. Canada is one of the founding members.
• AI4Good: Canada participates in global initiatives that leverage AI for social good, addressing issues such as healthcare, climate change, and sustainable development.

Serbia participates in the Berlin process for the Western Balkans, highlighting digital connectivity as one of the areas of cooperation under the ‘connectivity agenda.’ One key initiative from the perspective of IG within the Berlin process is the establishment of the EU’s Digital Agenda for the Western Balkans, focused on promoting digital connectivity and infrastructure development in the region, including expanding broadband access, improving digital literacy, and supporting digital entrepreneurship and innovation. In addition, the initiative has supported the establishment of a regional cybersecurity platform to enhance cooperation on cybersecurity issues and promote the development of cyber resilience in the WB. Other digital aspects of the Berlin Process include support for developing e-government and digital public services, and efforts to promote digital skills development and training.

Serbian stakeholders are active participants in various internet governance forums and initiatives at the regional and global levels. Serbian stakeholders participate in the annual South Eastern European Dialogue on Internet Governance (SEE+) and Dialogue on Internet Governance (EuroDIG) events, which bring together stakeholders from the region to discuss digital policy-related issues and challenges. At the global level, Serbia is a member of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).

Serbia also has a national internet governance initiative called Serbian IGF, which was established as a bottom-up, multistakeholder platform for discussing internet-related public policy issues in Serbia.

The first national IGF Serbia was held in May 2022 in Belgrade. However, this is not the first time that a multistakeholder dialogue on IG issues has occurred in Serbia. The first meeting to focus on IG issues took place in 2009 in the form of panel debates. Between 2012 and 2014, an annual event, Serbian Internet Dialogue, was also held.

Serbia has adopted several digital strategies in recent years to guide its digital transformation process.

• Strategy for Development of Information Security 2019-2023 is a strategy that aims to improve the level of information security in Serbia and protect the rights and interests of citizens, businesses, and public administration in the digital environment. The strategy covers five areas: legal framework, institutional framework, capacity development, awareness raising, and international cooperation.
• Digital Skills Development Strategy (2020-2024): contribute to raising the quality of life of all citizens in a modern environment, as well as to greater employment, work efficiency and the overall economic growth of society. Strategic measures are aimed at improving digital competences in the education system, acquiring and developing basic and advanced digital skills for all citizens, raising digital skills in relation to the needs of the labor market and implementing programs intended for ICT experts to monitor development and progress in technology. This strategy has four key strategic objectives
  • Improving digital competencies in the education system.
  • Improving basic and advanced digital skills for all citizens.
  • Developing digital skills in relation to the needs of the labour market.
  • Lifelong learning of ICT professionals.

Serbia has taken several steps to enhance its cybersecurity capabilities and resilience in recent years. Some of these steps are:

• Establishing a National CERT of the Republic of Serbia – Regulatory Authority for Electronic Communications and Postal Services in 2014 as the national authority for responding to cyber incidents and providing technical assistance to public institutions and critical infrastructure operators.
• Adopting a Law on Information Security in 2016 as the legal basis for regulating information security issues in Serbia. The law defines the roles and responsibilities of various actors in the information security system.
• Developing a National Cyber Security Strategy as a strategic document that defines the vision, goals, and priorities for improving cybersecurity in Serbia.
• Serbia has ratified CoE Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention)

Serbia has adopted a Strategy for Development of Artificial Intelligence in Serbia for the Period 2020-2025 in 2020 as the first national strategy on AI in the region. The strategy was developed through a participatory and inclusive process involving various stakeholders from academia, industry, government, civil society, and international organizations. The strategy aims to position Serbia as a regional leader in AI research and development and to use AI as a driver of economic growth, social welfare, and democratic values.

As part of the strategy, Serbia has announced the establishment of the Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research and Development in Serbia which will deal with the research into AI applications in various fields. The aim of the institute’s work is to create future personnel and attract investments in the field of AI.
The Serbian AI Society exemplifies the MSH approach through its incorporation of actors from various sectors, including academia, civil society, computer science, the government, and private industry. The society’s initiatives centre on enhancing capacity, facilitating discussions, conducting research, promoting awareness, and facilitating ecosystem collaboration in the field of AI.

Poland has been actively working on improving internet governance to ensure a safe, secure, and open internet environment. The country’s efforts are aligned with both European Union regulations and global internet governance principles.

Through various agencies such as the Office of Electronic Communications (UKE), the Polish government regulates the internet to ensure compliance with national and EU laws. This includes managing internet service providers, digital broadcasting, and telecommunications.

Following the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Poland has updated its data protection frameworks to ensure robust privacy protections. The Personal Data Protection Office (UODO) enforces these regulations.

In previous years, significant investments have been made to enhance broadband connectivity across urban and rural areas. Poland aims to provide high-speed internet access nationwide as part of the Digital Poland Projects Centre (CPPC) initiative, which focuses on reducing digital divides.

The government is also focusing on improving digital literacy and skills among the population. Initiatives like the Digital School program and various vocational training programs aim to prepare citizens for the demands, opportunities, and challenges of the digital world.

Poland has been improving the provision of digital public services. The ePUAP platform is a central point for accessing public administration services online, streamlining processes like filing taxes, registering residences, and more.

Polish stakeholders are active participants in various internet governance forums and initiatives at the regional and global levels. Polish stakeholders also participate in the Dialogue on Internet Governance (EuroDIG) events, which bring together stakeholders from the region to discuss digital policy-related issues and challenges. At the global level, Poland is also a member of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).

Poland also has a national internet governance initiative called IGF Poland, which was established as a bottom-up, multistakeholder platform for discussing internet-related public policy issues within the country.

Poland is making significant strides toward enhancing its digital landscape through strategic initiatives aimed at fostering economic growth, improving public services, and bolstering digital literacy across the nation. These efforts are part of a broader commitment to leverage digital technologies to modernise various sectors and prepare the population for the demands of a digitally driven future.

A cornerstone of Poland’s digital strategy is the Integrated State Computerisation Programme, managed by the Ministry of Digital Affairs in collaboration with an array of public and private stakeholders. Launched in 2014 and set to continue through 2022, this initiative focuses on modernising public administration and enhancing the efficiency of state operations through innovative digital technologies. The programme’s overarching goal is to streamline the interaction between citizens and public administration, thus making governmental services more accessible and efficient.

Looking ahead, the Digital Competence Development Programme 2020-2030 sets an ambitious agenda to significantly enhance digital skills across various demographic and professional groups. This extensive initiative targets not only general citizens but also government employees, ICT specialists, and workers within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). By doing so, it aims to equip a broad segment of society with the necessary skills to navigate and thrive in a rapidly evolving digital world.

The programme is structured to address the urgent need for increased digital fluency, ensuring that all layers of society are prepared for the technological advancements shaping modern economies. From basic digital literacy to more specialised technical skills, the initiative is a key component of Poland’s strategy to enhance its human capital in the digital age.

One of the foremost priorities in Poland’s digital strategy is the expansion and enhancement of digital infrastructure. This includes significant investments in broadband and mobile internet access, particularly focusing on bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas. The government aims to provide nationwide high-speed internet access, which is seen as crucial for enabling digital services and fostering economic growth. To this end, Poland has adopted ‘5G for Poland Strategy‘. The 5G strategy for Poland focuses on developing fifth-generation wireless communication networks as a high priority for the Polish government, aiming to significantly boost the economy. By 2025, the plan is to provide universal access to the internet with a minimum bandwidth of 100 Mb/s or higher for all Poles. 

In recent years, Poland has emerged as a focal point in the global landscape of cybersecurity. The onset of the Russian-Ukraine war has exacerbated the situation, leading to a significant uptick in cyber-attacks targeting the nation. These attacks are not only prevalent but also span a diverse array of sectors, including healthcare, finance, and government institutions, marking a critical era in Poland’s digital defence strategy.

In response to the growing cyber threats, the Polish government, spearheaded by the Ministry of Digital Affairs, has developed and implemented the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland for 2019-2024. This strategic document underscores the importance of resilience against cyber-attacks and the safeguarding of data across both military and private sectors. The primary objectives of the strategy include bolstering the national cybersecurity framework, enhancing the sharing of information pertaining to cyber threats, and refining the coordination among various law enforcement entities.

On the international stage, Poland is actively engaged in international cybersecurity collaboration, with the NASK Institute playing a pivotal role in both the research and implementation of effective cybersecurity measures. Poland has also ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, commonly known as the Budapest Convention.

Poland has established several critical response units known as Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRT) and Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERT). These include:

• CERT.PL (CERT POLSKA): Operating under the Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK), it focuses on national cybersecurity threats.
• CERT Orange: Initially known as CSIRT Telekomunikacja Polska, this team caters to the cybersecurity needs of telecom service users.
• CERT.GOV.PL: Serving government agencies, this bilingual (Polish and English) team addresses cybersecurity issues pertinent to the government sector.
• Government Center for Security (RCB): This center plays a crucial role in the national security landscape, focusing on cybersecurity among other responsibilities.

In December 2020, Poland unveiled a national AI strategy with goals to transform the education system, foster the growth and innovation of AI companies, bolster national and international AI partnerships, develop a robust data ecosystem, and strengthen digital infrastructure.

Core Areas of Focus:

Society, Education, and Science:

• Educate the population on the benefits and necessities of AI.
• Overhaul the education system to enhance AI and digital literacy.
• Offer AI training programs and IT courses.

Economy and Public Affairs:

• Create a virtual research institute for AI in partnership with corporations, universities, and NGOs.
• Support AI research, development, and innovation across multiple facets.
• Implement AI technologies in the public sector to maximize their potential.

Regulation:

• Set up observatories and professorships to tackle ethical and legal issues in AI.
• Keep track of AI regulations both from European and international bodies.

Infrastructure:

• Develop a data policy that ensures the availability of high-quality data and enhances data sharing.
• Establish virtual data warehouses to facilitate industry data sharing among companies.

Societal Challenges:

• Fund AI projects that align with the objectives of the European Green Deal, which includes transforming energy production, advancing circular manufacturing, and cutting emissions.

The strategy’s overarching goals are to transform the education system, foster the growth and innovation of AI companies, bolster national and international AI partnerships, develop a robust data ecosystem, and strengthen digital infrastructure.

Internet governance in Portugal involves the development and implementation of policies, standards, and practices that regulate the internet infrastructure, digital services, and online activities within the country. This process relies on a multistakeholder approach that includes government bodies, private sector entities, civil society organisations, and academic institutions, all working towards the common goal of ensuring a secure, inclusive, and innovative digital environment.

A key institution in this realm is the National Regulatory Authority (ANACOM). ANACOM is responsible for overseeing electronic communications and postal services in Portugal. It ensures compliance with both national and European Union regulations, promotes competition, and protects consumer rights. ANACOM’s functions include spectrum management, monitoring the quality of service provided by telecom operators, initiating cybersecurity measures, and fostering innovation within the telecommunications sector.

The Ministry of Economy and Digital Transition is also pivotal in shaping and implementing digital policies in Portugal. This ministry spearheads several initiatives aimed at promoting digital transformation across various sectors.

Regulation and legislation also play a vital role in Portugal’s internet governance. The country adheres to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to ensure the protection of personal data. Additionally, the implementation of the Network and Information Systems (NIS) Directive enhances cybersecurity across critical sectors, ensuring that robust measures are in place to protect digital assets and infrastructure.

Portugal actively participates in the IGF, contributing to global discussions and debates on internet governance. This involvement is facilitated through several key institutions and stakeholders:

Representatives from the National Regulatory Authority (ANACOM) have participated in the IGF, bringing expertise in regulation, compliance, and spectrum management. ANACOM’s contributions to the IGF help to inform global discussions on telecommunications regulation, market competition, and consumer protection.

Portuguese government officials, civil society organisations and academic institutions also play an active role in the IGF. These stakeholders bring diverse perspectives on digital inclusion, human rights, and the socio-economic impacts of internet governance, enriching the overall dialogue.

At the national level, the Portuguese Internet Governance Forum Initiative serves as a platform for dialogue. It brings together public and private stakeholders, academia, the internet technical community, and society at large to inform, reflect, and debate internet governance in an open and interactive manner. Portuguese stakeholders are also actively involved in the Lusophone Internet Governance Forum, which brings together Portuguese-speaking stakeholders from around the world. This forum provides an international platform for Portuguese speakers to collaborate, share experiences, and address common challenges in internet governance, strengthening the global dialogue on digital issues.

Action Plan for Digital Transition

One of the significant policy frameworks guiding internet governance in Portugal is the Action Plan for Digital Transition. This plan aims to accelerate the digital transformation of the Portuguese economy and society. It focuses on enhancing digital skills, fostering innovation, and ensuring digital inclusion. The Action Plan encompasses digital education and training programs, support for businesses undergoing digital transformation, development of digital public services, and the enhancement of digital infrastructure, including the deployment of 5G technology. The plan also aims to modernise public services through digitalization. This includes developing user-friendly e-government services, enhancing cybersecurity, and improving the efficiency and accessibility of public administration.

Portugal 2030

Portugal 2030 is another strategic framework that plays a crucial role in shaping the country’s digital future. This framework is designed to guide Portugal’s development with a significant emphasis on digital transformation and internet governance. The goals of Portugal 2030 include improving connectivity, promoting digital literacy, and fostering an innovative digital economy. The framework outlines policy options such as investments in digital infrastructure, support for research and development in digital technologies, and initiatives to enhance digital skills across various sectors.

National Digital Skills Initiative

The National Digital Skills Initiative is another significant strategy aimed at fostering digital literacy and skills across Portugal. Launched in 2017, this initiative addresses the need for digital competencies in an increasingly digital world. It focuses on inclusion, ensuring that all citizens have access to digital tools and the internet, reducing the digital divide. It integrates digital skills and knowledge into the education system, from primary schools to higher education. It provides training and reskilling programs for the workforce to meet the demands of the digital economy. Encouraging advanced digital skills and specialisation in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and data science is also a critical focus. Additionally, it promotes research and development in digital technologies to drive innovation and economic growth. The initiative collaborates with various stakeholders, including government agencies, educational institutions, and private sector partners, to implement its programs effectively.

Digital Innovation Hubs

Digital Innovation Hubs (DIHs) are key components of Portugal’s strategy to support technological innovation and digital transformation. These hubs act as one-stop shops that help companies, particularly SMEs, become more competitive by providing access to technology testing, financing advice, market intelligence, and networking opportunities. DIHs are designed to create a collaborative environment where businesses can experiment with new technologies and find solutions to digital challenges. They bring together academia, industry, and government to foster innovation and knowledge transfer. Notable DIHs in Portugal include the Portugal Digital Innovation Hub and the Manufacturing Technology Centre (MTI). These hubs play a critical role in the digital ecosystem by promoting the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies, such as AI, robotics, and the internet of things (IoT), thereby enhancing the competitiveness of the Portuguese industry on a global scale.

National Cybersecurity Strategy

At the heart of Portugal’s cybersecurity efforts is the National Cybersecurity Strategy. The strategy outlines the country’s comprehensive approach to safeguarding its digital assets and ensuring the resilience of its information systems. It is designed to address a wide range of cybersecurity challenges, from protecting critical information infrastructures to enhancing incident response capabilities.

The strategy is coordinated by the Portuguese National Cybersecurity Centre (CNCS). The CNCS plays a pivotal role in implementing and monitoring the strategy, ensuring that all measures are effectively executed. The centre’s responsibilities include developing national cybersecurity policies, coordinating responses to cyber incidents, and promoting cybersecurity awareness among citizens and organisations.

Portuguese National Cybersecurity Centre (CNCS)

The CNCS is the cornerstone of Portugal’s cybersecurity infrastructure. It operates under the Ministry of the Presidency and Administrative Modernisation and is tasked with enhancing national cybersecurity through a variety of initiatives. These initiatives include the protection of critical infrastructures, incident response coordination, and fostering a culture of cybersecurity.

One of the CNCS’s primary functions is to develop and implement cybersecurity policies that align with both national and European Union standards. This ensures a cohesive and effective approach to cybersecurity across all sectors. The centre also provides guidelines and best practices for organisations to enhance their cybersecurity posture, covering areas such as risk management, data protection, and secure software development.

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection

Portugal’s approach to critical information infrastructures (CIIs) protection involves close collaboration between the public and private sectors. The CNCS works with various stakeholders to identify vulnerabilities, assess risks, and implement security measures to safeguard these vital infrastructures. This collaborative effort ensures that CIIs are protected against a wide range of cyber threats, from sophisticated attacks by state actors to opportunistic attacks by cybercriminals.

Incident Response and Coordination

A robust incident response capability is essential for mitigating the impact of cyber incidents. The CNCS coordinates national efforts to respond to and recover from cyber incidents, providing support and guidance to affected organisations. This includes the establishment of incident response teams, the development of incident response plans, and the provision of training and resources to enhance response capabilities.

Portugal also participates in international efforts to improve incident response and coordination. This includes collaboration with European Union agencies such as the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) and participation in international cybersecurity exercises. These efforts help to strengthen Portugal’s ability to respond to cross-border cyber threats and enhance its overall cybersecurity resilience.

Promoting Cybersecurity Awareness

Raising cybersecurity awareness among citizens and organisations is a critical component of Portugal’s cybersecurity strategy. The CNCS conducts various awareness campaigns, educational programs, and training sessions to promote a culture of cybersecurity.

Educational programs are integrated into the national education system to ensure that students are taught the fundamentals of cybersecurity from a young age. For businesses and professionals, the CNCS offers specialised training and resources to help them stay updated on the latest cybersecurity trends and best practices.

International Collaboration and Standards

Cybersecurity is a global challenge that requires international collaboration. Portugal actively participates in various international forums and initiatives to enhance global cybersecurity. This includes cooperation with the EU, NATO, and other international organisations to share information, develop joint strategies, and coordinate responses to cyber threats.

A key element of Portugal’s commitment to international cybersecurity standards is its ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, commonly known as the Budapest Convention. This treaty is the first international treaty seeking to address internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among nations.

Academic Excellence and Research

Portugal boasts a robust academic infrastructure with several universities and research institutions at the forefront of AI research. Institutions such as the University of Lisbon, the University of Porto, and the NOVA University of Lisbon are known for their cutting-edge research in AI, machine learning, and data science.

The Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR) and the Portuguese Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science (LIAAD) are notable research centers contributing to the AI field. These institutions focus on a range of AI topics, including robotics, computer vision, natural language processing, and intelligent systems, driving forward Portugal’s AI capabilities.

Dynamic Startup Ecosystem

Portugal’s startup ecosystem is vibrant and growing. Lisbon, in particular, has become a hub for tech innovation, attracting entrepreneurs and investors from around the world. The annual Web Summit in Lisbon is one of the largest technology conferences globally, showcasing Portugal’s commitment to fostering innovation and entrepreneurship.

Notable AI startups in Portugal include Unbabel, definedCrowd, and Feedzai. Unbabel uses AI to provide translation services, combining machine learning with human post-editing to ensure high-quality translations. DefinedCrowd offers AI training data solutions, facilitating the development of more accurate machine learning models. Feedzai specialises in AI-driven fraud detection, helping financial institutions prevent fraud and enhance security.

Government Support and Policy Initiatives

The Portuguese government has implemented several initiatives to support the growth of AI and digital transformation. The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, known as AI Portugal 2030, outlines the country’s vision and strategic objectives for AI development. This strategy focuses on fostering research and innovation, promoting AI adoption across industries, and ensuring ethical and responsible AI use.

AI Portugal 2030 aims to create a favourable environment for AI startups and companies by providing funding, infrastructure, and regulatory support. The strategy also emphasises the importance of digital skills, aiming to equip the workforce with the necessary competencies to thrive in an AI-driven economy.

Internet governance in France involves a multi-faceted approach that encompasses regulation, policy-making, and international cooperation. It aims to balance the promotion of digital innovation with the protection of citizens’ rights and national security. The French government plays an active role in shaping the internet landscape through various regulatory bodies, legal frameworks, and participation in international forums.

Regulatory Bodies

1. ARCEP (Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes): ARCEP is the independent agency responsible for regulating telecommunications in France. It oversees the implementation of internet policies, ensures fair competition among service providers, and protects consumer rights.
2. CNIL (Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés): CNIL is the French data protection authority. It enforces compliance with data privacy laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and ensures that individuals’ personal data is protected.

Key Policies and Legal Frameworks

1. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): As an EU member state, France enforces GDPR, which provides robust protections for personal data and sets stringent requirements for data handling by organizations.
2. Digital Republic Act (Loi pour une République numérique): This law, enacted in 2016, aims to promote digital inclusion, enhance data protection, and foster the digital economy. Key provisions include open data initiatives, stronger privacy protections, and support for digital innovation.
3. Hate Speech Regulation: France has implemented laws to combat online hate speech, including the Avia Law, which requires social media platforms to remove hateful content within 24 hours of notification. Although parts of the law were struck down by the Constitutional Council, it reflects France’s commitment to addressing harmful online behavior.
4. Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA): These EU regulations, which France supports and implements, aim to create a safer and fairer digital space. The DSA focuses on content moderation and platform accountability, while the DMA addresses competition issues and monopolistic practices by large tech companies.

International Engagement

France actively participates in international internet governance forums and organizations, such as:

1. Internet Governance Forum (IGF): France engages in the IGF to discuss global internet governance issues and promote its perspectives on digital policy.
2. Council of Europe: France contributes to the Council of Europe’s work on internet governance, particularly in areas such as human rights online and cybercrime.
3. European Union: As an EU member, France collaborates with other member states to shape digital policies and regulations that impact the entire region.

France has developed comprehensive digital strategies and policies to foster innovation, enhance digital infrastructure, promote cybersecurity, and ensure digital inclusion. These initiatives aim to position France as a leader in the digital economy while protecting the rights and privacy of its citizens.

Key Strategies and Policies

France Numérique 2020

• Objectives: Launched in 2018, this strategy aims to boost the digital transformation of French businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It focuses on increasing the adoption of digital tools, improving digital skills, and supporting digital innovation.
• Initiatives: The program includes financial support for digital projects, training programs, and the creation of digital hubs to foster collaboration and innovation.

National Broadband Plan (Plan France Très Haut Débit)

• Objectives: Launched in 2013, this plan aims to provide high-speed internet access to all French households by 2022. It seeks to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to digital services.
• Initiatives: The plan involves significant investment in fiber optic networks, subsidies for rural broadband deployment, and collaboration with local governments and private sector partners.

Digital Education Strategy

• Objectives: To integrate digital technologies into the French education system at all levels, from primary schools to universities. This strategy aims to enhance digital literacy, equip students with essential digital skills, and promote innovative teaching methods.
• Initiatives: Includes the deployment of digital devices in classrooms, development of digital educational resources, and training programs for teachers to effectively use digital tools in education.

E-Government Strategy (Action Publique 2022)

• Objectives: To modernize the French public administration by leveraging digital technologies to improve efficiency, transparency, and service delivery. The strategy focuses on providing citizens and businesses with easy access to public services online.
• Initiatives: Key initiatives include the development of a single digital portal for all government services, the implementation of electronic identification systems, and the digitization of administrative processes.

Digital Inclusion Strategy

• Objectives: To ensure that all citizens, including those in rural and underserved areas, have access to digital technologies and the skills needed to use them effectively. This strategy aims to bridge the digital divide and promote social inclusion.
• Initiatives: The strategy includes the establishment of digital inclusion hubs, provision of digital training programs for vulnerable populations, and subsidies for low-income households to access digital devices and internet services.

National Strategy for Cloud Computing (Cloud First)

• Objectives: To promote the adoption of cloud computing services in both the public and private sectors. This strategy aims to enhance data security, improve operational efficiency, and support digital transformation efforts.
• Initiatives: Key initiatives include the development of a secure and sovereign cloud infrastructure, support for cloud-based innovation projects, and guidelines for public sector cloud adoption.

France has developed a robust cybersecurity framework to address the increasing threats in the digital world. The country’s approach encompasses a wide range of strategies, regulations, and initiatives designed to protect its national security, critical infrastructure, and citizens’ data.

Key Organizations

1. ANSSI (Agence Nationale de la Sécurité des Systèmes d’Information)
   • Role: ANSSI is the national authority responsible for cybersecurity in France. It plays a central role in the development and implementation of national cybersecurity policies and provides guidance and support to both public and private sectors.
   • Initiatives: ANSSI oversees the protection of government networks, conducts audits and assessments of critical infrastructure, and promotes cybersecurity best practices across various industries​ (AI Watch)​.
2. CLUSIF (Club de la Sécurité de l’Information Français)
   • Role: CLUSIF is a non-profit organization that brings together cybersecurity professionals to share knowledge and best practices. It plays a significant role in raising awareness about cybersecurity issues and promoting a culture of security within French organizations.
3. CERT-FR (Centre gouvernemental de veille, d’alerte et de réponse aux attaques informatiques)
   • Role: CERT-FR is the national Computer Emergency Response Team. It is responsible for responding to cybersecurity incidents, issuing alerts and warnings about threats, and coordinating responses to cyberattacks.
   • Initiatives: CERT-FR operates under ANSSI, providing critical incident response services, threat intelligence, and cybersecurity advisories to mitigate risks and manage incidents effectively​.

Key Strategies and Policies

1. National Cybersecurity Strategy
   • Objectives: To enhance the resilience of national infrastructure, protect critical information systems, and ensure the security of digital services. This strategy focuses on both defensive and offensive capabilities.
   • Initiatives: The strategy includes the development of a national cybersecurity certification framework, support for cybersecurity research and innovation, and strengthening international cooperation in cybersecurity efforts​.
2. Cybersecurity Act (Loi de Programmation Militaire 2019-2025)
   • Objectives: Part of the broader military programming law, this act includes provisions for enhancing cybersecurity capabilities within the French armed forces and protecting critical military and civilian infrastructure.
   • Initiatives: The law mandates increased investment in cybersecurity technologies, the establishment of cyber defense units, and the development of a national cyber defense strategy.
3. Cyber Campus
   • Objectives: Launched as a central hub for cybersecurity in France, the Cyber Campus aims to foster collaboration between government, industry, and academia. It serves as a center for innovation, training, and operational cooperation in cybersecurity.
   • Initiatives: The campus hosts various cybersecurity startups, research institutions, and public sector entities, providing a space for the development of new cybersecurity solutions and the sharing of best practices​.

International Cooperation

France actively participates in international cybersecurity efforts through collaboration with other countries, international organizations, and regional initiatives. This includes involvement in the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), NATO’s Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, and the Global Forum on Cyber Expertise.

France is actively positioning itself as a global leader in artificial intelligence (AI) through strategic investments, robust policies, and international collaborations. The French government, academic institutions, and private sector are all contributing to the development and implementation of AI technologies.

National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Launched in 2018 and updated in 2021, the National AI Strategy aims to establish France as a leader in AI by focusing on research, ethics, and the application of AI across various sectors. The strategy was reinforced in 2021 with a second phase to increase the number of trained professionals and support sector-specific AI innovations.

• Funding: The strategy is backed by a significant investment, initially €1.5 billion over 2018-2022, with an additional €2.22 billion allocated for 2021-2025. This includes public and private funding aimed at enhancing AI research, development, and deployment.

Key Institutions and Initiatives

1. Inria (National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation)
   • Role: Inria is a leading institution in AI research and development in France, coordinating various AI projects and initiatives. It collaborates with other research institutions, industry partners, and international organizations.
   • Initiatives: Inria coordinates the 3IA Institutes (Interdisciplinary Institutes for Artificial Intelligence), which focus on advancing AI research and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration​.
2. ANR (National Research Agency)
   • Role: ANR supports AI research through funding and grants, fostering innovation and technological advancement.
   • Initiatives: The agency funds collaborative AI research projects, including the trilateral French-Japanese-German research projects on AI​.
3. AI for Humanity Initiative
   • Objectives: This initiative focuses on the ethical development and deployment of AI technologies. It emphasizes transparency, fairness, and the responsible use of AI.
   • Initiatives: Establishment of the Pilot National Digital Ethics Committee (CNPEN), which leads public discussions on AI ethics and governance.
4. AI France Hub
   • Role: The AI France Hub serves as a central point for AI research, innovation, and collaboration. It brings together startups, research institutions, and industry players to foster AI development.
   • Initiatives: The hub hosts various events, workshops, and training programs to promote AI adoption and innovation​.

The Swedish government has established a robust regulatory framework for internet governance. This framework includes laws and regulations that ensure the protection of user data, promote net neutrality, and safeguard freedom of expression online. The Swedish Post and Telecom Authority (PTS) is the primary regulatory body overseeing electronic communications and postal services in the country​.

Internet Infrastructure

Sweden boasts one of the most advanced internet infrastructures in the world, with widespread high-speed broadband access. The government has invested heavily in digital infrastructure, ensuring that even remote and rural areas have reliable internet connectivity. This extensive network supports the high rate of internet usage among Swedish citizens and businesses.

Digital Inclusion and Literacy

Digital inclusion is a priority in Sweden’s internet governance strategy. The government implements various programs to enhance digital literacy and ensure all citizens can access and benefit from internet services. Initiatives include educational programs, public internet access points, and targeted support for marginalised groups to bridge the digital divide​​.

Data Protection and Privacy

Sweden places a strong emphasis on data protection and privacy. The country complies with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which provides a comprehensive framework for data protection across the European Union. The Swedish Data Protection Authority (Datainspektionen) oversees the implementation and enforcement of data protection laws​.

Net Neutrality

Sweden is a strong proponent of net neutrality, ensuring that all internet traffic is treated equally without discrimination. This principle is enshrined in Swedish law, reflecting the country’s commitment to maintaining an open and free internet. The regulatory framework supports competition and prevents service providers from blocking or throttling specific content or services​.

Innovation and Research

Sweden actively promotes innovation and research in the field of internet governance. The government collaborates with academic institutions, private sector companies, and international organisations to develop cutting-edge technologies and policies.

Swedish stakeholders are active participants in various internet governance forums and initiatives at the regional and global levels. Swedish stakeholders also participate in the European Dialogue on Internet Governance (EuroDIG) events, which bring together stakeholders from the region to discuss digital policy-related issues and challenges. At the global level, Sweden is a member of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF).

Sweden is at the forefront of digital innovation, showing a strong commitment to applying new technologies like AI and IoT to drive sustainable growth, productivity, and social development. The country boasts a thriving digital ecosystem, with the ICT industry making a significant contribution to its GDP.

Key Digital Strategies in Sweden

National Digitalisation Strategy for the School System 2023-2027

The National Digitalisation Strategy for the School System 2023-2027 aims to create opportunities for digitalization in education. This strategy seeks to achieve high levels of digital skills for children and students, promote knowledge development, and ensure equal access to technology. It focuses on enhancing digital literacy for everyone, providing equal access to digital tools and resources, and conducting research on the impact of digitalization in education.

Broadband Strategy for Sweden

The Swedish government has set a clear goal of providing high-speed broadband access to all citizens. The Broadband Strategy for Sweden aims to ensure that 98% of households and businesses have access to high-speed broadband by 2025. This ambitious plan is critical for supporting the country’s digital services and ensuring connectivity across all regions, including rural areas.

E-Government Strategy: The ‘Digital First’ Program

Sweden’s e-government strategy, known as the ‘Digital First‘ program, aims to make the country a world leader in digital transformation. The strategy is structured around three focus areas: governance, smart solutions, and infrastructure.

In governance, the strategy focuses on improving whole-of-government governance of open government activities. This includes creating a new unit dedicated to e-government and enhancing frameworks for follow-up and benchmarks. Seven pilot agencies in four sectors are working on initiatives related to open data, data maturity, and open innovation.

For smart solutions, the strategy aims to implement digital innovations across various sectors. This includes smarter planning and building processes, a smarter food chain, and simplified entrepreneurship. These initiatives leverage digital technologies and data to improve public services and enhance citizen engagement.

Regarding infrastructure, the strategy emphasises strengthening digital infrastructure. This includes developing a national digital infrastructure and creating a single agency for digital government. These efforts facilitate the integration of digital technologies across policy areas and enhance the overall digital maturity of the public sector.

The Agency for Digital Government is responsible for coordinating and supporting digitalisation within public administration.

The country’s comprehensive cybersecurity strategy involves robust collaboration between government agencies, private sector entities, and international partners, ensuring a multi-faceted approach to securing its digital landscape.

National Cybersecurity Strategy

Sweden’s national cybersecurity strategy is meticulously designed to protect critical infrastructure and ensure the resilience of essential services. This strategy encompasses comprehensive measures for threat prevention, detection, and response, aiming to bolster the nation’s overall security posture.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

The Swedish government has established a strong legal and regulatory framework to support cybersecurity initiatives. Key components of this framework include adherence to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which protects personal data, and the Network and Information Systems (NIS) Directive, which enhances the security of network and information systems across the EU. These regulations impose stringent requirements for data protection, incident reporting, and risk management, reinforcing Sweden’s commitment to a secure digital environment.

Public-Private Partnerships

Effective cybersecurity in Sweden relies heavily on robust collaboration between the public and private sectors. The government works closely with businesses, industry associations, and technology providers to share information on threats, best practices, and innovative solutions. These partnerships foster a unified defense against cyber threats and help cultivate a pervasive culture of cybersecurity across all sectors.

Incident Response and Management

Sweden has developed advanced mechanisms for incident response and management. The MSB operates the National Cybersecurity Incident Response Team (CERT-SE), which provides critical support and guidance in managing cyber incidents. CERT-SE collaborates with other national and international CERTs to respond to cyber threats efficiently, minimising their impact and ensuring rapid recovery.

International Collaboration

Acknowledging the global nature of cyber threats, Sweden actively engages in international cybersecurity efforts. The country collaborates with the European Union, NATO, and other international organisations to share intelligence, conduct joint exercises, and develop common strategies to counter cyber threats. Sweden’s active participation in these international initiatives enhances its capacity to address cyber risks on a global scale, ensuring a more secure international digital environment. Sweden has also ratified CoE Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention).

The country’s approach is comprehensive, encompassing research, education, ethics, data infrastructure, and industry application. Sweden’s AI strategies and policies are designed to foster innovation, maintain ethical standards, and ensure inclusivity, with a focus on long-term sustainable growth.

National AI Strategy: A Blueprint for Innovation

In 2018, Sweden unveiled its national AI strategy with the ambition of becoming a global leader in AI. This strategy underscores the importance of fostering innovation through collaborative research. The Swedish government funds various AI research projects, encouraging partnerships between universities, research institutes, and private sector companies. One notable initiative is AI Innovation of Sweden, a national center dedicated to applied AI research and innovation.

A critical component of Sweden’s AI strategy is the emphasis on education and skills development. The strategy includes integrating AI education into school curriculums and providing professional training programs to ensure that the workforce is well-prepared for the AI-driven future. This focus on education aims to cultivate a skilled workforce that can contribute to and benefit from AI advancements.

Sweden is committed to the ethical use of AI, promoting transparency, fairness, and respect for privacy. The national strategy includes developing ethical guidelines and frameworks to ensure that AI applications adhere to these principles. By collaborating with international organisations, Sweden ensures its policies align with global standards, fostering trust in AI technologies​.

Access to high-quality data and robust digital infrastructure is vital for AI development. Sweden’s strategy focuses on improving data availability while ensuring data security and privacy. Initiatives aimed at enhancing data sharing across public and private sectors are in place to support AI applications, backed by strong digital infrastructure.

International Collaboration

Understanding the global nature of AI, Sweden actively engages in international collaborations. The country participates in various international AI research networks and contributes to global discussions on AI ethics, standards, and policies. This international engagement ensures that Sweden’s AI policies are aligned with global best practices, enhancing its capability to address AI-related challenges on a global scale.

Key Policies and Initiatives

AI Innovation of Sweden: This national center fosters collaboration among academia, industry, and government to accelerate AI development and application. It focuses on applied research, innovation projects, and knowledge sharing to drive the adoption of AI across different sectors​.

AI4Society: This initiative promotes the ethical and societal aspects of AI. It involves stakeholders from various sectors to develop guidelines ensuring AI technologies are used responsibly and for the societal good​.

Funding and Support Programs: The Swedish government provides significant funding and support for AI research and development through various programs. This includes grants for academic research, support for startups, and incentives for industries to adopt AI technologies, fostering a vibrant AI ecosystem that drives economic growth and societal benefits​.