UNCTAD eWeek 2023

Arguments

Need for improved global data governance and the relevance of the UNCTAD Digital Economy Report

Supporting facts:

• The 2021 UNCTAD Digital Economy Report identified the need for improved global data governance, noting that existing institutional frameworks at the international level are not fit for purpose.

• Since the publication of the report, there are still no global frameworks or safeguards for the monetization of personal data, and technology has continued to progress, particularly with generative AI and frontier models.

Topics: Data Governance, UNCTAD Digital Economy Report, Global Frameworks

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Panel discussion on data and AI governance

Supporting facts:

• The panel aims to discuss the latest developments in data and AI governance and provide concrete suggestions for improvement from international and multi-stakeholder perspectives.

• The panel consists of experts from various fields including academia, research, and policy.

Topics: Data Governance, AI Governance, Policy Recommendations

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Conversation start with Silvana on Global Data Barometer report

Supporting facts:

• The Global Data Barometer has recently published its first report, providing insights on data governance from a developing country perspective.

• Silvana Fumega is the project director at the Global Data Barometer.

Topics: Global Data Barometer, Data Governance, Research Findings

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Data governance shouldn’t be a niche area

Supporting facts:

• Lorrayne Porciuncula works with the DataSphere Initiative, a think-tank dedicated to global collaboration on technical and policy solutions for data governance challenges

• They have produced an atlas of over 260 organizations working in the field of data governance

• Bob Fay agrees that data governance should not be niche, and should involve global stakeholders rather than just certain jurisdictions or large multinationals

Topics: Data Governance, Global Collaboration

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Report

The analysis explores various aspects of data governance, highlighting the need for improved global data governance. It specifically refers to the 2021 UNCTAD Digital Economy Report, which highlights the inadequacy of existing international institutional frameworks. The report also notes the absence of global frameworks or safeguards for the monetisation of personal data.

Additionally, the report highlights the ongoing advancements in technology, particularly in generative AI and frontier models, underscoring the urgency for enhanced global data governance. The analysis also discusses a panel discussion on data and AI governance, which aims to address the latest developments in this field and provide concrete suggestions for improvement.

The panel comprises experts from academia, research, and policy, ensuring a comprehensive examination of data and AI governance from international perspectives. Furthermore, the Global Data Barometer’s first report is mentioned, providing valuable insights on data governance from a developing country perspective.

Silvana Fumega, the project director at the Global Data Barometer, plays a key role in this conversation, highlighting the challenges and opportunities faced by developing countries in data governance. The analysis also highlights the DataSphere Initiative, a think-tank committed to global collaboration on technical and policy solutions for data governance challenges.

The initiative has compiled an extensive atlas featuring over 260 organizations working towards advancing data governance. This collaborative effort aims to ensure that data governance involves global stakeholders, rather than being limited to specific jurisdictions or large multinationals. Additionally, the analysis raises concerns about certain jurisdictions or large multinationals dominating data governance.

It notes that if data governance exists, it is mostly controlled by specific jurisdictions or large multinational companies. However, the DataSphere Initiative actively collaborates with various stakeholders to address this issue and promote a more inclusive approach to data governance.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the necessity for improved global data governance, particularly in the context of advancing technology. It emphasizes the importance of multi-stakeholder discussions, exemplified by the panel on data and AI governance. The insights from the Global Data Barometer report and the efforts of the DataSphere Initiative contribute to fostering global collaboration in data governance.

The concerns about the domination of data governance by certain jurisdictions or large multinationals are acknowledged, with the initiative striving for a more diverse and inclusive approach. Overall, the analysis underscores the complexities and challenges surrounding data governance, emphasizing the need for collective efforts to address them.

Arguments

Data governance should not be niche and should involve different people and experts together.

Supporting facts:

• Data governs all our lives, and even communication is a data exchange.

• Digital technologies and AI are all database systems, they rely on data as an input.

Topics: Data Governance, Interdisciplinary Approach

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The impact of digital technologies, AI, data management or governance is not yet agreed upon within scientific and political communities. It has both opportunities and risks and its impacts can differ significantly based on specific contexts.

Supporting facts:

• Different contexts can influence the use and impact of data, from creating good things in peaceful environments to potential repression and surveillance in violent scenarios.

• The purpose for collecting and using the data also affects its transformation and impact.

Topics: Digital Technologies, AI, Data Management, Data Governance

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A scientific consensus can be facilitated by establishing an intergovernmental panel, similar to the International Panel on Climate Change.

Supporting facts:

• This panel could review existing research to produce a scientific consensus which provides legitimacy to the analyses and can be used for policy making.

• After establishing the panel, further steps could be taken like drafting a UN Convention on Digital Change like the UN Convention on Climate Change.

Topics: Intergovernmental Panel, Climate Change, Digital Change

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There is a need for global agreement on digital technology’s impact and data governance.

Supporting facts:

• Without a scientific consensus, it’s only speculative and there’s no chance of finding an agreement on global data governance.

Topics: Digital Technology, Data Governance, Global Cooperation

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Report

Summary: Data governance should be inclusive, involving experts and diverse perspectives, to ensure comprehensive understanding and effective practices. It acknowledges the role of data in our lives, including its importance in communication and the reliance of digital technologies and artificial intelligence on data.

Ethical considerations should also play a significant role, providing a normative framework for responsible data handling aligned with societal values. Adopting a human rights-based approach for data management and digital technology development promotes justice, equality, and inclusivity. However, it is crucial to avoid creating new forms of discrimination and exclusion in data governance.

The impact of digital technologies, AI, data management, and governance is a subject of ongoing debate, with both opportunities and risks depending on the specific context. Establishing an intergovernmental panel, similar to the International Panel on Climate Change, can facilitate a scientific consensus and inform policy-making.

This would help achieve global cooperation and agreement on the impact of digital technology and data governance. A holistic and collaborative approach is necessary for responsible, inclusive, and equitable practices in the digital age.

Arguments

Reforms of the multilateral institutions are necessary for data governance

Supporting facts:

• Data governance varies regionally hence necessitating universal reforms.

• Organizations should take a more holistic understanding of data governance.

Topics: Data governance, Multilateral institutions, Reforms

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The DataSphere Initiative is dedicated to global collaboration on technical and policy solutions for data governance

Supporting facts:

• DataSphere Initiative has produced an atlas that met over 260 organizations working in the field of data governance.

• They also conduct research in capacity building on concrete data challenges and opportunities.

Topics: Data governance, Global collaboration, DataSphere Initiative

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A universal understanding and approach to data governance is required

Supporting facts:

• Data governance varies regionally hence necessitating universal understanding and approach.

• Current approaches to data governance are fragmented.

Topics: Data governance, Universal approach

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We need to move from AI principles to implementation.

Supporting facts:

• Global landscape is currently marked by multiple principles.

• Existing data regulations are disparate and often conflicting.

• Right hand doesn’t know what left is doing in principles.

Topics: AI, Data

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Interoperability of principles and regulations is required, such as through creating agile cross-border processes.

Supporting facts:

• The concept of sandboxes is useful.

• Sandboxes allow controlled experimentation with new regulations.

• An adaptive and responsive approach can be cultivated.

Topics: AI, Data, Regulations

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Countries should be able to create regulations that coexist and harmonize across borders.

Supporting facts:

• Sandboxes are being implemented in Africa.

• Cultural, legal, and technological diversities necessitate tailored approaches.

Topics: Data regulations, AI, Policies

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Report

Reforms of multilateral institutions are seen as necessary to ensure effective data governance. Currently, data governance varies regionally, creating a need for universal reforms. This is supported by the argument that organizations should adopt a more holistic understanding of data governance to address the fragmented approaches currently in place.

The sentiment towards these reforms is positive. The DataSphere Initiative is an organisation dedicated to global collaboration on data governance solutions. They have produced an atlas that highlights over 260 organisations working in the field of data governance. Additionally, they conduct research in capacity building to address concrete data challenges and opportunities.

The sentiment towards the DataSphere Initiative is positive, with recognition of their efforts in promoting global collaboration. A universal understanding and approach to data governance is required, as current approaches are fragmented. The sentiment towards the need for a universal understanding is neutral.

It is argued that a universal approach is necessary due to the regional variation in data governance practices, and it is important to address this issue. There is also support for a decade of conversations on data governance. The complexity of the issue is cited as a reason for the need for extensive discussions over a prolonged period of time.

Notably, the DataSphere Initiative has contributed to this proposal. The sentiment towards this proposal is positive, as it is acknowledged that data governance is a complex issue that requires comprehensive and prolonged discussions. Moving from AI principles to implementation is seen as crucial, as current regulations are disparate and conflicting.

There is a recognition that the global landscape is marked by multiple AI principles, but there is a need for effective implementation. The sentiment towards this argument is positive, with a call for action in bridging the gap between principles and implementation.

Interoperability and agility in cross-border processes are needed to harmonise principles and regulations. The argument emphasises the importance of creating agile cross-border processes to ensure that principles and regulations are compatible and can coexist. The sentiment towards this argument is positive, recognising the need for harmonisation in data governance.

In Africa, sandboxes are being implemented to tailor regulations to the cultural, legal, and technological diversities in the region. The sentiment towards this initiative is positive, as it is recognised that a one-size-fits-all approach does not work in data governance.

Sandboxes provide a space for controlled experimentation with new regulations, allowing for an adaptive and responsive approach. The governance of AI is dependent on a fair data economy. Many countries are not ready to implement AI responsibly due to a lack of data governance frameworks.

Additionally, emerging AI initiatives often lack a notion of equity, inclusiveness, and fairness. The sentiment towards this argument is positive, recognising the importance of a fair data economy in ensuring responsible AI implementation. In conclusion, there is a consensus on the need for reforms of multilateral institutions to ensure effective data governance, global collaboration through initiatives like the DataSphere Initiative, and a universal understanding and approach to address the fragmented nature of current data governance practices.

The proposal for a decade of conversations on data governance is supported due to the complexity of the issue. There is an emphasis on moving from AI principles to implementation, harmonising principles and regulations, and the importance of a fair data economy in governing AI.

Arguments

The multilateral system needs reinvigoration to address existential issues for humanity and institutions

Supporting facts:

• The High Level Advisory Board deliberated on ways to build a fit-for-purpose multilateral system addressing global risks and challenges

Topics: Multilateralism, Global Cooperation

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Six key shifts were proposed to address underlying factors influencing global issues

Supporting facts:

• The shifts include reimagining collective security arrangements, abundant and sustainable finance for everyone, balance with nature and providing energy for all, a just digital transition, management of transnational risks, and making the multilateral system inclusive, accountable, and legitimate

Topics: Global Issues, Policy Shifts

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The underlying principle has to be listen first, act later

Supporting facts:

• Companies have much more power in this space than individuals

• People who will be most affected by innovation, by developments should be listened to

Topics: Data Governance, Digital Governance, AI regulation, global coordination

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Creating new institutions might cause more problems than it resolves

Supporting facts:

• Data has become a site for state friction

• States have to balance personal perspectives with state agendas

Topics: Data Governance, Geopolitics, Interstate Competitions, Existing Institutions

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Report

The High-Level Advisory Board explored the urgent need to reinvigorate the multilateral system in order to effectively address global risks and challenges. Their discussions focused on developing a fit-for-purpose multilateral system capable of tackling the existential issues faced by humanity and institutions.

This reflects the board’s neutral sentiment towards the topic. The board also proposed six key shifts to address the underlying factors contributing to global issues. These shifts include reimagining collective security arrangements, ensuring abundant and sustainable finance for all, striking a balance with nature and providing access to clean and affordable energy for all, facilitating a just digital transition, managing transnational risks, and making the multilateral system more inclusive, accountable, and legitimate.

The positive sentiment associated with the proposal suggests that these shifts are seen as crucial steps towards addressing global challenges. One significant area of concern highlighted by the board is the need to strike a careful balance between protecting nature and satisfying the global energy demand.

It recognizes that these two concepts are often presented as a zero-sum game but proposes a phased and intertwined approach. This involves a gradual transition from old energy sources to the fair introduction of green energy sources. The positive sentiment surrounding this stance underscores the importance of finding a middle ground that reconciles these conflicting objectives.

The board also emphasizes the importance of data justice in global digital governance. It argues that previous approaches have prioritized commercial viability over justice, neglecting the material consequences of data usage on people’s lives and the natural environment. The positive sentiment associated with this stance suggests a growing recognition of the need to consider the ethical and social implications of data governance.

When it comes to data governance and digital governance, the board emphasizes the need for global coordination and highlights the power imbalance between companies and individuals in this domain. It argues that the voices of those most affected by technological innovations and developments should be heard and considered.

The board’s positive sentiment indicates that a listen-first, act-later approach is essential to address the challenges posed by emerging technologies. Building on existing work and promoting global coordination are viewed as critical aspects of achieving inclusive governance. The board acknowledges the significant contributions made by scholars from various countries, including India, Brazil, South Africa, and Kenya, and emphasizes the importance of global coordination in creating an inclusive governance system.

The positive sentiment surrounding this argument underscores the value of collaboration and knowledge-sharing across borders. While the board recognizes the need for progress in data governance, it also acknowledges the potential risks associated with creating new institutions. It argues that such a move might introduce additional challenges and complexities instead of efficiently resolving existing issues.

The negative sentiment expressed in this regard highlights the board’s cautious approach towards institutional changes. Finally, the board raises concerns about data breaches and abuses, particularly in developing countries where legislation is often lacking. It highlights how companies have taken advantage of this absence of regulations to perpetrate various harmful activities.

The negative sentiment associated with this observation demonstrates the urgent need for robust data governance frameworks and legislative measures to protect vulnerable nations. In conclusion, the High-Level Advisory Board’s discussions underscore the pressing need to reinvigorate the multilateral system and address global risks and challenges.

The proposed key shifts, emphasis on data justice, balanced approach to energy demand, global coordination, and inclusive governance reflect the board’s collective efforts to find sustainable solutions to complex global issues. However, caution should be exercised regarding potential institutional changes, and urgent action is required to address data breaches and abuses, particularly in developing countries.

Arguments

Countries increasingly have laws for data protection but there are significant gaps in the complexity and enforcement of these frameworks

Supporting facts:

• Out of 109 countries surveyed, 98 have some form of data protection framework

• 12 countries’ protection is limited to particular sectors lacking full coverage of both public and private sector data use

• Fewer frameworks cover data breach notifications and there is a need to modernize many of them to address risks from geolocalization data and algorithmic use of personal data

Topics: data protection, data governance, public-private collaboration, AI tools

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The United States did not pull out of the e-commerce negotiations, but it decided to rethink its support on certain proposals

Supporting facts:

• The United States said it can no longer support proposals that it had supported in the past

• United States is still participating in the negotiations

Topics: United States, e-commerce negotiations, data flows

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Data sharing arrangements need to be promoted and analyzed

Supporting facts:

• Regulations and frameworks are not implemented in a positive or concrete way

• Technology and data use are changing fast requiring continuous updating of data governance

• Implementing an effective, inclusive and up-to-date data governance framework is a challenge

Topics: Data sharing, Data analysis, Data Governance

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Planning for the second edition of the report to be published in early 2025

Topics: Data Governance, Data ecosystem, Inclusion, Publication

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Report

Countries have made significant progress in implementing data protection frameworks, but there are still substantial gaps in their complexity and enforcement. Out of the 109 countries surveyed, 98 have some form of data protection framework in place. However, it is concerning that 12 of these countries have limited protection, with frameworks that do not provide full coverage for both public and private sector data use.

One of the critical issues highlighted is the need for stronger and more comprehensive data governance frameworks, particularly in developing regions. The survey reveals that regions such as the European Union and North America have the highest scores in terms of data governance.

On the other hand, the Middle East, North Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, South and East Asia, and Africa still have countries without any data protection frameworks or where existing frameworks require significant strengthening. The United States has made a significant decision to rethink its support on certain proposals in e-commerce negotiations, which have implications for data as a national security and economic issue.

Although the United States is still participating in the negotiations, it can no longer fully endorse proposals that it had previously supported. This underscores the complex relationship between trade issues and data, highlighting the importance of balancing national security and economic considerations.

While there has been progress in implementing data governance regulations and frameworks, they are often not effectively implemented or updated to keep pace with evolving technology and data use. This poses a challenge as regulations need to be continuously updated to address risks associated with geolocation data and algorithmic use of personal data.

The absence of concrete and positive implementation of data governance frameworks also hinders effective regulation and protection of data. Promoting and analyzing data sharing arrangements is an essential aspect of data governance. The analysis reveals that regulations and frameworks do not adequately address the issue of data sharing.

It is crucial to develop and promote effective data sharing arrangements to enhance collaboration and ensure responsible and secure data use. Furthermore, the report emphasizes the importance of inclusion, particularly in gender and language, in data ecosystem analysis. The second edition of the report aims to incorporate elements of inclusion to better understand how it can affect the data ecosystem being analyzed.

By advocating for inclusion, the goal is to ensure that the analysis takes into account diverse perspectives and experiences, enabling more comprehensive and meaningful insights. In conclusion, while progress has been made in implementing data protection frameworks, there are still significant gaps that need to be addressed.

The need for stronger and more comprehensive data governance frameworks, especially in developing regions, is apparent. Additionally, regulations and frameworks need to be regularly updated to keep pace with technological advancements. Promoting data sharing arrangements and advocating for inclusivity in data analysis are also vital for effective data governance.

The upcoming publication of the second edition of the report on data governance and inclusion will provide further insights into these important areas.

Arguments

Developing countries are struggling with the complexities of data governance

Supporting facts:

• The hub maps the governance of data for 69 countries

Topics: Data Governance, Developing Countries

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Developing countries tend to have some form of personal data protection

Supporting facts:

• And if they want to participate in trade, they have to sign on to regulations governing intellectual property protection

Topics: Data Protection, Developing Countries

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A rethink of data governance is necessary

Supporting facts:

• Data sets that large languages models are built on have a mix of proprietary data, personal data, content that is unprotected by intellectual property protections

• Developing countries need to play a larger role in data governance

Topics: data governance, large language models, data provenance

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Accuracy, completeness and representativeness of data sets used by large language models is a challenge

Supporting facts:

• These large language models often make mistakes (‘hallucinate’), which can be due to imperfect models, imperfect model weights, or due to the incompleteness, inaccurateness, unrepresentativeness of data

Topics: Large language models, data accuracy

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Report

Developing countries are grappling with the complexities of data governance, struggling to effectively manage and navigate data. They are also striving to implement measures for personal data protection. However, there is an argument for a reevaluation of data governance, highlighting the need for developing countries to have a larger role in decision-making processes.

This would lead to more comprehensive and inclusive policies. The accuracy, completeness, and representativeness of data sets used by large language models pose significant challenges, impacting the integrity and reliability of these models. There is also a call for the United States to adopt a more cooperative and inclusive approach to data governance, considering its substantial presence in generative AI firms and capacity.

Data governance should be approached as an issue of civic understanding, empowering individuals to shape policies concerning their personal data, content, and intellectual property. Furthermore, it is important to promote openness and replicability in chatbots, providing opportunities for improvement and a better understanding of underlying data and models.

In conclusion, a rethinking of data governance is necessary, involving developing countries, addressing data accuracy and representation challenges, fostering openness, replicability, and promoting civic engagement.

Arguments

The digital strategy has been at the very epicenter of AfriExim Bank’s activities.

Supporting facts:

• The bank has created a digital ecosystem looking at the whole value chain of trade.

• This includes platforms for trade information and due diligence (Trade Art Club and Mansa), a payment system (Pan-African Payment and Settlement System), a marketplace (African Trade Exchange), and a logistical platform (ETG Connect).

Topics: Digital Strategy, Digital Trade, AFCFTA, African Union

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Intellectual digital infrastructure can help mitigate perceived risks and enhance trade transparency in Africa.

Supporting facts:

• The Mansa platform provides a digital repository of companies that have undergone due diligence.

• This assists in promoting good practice, transparency, and accountability while lowering the cost of compliance.

Topics: Digital Infrastructure, Trade, Risk Mitigation

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The Pan-African Payment Settlement System enhances intra-African trade by enabling payments in respective national currencies.

Supporting facts:

• This eliminates the need for hard currency, reducing economic problems caused by dependency on foreign currencies.

• This will also help harmonize the payment system across different regions of Africa.

Topics: Trade, Intra-African trade, Foreign Exchange

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Collective buying through the African Trade Exchange platform strengthens purchasing power.

Supporting facts:

• It enables different countries to come together for a collective purchase, increasing their bargaining power.

Topics: Trade, Purchasing Power, E-commerce

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Public-private partnerships are pivotal for overcoming digital barriers in Africa.

Supporting facts:

• Investments are needed to enhance digital infrastructure capacity.

• PPP gives private sector a voice in policy making.

• PPP stimulate capacity building and skills development.

Topics: Public-private partnership, Digital barriers, Digital transformation

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Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPS) has onboarded 10 central banks

Supporting facts:

• The central banks of Ghana, Nigeria, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Djibouti, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and the Central Bank of Kenya have been onboarded

Topics: PAPS, Central Banks Integration

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An MOU has been signed with five bank groups to expand the footprint of PAPS in about 40 countries

Topics: PAPS, Financial Inclusion

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75 participating commercial banks and 12 strategic partners are already registered in PAPS networks

Topics: PAPS, Commercial Banks Participation, Strategic Partnerships

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Report

AfriExim Bank has implemented a comprehensive digital ecosystem to revolutionize trade in Africa. This ecosystem encompasses various platforms designed to support different aspects of the trade value chain. For instance, the Trade Art Club and Mansa platforms facilitate due diligence and provide a digital repository of companies that have undergone scrutiny.

These initiatives promote good practice, transparency, and accountability while reducing compliance costs. The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPS) is another vital component of AfriExim Bank’s digital strategy. It enables trade transactions to be conducted in national currencies, eliminating the need for hard currency and reducing economic problems caused by dependency on foreign currencies.

Furthermore, PAPS aims to harmonise payment systems across different regions of Africa, thus facilitating intra-African trade. The African Trade Exchange platform offers collective buying opportunities, where different countries can come together for purchases, increasing their bargaining power. This strengthens the purchasing power of African nations and promotes responsible consumption and production.

Under the leadership of Adam Abdelal, AfriExim Bank has spearheaded several digital initiatives to enhance Africa’s position in global trade. Collaboration with the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) and the African Union has been instrumental in implementing these initiatives.

The success of these digital platforms in Africa has paved the way for future expansion. The importance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) cannot be overstated in overcoming digital barriers in Africa. Investments in digital infrastructure capacity are crucial, and PPPs provide the private sector with a voice in policymaking while stimulating capacity building and skills development.

Investing in digital infrastructure is a priority as it enhances network connectivity and serves as the foundation of a thriving digital economy. Similarly, comprehensive digital skills training programs are essential to equip the workforce for the demands of the digital era.

Support for tech startups and innovation hubs is paramount in driving innovation and economic growth. Establishing policies, financial mechanisms, and access to funding and mentorship can create an enabling environment for their growth and success. PPPs can play a significant role in improving government performance by reducing bureaucratic hurdles.

Introducing digital platforms through PPPs can streamline processes and enhance efficiency. Moreover, PPPs facilitate market access and support cross-border trade by creating an environment that allows businesses to engage seamlessly across borders. The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPS) has successfully onboarded ten central banks, further strengthening its scope and reach.

This system encourages central banks across Africa to join PAPS, promoting financial inclusion and fostering collaboration among African nations. In conclusion, AfriExim Bank’s digital ecosystem, driven by a robust digital strategy, has brought about transformative changes in trade and economic development in Africa.

The bank’s initiatives have not only improved Africa’s position in global trade but also addressed perceived trading risks, enhanced transparency and efficiency in trade and payment processes, and promoted collaboration among African nations. Public-private partnerships, investment in digital infrastructure, skills development, support for tech startups, and cross-border trade all play crucial roles in Africa’s digital transformation journey.

The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPS) has demonstrated its effectiveness by onboarded central banks and expanding financial inclusion.

Arguments

Concern about the level of taxation on digital infrastructure in African countries

Supporting facts:

• A lot of African countries are introducing a lot of taxes on the different layers of the internet

• Tax is identified as a major hindrance to going online, affording devices and establishing digital infrastructure

• There is a need for balance between revenue generation and conducive environment for growth of digital economy

Topics: Digital Trade, Taxation, Internet Tax, Revenue Generation

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The need for a convergence between national and regional governments in Africa

Supporting facts:

• Issue of cross border data flows and data localization is crucial

• Challenges related to trust among different countries

• Acknowledgement of the complexities in negotiating and drawing up agreements and laws in the protocol

Topics: Cross border data flows, Data localization, Cybersecurity

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Government of Ghana has set up community information centers to ensure grassroot communities have access to ICT services and internet.

Supporting facts:

• In Ghana there are about 80 functional community information centers that have access to internet.

• UNCTAD e-commerce and digital economy branch completed the Ghana ET readiness assessment.

Topics: Digital inclusion, E-commerce, ICT services, Internet access

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There is a need for payment systems like Pan-African payment system to successfully implement the digital trade protocol.

Supporting facts:

Topics: Cross-border trade, Digital trade, Pan-African payment system

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Report

The analysis explored various aspects related to digital trade in Africa, including taxation, data flows, and digital inclusion. One of the key arguments raised was the concern about the level of taxation on digital infrastructure in African countries. It was noted that many African countries have been introducing taxes on different layers of the internet, which is identified as a major hindrance to going online, affording devices, and establishing digital infrastructure.

The analysis highlighted the need to strike a balance between revenue generation and creating a conducive environment for the growth of the digital economy. In contrast, ASEAN countries were praised for their work on analyzing digital trade between data flows and trade.

These countries were seen as an example of how such analysis can be effectively conducted. This work in ASEAN countries suggests the importance of adopting similar approaches in Africa to better understand and harness the benefits of digital trade. The need for convergence between national and regional governments in Africa was emphasized, particularly in relation to cross-border data flows and data localisation.

The complexities involved in negotiating and establishing agreements and laws in this area were acknowledged. It was argued that a collective effort and better cooperation among African countries are necessary to promote seamless cross-border data transition and digitalisation. The presenter highlighted the importance of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCTA) protocol and the challenges it faces in terms of ratification due to sovereignty issues.

The overcoming of these issues was deemed necessary for the successful digitisation in Africa. This observation underscores the role of political will and collaboration in driving digital transformation on the continent. In Ghana, the government has taken steps to ensure digital inclusion by setting up community information centres, which provide access to ICT services and the internet to grassroots communities.

This initiative showcases the commitment of the Ghanaian government to bridge the digital divide and empower its citizens with digital resources. The implementation of the digital trade protocol was seen as requiring the establishment of payment systems, such as the Pan-African payment system.

This highlights the need for efficient and secure cross-border payment mechanisms to facilitate smooth digital trade across the continent. Another noteworthy observation from the analysis was the suggestion that libraries, postal services, and schools should play a role in delivering ICT services to local communities.

This aligns with the idea of promoting digital inclusion and ensuring that all segments of society have access to digital resources and opportunities. To conclude, the analysis highlights the challenges and opportunities related to digital trade in Africa. It emphasises the need for balance in taxation policies, the importance of regional cooperation, the significance of digital inclusion initiatives, and the role of efficient payment systems.

By addressing these aspects, Africa can harness the potential of digital trade and accelerate its economic growth and development.

Arguments

AFCFTA is a good opportunity for entrepreneurs, but preparation is needed for SMEs.

Supporting facts:

• Betiba’s company has developed a marketplace called Ouadaka to aid merchants.

• Participation in a national e-commerce initiative with the Ministry of Commerce and Gainde de Mille.

Topics: AFCFTA, e-commerce, SMEs, Entrepreneurship

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Report

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) presents a promising opportunity for entrepreneurs, but adequate preparation, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), is essential. Betiba, a company, has recognized this need and developed the Ouadaka marketplace to assist merchants in leveraging the benefits of AFCFTA.

In promoting e-commerce, Betiba places great importance on training and adaptability to digital tools. They offer comprehensive training to merchants, covering digital marketing, photography for e-commerce, and the legal framework of online sales. This equips merchants with the necessary skills to navigate the digital landscape and thrive in the increasingly competitive e-commerce industry.

Furthermore, Betiba has implemented various initiatives to support merchants in their e-commerce ventures. They organize webinars on online security to raise awareness about potential risks and educate merchants on best practices for safeguarding themselves and their customers. Additionally, they facilitate access to microcredit, enabling merchants to secure the necessary funds for establishing and expanding their e-commerce businesses.

An important aspect of Betiba’s approach is their emphasis on inclusivity. Recognizing that illiterate populations may face challenges in engaging with e-commerce platforms, they propose the incorporation of artificial intelligence and audio functionalities in local languages. This ensures that entrepreneurs of all literacy levels can fully benefit from the opportunities presented by AFCFTA.

Overall, AFCFTA holds significant potential for entrepreneurs, particularly SMEs. However, adequate preparation and support are crucial for businesses to fully capitalize on these opportunities. Betiba’s Ouadaka marketplace, with its focus on training, adaptability, and inclusivity, serves as a valuable resource for entrepreneurs looking to thrive in the e-commerce landscape within the framework of AFCFTA.

By equipping SMEs with the necessary skills and tools, Betiba aims to facilitate their growth and contribute to the success of AFCFTA as a catalyst for economic development.

Arguments

The protocol on digital trade should focus on digital inclusion

Supporting facts:

• Protocol reintroduces the need for member states of the African Union to consider vulnerable populations in digital trade

• States are asked to incorporate provisions for the most vulnerable groups in the digital trade dynamic

• A clear article in the protocol addresses digital inclusion

Topics: Policy Making, Digital Trade, Inclusion

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States need to strengthen their policies and strategies around digital trade

Supporting facts:

• A vision, policy, and strategy is required to implement initiatives related to digital trade and inclusion

• In Togo, a clear vision emphasizes inclusion as a priority, guided by the highest authority

Topics: Policy Making, Digital Trade, Governmental Action

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Strengthening of the legal framework is crucial for digital inclusion

Supporting facts:

• Adequate cyber legislation is needed for digital inclusion

• Togo has a cyber law enabling it to implement protocol provisions

• Togo’s laws include those on digital transactions, personal data, and fight against cybercrime

Topics: Policy Making, Digital Law, Cyber Legislation

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Economies must invest in skill strengthening policies

Supporting facts:

• Cannot combine digital inclusion without focusing on the economy of skills

• Skill development is crucial to manage emerging technologies

Topics: Education, Skills Development, Emerging Technologies

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Difficulty in balancing public and private sector involvement in digital platforms

Supporting facts:

• In Togo, the Ministry of Commerce created an e-commerce platform to promote local products, but faced difficulty competing with private sector platforms.

• As a result, they limited their platform to promotion and not commercialization.

Topics: Public-Private Partnership, Digital Platforms, E-commerce

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Need for concessions in terms of digital sovereignty and security

Supporting facts:

• The protocol on digital trade required states to make concessions such as accepting data transferred from another party state.

• This would also involve the mutual recognition of electronic certifications and authentications like electronic signatures, identities etc.

Topics: Data Sovereignty, Digital Security, Cross-border Digital Trade

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Tunisia has a national strategy for cybersecurity and digital transformation that includes infrastructure, security, and regulation of transactions

Supporting facts:

• Tunisia has a national strategic plan composed of six or seven pillars

• This plan includes infrastructure, security and regulation of transactions

Topics: Cybersecurity, Digital Transformation, National Strategy

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Tunisia has implemented Mobile ID to ensure access to administrative services for citizens

Supporting facts:

• Tunisia has managed to implement Mobile ID

Topics: Mobile ID, Administrative Services, Digital Accessibility

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Report

The analysis provides key insights into the protocol on digital trade and digital inclusion. It emphasises the importance of considering vulnerable populations in digital trade and incorporating provisions for them in the digital trade dynamic. Member states of the African Union are called upon to reintroduce the need to consider vulnerable populations in digital trade, and a clear article in the protocol specifically addresses digital inclusion.

This indicates a positive sentiment towards the protocol’s focus on digital inclusion. Additionally, the analysis suggests that states need to strengthen their policies and strategies around digital trade. It is argued that a vision, policy, and strategy are required to effectively implement initiatives related to digital trade and inclusion.

The case of Togo is highlighted, where a clear vision emphasises inclusion as a priority, guided by the highest authority. This positive sentiment towards strengthening policies and strategies indicates the importance of a comprehensive approach to digital trade. Furthermore, the analysis stresses the need for adequate cyber legislation and a strong legal framework to support digital inclusion.

The case of Togo is presented as an example of a country with cyber laws enabling the implementation of protocol provisions. Togo’s laws include provisions on digital transactions, personal data, and the fight against cybercrime. This positive sentiment towards strengthening the legal framework suggests that a robust legal framework is crucial for promoting digital inclusion.

The analysis also highlights the importance of skill development and investment in skill-strengthening policies for managing emerging technologies and promoting digital inclusion. It is argued that economies must invest in skill-strengthening policies to ensure that digital inclusion goes hand in hand with the economy of skills.

This underscores the significance of human capital development in the digital era. Difficulties in balancing public and private sector involvement in digital platforms are noted. The case of Togo is mentioned, where the Ministry of Commerce created an e-commerce platform to promote local products but faced challenges competing with private sector platforms.

As a result, they limited their platform to promotion rather than commercialisation. This negative sentiment implies the need for careful consideration in achieving a balanced and fair involvement of both sectors. The analysis also highlights the need for concessions in terms of digital sovereignty and security.

The protocol on digital trade requires states to make concessions, such as accepting data transferred from another party state and mutually recognising electronic certifications and authentications. This positive sentiment towards concessions suggests that a willingness to give up certain prerogatives is necessary to achieve a unified digital market.

Furthermore, the analysis argues that achieving a unified digital market is essential for the African Union’s ambition of creating a unique market and eliminating trade obstacles. It is clarified that this does not mean a loss of sovereignty but rather a consolidation to achieve common objectives.

This positive sentiment towards a unified digital market emphasises the importance of collaboration and cooperation among African countries for digital trade. The analysis also points out the importance of having a national strategy for cybersecurity and digital transformation, including infrastructure, security, and regulation of transactions.

The case of Tunisia is cited as an example of a country with a national strategic plan composed of pillars that encompass these elements. This positive sentiment towards the presence of a national strategy highlights the value of a coordinated approach to cybersecurity and digital transformation.

The implementation of Mobile ID in Tunisia to ensure access to administrative services for citizens is seen as a positive development. This reinforces the importance of digital accessibility and the use of emerging technologies to improve public services. In contrast, the analysis notes that many strategies do not have a data governance strategy.

This negative sentiment highlights the need for a structured approach to data governance to ensure the responsible and ethical use of data in the digital era. Lastly, the analysis suggests that the ECOWAS protocols will boost interoperability and information exchange between African countries.

This positive sentiment towards the protocols underscores the value of regional partnerships and collaboration in promoting digital trade and inclusion. Overall, the analysis provides valuable insights into the protocol on digital trade and digital inclusion. It emphasises the importance of considering vulnerable populations, strengthening policies and strategies, having a strong legal framework, investing in skill development, balancing public and private sector involvement, making concessions in terms of digital sovereignty and security, achieving a unified digital market, having a national strategy for cybersecurity and digital transformation, ensuring digital accessibility, and implementing data governance strategies.

It highlights both positive developments and challenges in the pursuit of digital inclusion, underscoring the need for comprehensive and collaborative efforts to create an inclusive digital landscape in Africa.

Arguments

Inclusion of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) into digital trade is crucial

Supporting facts:

• In Africa, SMEs account for 90% of private sector jobs and 80% of all jobs.

• Supporting MSMEs to get an online presence is a practical solution.

Topics: AFCFTA, Digital Trade, MSMEs

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Ensuring digital inclusion can aid in addressing gender divide

Supporting facts:

• Africa is the only region in the world in which women are more likely to be entrepreneurs than men.

• Closing the digital gender divide by providing digital skills and access to the Internet could solve a huge socioeconomic problem.

Topics: gender equality, digital skills, SDG 5

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Digital skills are fundamental for digital inclusion

Supporting facts:

• Digital literacy is very low on the continent, especially in women.

• Investing in digital education can provide future labor force without necessitating migration.

Topics: digital literacy, digital skills, SDG 4

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Cross-border payments is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed for easier transactions

Supporting facts:

• East Africa has innovative e-payment solutions that should be shared among other African countries

• South Africa’s strong financial system can be leveraged to develop cross-border payment solutions

Topics: Cross-border payments, Transactions

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Partnerships and collaboration can bridge the digital divide

Supporting facts:

• Partnerships with institutions like Microsoft can provide lab facilities in schools

• Public libraries and halls can act as shared spaces for digital labs

• Students can help in website development for small businesses

Topics: Digital divide, Partnerships, Collaboration

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Public procurement regulations can be used to support online businesses

Supporting facts:

• In South Africa and Kenya, regulations require opportunities to be given to women

• Having an online presence can become a factor in public procurement processes

Topics: Public procurement regulations, Online businesses

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Report

The analysis emphasises the significance of digital inclusion in driving socioeconomic development in Africa. One of the key arguments made is the need to include Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in digital trade, as this is considered crucial for their growth and success.

By enabling MSMEs to have an online presence, they can expand their customer reach and increase sales. Given that SMEs account for 90% of private sector jobs and 80% of all jobs in Africa, supporting their digital inclusion is seen as a practical solution to boost employment and economic growth.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the importance of digital inclusion in addressing the gender divide. Africa is the only region where women are more likely to be entrepreneurs than men. However, women face significant barriers in accessing digital skills and internet connectivity, limiting their entrepreneurial opportunities.

By closing the digital gender gap and providing digital skills training and internet access for women, a significant socioeconomic problem can be resolved. It is seen as a way to empower women and promote gender equality. Another crucial aspect discussed is the low level of digital literacy in Africa, particularly among women.

Investing in digital education is seen as fundamental to achieving digital inclusion. By equipping individuals with digital skills, it can create a future labor force that does not require migration. This not only benefits individuals in terms of job opportunities but also contributes to the overall development of the continent.

The analysis also highlights the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) as a catalyst for inclusivity and gender equality. The AFCFTA protocol contains provisions to promote gender equality and inclusivity. Additionally, a separate protocol has been formulated to address inclusivity issues.

This demonstrates the commitment towards sustainable socioeconomic development and the recognition of the importance of inclusivity and gender equality within the trade framework. Other key issues identified include the pressing need to address cross-border payments for easier transactions and the digital divide.

Innovative e-payment solutions in East Africa can be shared with other African countries, and leveraging South Africa’s strong financial system can aid in the development of cross-border payment solutions. Moreover, partnerships and collaboration are seen as vital in bridging the digital divide.

Collaborations with institutions like Microsoft can provide lab facilities in schools, public libraries, and halls can act as shared spaces for digital labs, and students can contribute to website development for small businesses. Such partnerships can help ensure that the benefits of digital technology are accessible to everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic background.

The analysis also emphasises the role of tech companies in developing digital ecosystems through their corporate social responsibility (CSR). Tech companies can assist small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) in establishing an online presence, and companies like DHL can provide support in understanding customs processes.

It highlights the importance of corporate involvement in driving digital inclusion and supporting the growth of online businesses. Lastly, public procurement regulations are seen as a potential tool for supporting online businesses. In South Africa and Kenya, regulations already require opportunities to be given to women.

Having an online presence can become a factor in public procurement processes, thereby providing opportunities for online businesses and promoting gender equality. In conclusion, the analysis underscores the central role of digital inclusion in Africa’s socioeconomic development. By including MSMEs in digital trade, bridging the digital gender gap, addressing the low level of digital literacy, fostering inclusivity and gender equality through the AFCFTA, and tackling pressing issues such as cross-border payments and the digital divide, Africa can unlock its full potential.

Partnerships, collaboration, and the active participation of tech companies are key in bridging the digital divide, and public procurement regulations can be leveraged to support the growth of online businesses and create opportunities for women. Through these efforts, Africa can achieve sustainable socioeconomic growth and empower its citizens.

Arguments

Digital trade can unlock opportunities for marginalized groups on the African continent

Supporting facts:

• Holo emphasizes on the need to develop domestic strategies for digital inclusion that will essentially be social and economic

Topics: Digital Trade, AFCFDA Protocol, Inclusivity

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The need to bridge the digital divide and foster inclusivity and sustainability in the digital trade ecosystem across Africa

Topics: Digital Divide, Inclusivity, Sustainability, Digital Trade Ecosystem

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Report

The analysis includes four speakers addressing different aspects of digital trade in Africa. The first speaker emphasises the importance of developing domestic strategies for digital inclusion, specifically focusing on the social and economic benefits it would bring. They argue that these strategies would create opportunities for marginalized groups in Africa.

This aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), and SDG10 (Reduced Inequality). The speaker’s sentiment towards digital trade is positive. The second speaker focuses on the need to safeguard the internet and enhance cybersecurity.

They highlight the necessity of establishing legal and regulatory frameworks that facilitate digital trade while also ensuring effective cybersecurity management. By addressing these issues, the speaker believes that Africa can fully maximise the potential benefits of digital trade. The sentiment expressed by this speaker is also positive.

The third speaker argues for bridging the digital divide and promoting inclusivity and sustainability within the digital trade ecosystem across Africa. However, no specific evidence or supporting facts are mentioned for this point, and the sentiment expressed is neutral. Finally, the fourth speaker acknowledges the challenges facing digital trade in Africa but remains optimistic.

They highlight that these obstacles are actively being addressed in the digital trade protocol. Although no specific evidence or supporting facts are provided, the speaker’s sentiment towards digital trade is positive. Overall, the analysis underscores the significance of digital inclusion, cybersecurity, bridging the digital divide, and resolving obstacles to promote digital trade in Africa.

These factors are essential for achieving sustainable economic growth and reducing inequalities. Furthermore, the analysis reveals the need to develop legal and regulatory frameworks to facilitate digital trade while safeguarding the internet and enhancing cybersecurity measures. It also highlights the ongoing efforts to address challenges within the digital trade protocol.

Arguments

Digital inclusion is a crucial part of building an inclusive and sustainable digital trade ecosystem

Supporting facts:

• Unlike most other protocols which talk generally, AFCFTA protocol has a chapter dedicated to inclusion, designing for small businesses, people with disability, indigenous people.

• Broadband access in Africa is a key issue. Lack of broadband can act as a major hindrance to access to digital trade.

Topics: Digital trade protocol, AFCFTA, Broadband access, Digital Inclusion

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Addressing broadband access issue is necessary for enabling digital trade

Supporting facts:

• Broadband access is expensive to set up, organizations need to be able to justify ROI.

• More economic activity on e-commerce platforms could be a catalyst for broadband access investments.

• Private sector businesses can make active investments and e-government services can happen more actively if there is more economic activity.

Topics: Broadband access, Digital trade, Economy, Infrastructure

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Establishing minimum data protection standards for cross-border transactions

Supporting facts:

• The Digital Trade Protocol mandates that member states guarantee data protection standards meet those of their own country when sharing data

• 61% of African countries have some form of data protection regulations

Topics: Data Localization, Data Governance, Cross-Border Transactions, Digital Trade

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Rapid adoption of technology and growth of digital economy in Africa

Supporting facts:

• In just one year, the rate of internet penetration in Africa grew from 9.6% to about 13%

• By 2030, Africa’s data center capacity needs to reach about 1,200 megawatts to accommodate the expansion of the digital economy

Topics: Digital Trade, Data Governance, E-commerce, Innovation

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Problems surround digital taxes on the African continent

Supporting facts:

• The issue that taxes, particularly digital taxes, remains a big issue

• There’s what’s happening in Kenya with the digital tax rule, and the president has talked about waiving it for a time

• During the negotiations, there have been many discussions on how best to approach digital taxation

Topics: Digital Tax, Digital Trade

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Report

The analysis reveals several important points about digital trade in Africa. Firstly, the AFCFTA (African Continental Free Trade Area) protocol places a strong emphasis on digital inclusion and addresses the specific needs of small businesses, individuals with disabilities, and indigenous communities.

Unlike other protocols, the AFCFTA protocol has a dedicated chapter on inclusion. This demonstrates the commitment to creating an inclusive and sustainable digital trade ecosystem. Secondly, broadband access is a crucial issue that can greatly impact access to digital trade.

Insufficient broadband infrastructure and high costs act as major obstacles for businesses and individuals in Africa. The lack of broadband access hinders digital trade opportunities and limits economic growth. Furthermore, the analysis highlights that organizations need to justify the return on investment for setting up broadband access, and increased economic activity on e-commerce platforms can potentially encourage investments in broadband infrastructure.

The standardisation of digital trade protocols is identified as essential in promoting economic activity and justifying investments in broadband access. By creating joint standards, countries can ensure that more businesses can go online, which in turn promotes economic growth. The harmonisation of rules and the predictability of regulations aid businesses in understanding and adapting to the rules surrounding data sharing.

This increases market competition and facilitates cross-border trade. Additionally, the analysis underscores the importance of public digital infrastructure for thriving e-commerce. The AFCFTA protocol aims to catalyse cross-country investment in infrastructure, and both public and private sectors are encouraged to make infrastructure investments.

Building reliable and efficient digital infrastructure supports the growth of e-commerce and contributes to sustainable economic development. The establishment of minimum data protection standards for cross-border transactions is advocated in the analysis. This is crucial for ensuring the security and privacy of data shared across borders.

Data protection regulations already exist in 61% of African countries, highlighting a growing recognition of the need to safeguard data in cross-border transactions. On the other hand, concerns are raised about the negative effects of data localisation. Prohibiting data sharing and enforcing data localisation can lead to increased costs for businesses, making data backups more expensive and increasing compliance costs for small businesses.

Balancing the need for data protection and facilitating data sharing is crucial. The analysis also highlights the challenges surrounding digital taxation in Africa. Digital taxes, particularly, remain a contentious issue. The discussions during negotiations centre around finding the best approach to digital taxation.

The solution proposed is to use data modelling to strike a balance between generating revenue and avoiding excessive taxation. This ensures that consumer prices for online services do not become exorbitantly high. Finally, it is argued that member states should view trade participation responsibilities as an opportunity to generate revenue, rather than solely focusing on taxation.

Increasing trade participation can lead to an increase in GDP and wealth, resulting in more revenue in the long term. In conclusion, the analysis sheds light on various aspects of digital trade in Africa. From the importance of digital inclusion and broadband access to the need for standardisation, public digital infrastructure, and minimum data protection standards, it is clear that strategic measures are required to foster a sustainable and inclusive digital trade ecosystem.

Addressing the challenges of data localisation and digital taxation further contribute to creating a conducive environment for growth and economic development in the digital economy.

Arguments

Big tech companies abusing dominant position needs to be addressed

Supporting facts:

• Authorities worldwide are introducing new regulations or amending competition laws to capture these abusive practices with digital features.

• EU DMA is a prominent example of this.

Topics: market concentration, abysm dominant position, big tech companies

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AI can promote competition and benefits to society

Supporting facts:

• AI provides personalized recommendations on online shopping websites.

• Price comparison algorithms allow consumers to make better choices.

Topics: AI, competition, innovation, benefits

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Competition authorities should sort out issues related to competition and algorithm

Supporting facts:

• Issues around competition and AI are broad and require different solutions.

• Authorities need to untangle AI and competition issues.

Topics: competition authorities, AI, algorithms

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AI can be used to facilitate cartels and potentially reduce the chance of detection by competition authorities.

Supporting facts:

• AI can collect price data to ensure cartel agreements are kept.

• AI could help cartel members avoid direct communication, reducing the chance of being detected by authorities.

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Cartels, Competition policy

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AI can lead to unintentional price coordination among competitors, leading to the same market effects as traditional cartels.

Supporting facts:

• Different AI might independently generate the same price settings based on public information.

• This unintentional coordination presents a significant challenge to competition authorities as no cartel agreement is in place.

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Market dynamics, Pricing strategy

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Report

The analysis explores several important aspects related to big tech companies, AI, and competition authorities. Firstly, it argues that the issue of big tech companies abusing their dominant positions needs to be addressed. This is supported by the fact that authorities worldwide are introducing new regulations or amending competition laws to capture these abusive practices with digital features.

The EU DMA is highlighted as a prominent example of this. On the other hand, the analysis also highlights the positive role that AI can play in promoting competition and benefiting society. For instance, AI provides personalised recommendations on online shopping websites, enhancing the consumer experience.

Price comparison algorithms enable consumers to make better choices by comparing prices and finding the best deals. In terms of the relationship between competition and AI, it is argued that the issues surrounding this intersection are broad and require different solutions.

Competition authorities are encouraged to untangle the complexities of AI and competition issues. Moreover, the analysis suggests that competition authorities should utilise AI to detect anti-competitive practices. AI’s capabilities in processing and analysing large amounts of data can be harnessed to uncover cartels.

For example, AI can detect cartels from online price data and process public procurement data to identify bid rigging. This stance emphasises the positive potential of AI in combating anti-competitive behaviour. However, it is worth noting that the analysis also raises concerns about the potential misuse of AI.

It suggests that AI can be used to facilitate cartels and potentially reduce the chance of detection by competition authorities. The argument is supported by the claim that AI can collect price data to ensure cartel agreements are kept, while helping cartel members avoid direct communication, thus reducing the chance of being detected.

This poses a significant challenge for competition authorities in effectively regulating cartels facilitated by AI. Furthermore, the analysis highlights another unintended consequence of AI in the competition arena. It suggests that different AI systems might independently generate the same price settings based on public information.

This unintentional coordination among competitors presents a significant challenge to competition authorities, as it can lead to similar market effects as traditional cartels, even without an explicit agreement. To tackle the issue of AI-facilitated cartels, competition authorities are advised to build their digital capacities and expertise.

Developing expertise in digital investigation and case proving is necessary to understand and effectively combat anti-competitive practices enabled by AI. Some competition authorities have already started hiring external IT and AI specialists to assist in investigations, further highlighting the importance and urgency of this approach.

However, there is a need to strike a balance between potential regulations of AI to prevent it from facilitating cartels and the impact on AI innovation. Prohibiting the creation of AI with coordinating functions might be challenging from a competition policy perspective, and excessive intervention could hamper innovation in the AI sector.

Overall, the analysis sheds light on the complex dynamics between big tech companies, AI, and competition authorities. It underscores the need for proactive regulation and the responsible use of AI to ensure fair competition and protect consumer welfare.

Arguments

Rethinking the fundamentals of the laws of nature to develop value creation algorithms

Supporting facts:

• Working on a theory of interrelationship

• Working on a book to be presented next year

• The concept comes from a mistake in market assessment

Topics: Algorithms, AI, Real-world markets

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Gian Marco Solas proposes a generalization of the laws of physics to interpret real world markets and human affairs.

Supporting facts:

• The proposal is built around a theoretical framework that combines the philosophy of science and philosophy of history.

• Tries to propose some equation to try and explain this new approach to markets.

Topics: Laws of Physics, Real World Markets, Economics

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Adopting a complex science approach and the concept of entropy to deal with situations of chaos in society can be beneficial.

Supporting facts:

• Entropy indicates cows, abandonment, and waste.

• New cycles could breathe life into a chaotic system.

Topics: Complex Science Approach, Entropy, Cows

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Digital platform has both positive and negative aspects.

Supporting facts:

• Positive aspects include sharing of resources such as houses and cars.

• Negative aspects include enabling cartels, collusions.

Topics: Digital Platform, Technology

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Standard practice of regulation may not consider economic activities’ realities fully.

Supporting facts:

• The speaker’s experience when building a legal tech platform showed that standardization of data, necessary for financial models, leads to the loss of value inherent in the specificities and complexity of each claim.

Topics: Regulation, Economic Activities

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Report

In a recent discussion on law, economics, and technology, several speakers presented their views and proposals. One speaker put forth the idea of rethinking the fundamentals of the laws of nature to develop algorithms for value creation. This approach aims to revolutionize how we understand and generate value in various domains.

The speaker argued that by understanding and harnessing the interrelationships between different phenomena, we can create innovative solutions and algorithms. Another speaker explored the concept of a universal and mathematical principle of law and love. This principle suggests that there is a fundamental connection between law and love, and that they should not be seen as separate entities.

By embracing this principle, the speaker claimed that we can build more just and compassionate legal systems that promote peace and strong institutions. A thought-provoking proposal was made to generalize the laws of physics to interpret real-world markets and human affairs.

This theoretical framework combines the philosophy of science and the philosophy of history. By attempting to develop equations that explain this new approach to markets, the speaker aimed to provide alternative perspectives and insights into economic phenomena, moving beyond traditional economic models.

While discussing the impact of technology on the legal profession, it was argued that the legal profession will not disappear with the emergence of new technologies. Instead, it will continue to play a critical role in guiding the economy and human affairs.

The speaker highlighted that complex and adaptive sciences can help understand and utilize the potential of new technologies and shape their use cases. Another interesting point raised was that the economy is much larger than traditional financial and economics-based models suggest.

It was suggested that around 80-90 percent of the economy has not yet emerged or been captured by existing models. Moreover, the available technology can amplify the reach and impact of the legal system and the economy, allowing for increased accessibility and proportional growth.

In considering chaotic situations in society, a speaker advocated for adopting a complex science approach and using the concept of entropy. This approach suggests that by understanding the complex and interconnected systems at play, new cycles of growth and order can be created from chaos.

The application of this approach to societal issues could lead to more effective problem-solving and the development of sustainable solutions. Technology was seen as instrumental in law codification, enabling the law to become more accessible and inclusive. Historical evidence showed that law codification often occurred during times of societal and economic chaos.

By leveraging technology, legal systems can be widely distributed, increasing accessibility and ensuring that individuals are empowered to understand and engage with the law. The duality of digital platforms was pointed out, highlighting both the positive opportunities and negative aspects they present.

On the positive side, digital platforms allow for resource-sharing, such as shared housing and transportation. However, they also have negative consequences, such as enabling cartels and collusions that can harm fair competition and economic growth. The standard practice of regulation was questioned for potentially overlooking the realities of economic activities.

The experience of building a legal tech platform revealed that standardisation of data, which is necessary for financial models, may lead to a loss of value inherent in the specificities and complexity of each claim. This suggests that current regulations may need to consider the unique characteristics and dynamics of economic activities to ensure fairness and effectiveness.

The United Nations was seen as an essential platform for discussions on representing laws in reality and fostering sustainable economies. New technologies provide opportunities to “code” the law and integrate it directly into reality. The speaker proposed the creation of a common platform, collaboratively designed on a global scale, to make the economy more sustainable and just.

Lastly, leveraging technology was advocated to better represent legal and economic realities. Traditional models were acknowledged to have limitations in capturing the complexity and full value of legal and economic aspects in litigation settings. New technologies offer the opportunity to develop “legal by design” solutions that reflect the intricacies of legal and economic systems.

In conclusion, the discussions revolved around various aspects of law, economics, and technology. Speakers presented innovative ideas to redefine our understanding of value creation, propose universal principles for law and love, and interpret real-world markets through the lens of physics.

They emphasised the continued significance of the legal profession, the need to recognise the true scope of the economy, and the potential benefits of adopting complex science approaches. Moreover, technology was seen as a powerful tool to enhance the accessibility and inclusivity of the law, although caution was raised regarding its regulation and potential negative consequences.

The United Nations was suggested as a key platform for addressing these topics and fostering sustainable economies. Overall, leveraging technology was seen as a crucial factor in better representing and navigating legal and economic realities.

Arguments

Significant rise in digital markets because of COVID-19 pandemic.

Supporting facts:

• Increased use of digital markets in banking, insurance, and distribution markets.

• Significance of digital markets became prominent during the pandemic.

• Digital markets enhance convenience and variety for consumers.

Topics: Digital Markets, COVID-19

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Challenges due to unique characteristics of digital markets

Supporting facts:

• Unique characteristics include first move advantage, tipping nature of the markets, network effects, and zero pricing

• Digital markets make markets more susceptible to anti-competitive practices.

Topics: Digital Markets, Competition

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Tausha acknowledges the benefits of digital markets and algorithms, which have brought competition to traditionally dominated markets

Supporting facts:

• Digital markets bring in convenience and cheaper variety of goods

• Digital markets bring efficiencies in economies

• They allow for competition among large firms as well as new, smaller ones

Topics: Digital Markets, Traditionally Dominated Markets, Competition

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Tausha highlights the risks of unregulated digital markets, citing potential issues of dominance, market integration, and ease of coordination

Supporting facts:

• Algorithms could lead to coordination or even catalization without any tangible evidence or agreement

• The current setup of regulations lacks structure to address emerging issues in digital markets

Topics: Digital Markets, Dominance, Market Integration, Coordination

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Tausha asserts the need for regulators to adapt to the changes brought about by digital markets

Supporting facts:

• Comesa has been keenly observing digital markets

• Comesa undertook cases and approved transactions with conditions to prevent excessive anti-competitive behavior

• Comesa plans to review regulations and find ways to regulate digital markets

Topics: Regulation, Digital Markets

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Report

The rise of digital markets during the COVID-19 pandemic has been significant, driven by increased usage in banking, insurance, and distribution markets. This shift towards digital platforms has provided consumers with convenience and a wider variety of options. However, digital markets also present unique challenges.

Their characteristics, such as first-mover advantage, tipping nature, network effects, and zero pricing, make them more susceptible to anti-competitive practices, posing concerns for competition authorities. One particular challenge is regulating non-resident companies operating in digital markets, as quantitative thresholds make it difficult to monitor major players and identify anti-competitive practices.

Despite the challenges, digital markets have brought about positive changes, especially in traditionally dominated markets. They have brought convenience and a cheaper variety of goods, as well as efficiencies in economies. Digital markets have fostered competition among large firms and allowed new, smaller ones to enter the market.

Nevertheless, there are concerns about unregulated digital markets. Algorithms can lead to coordination or even collusion without tangible evidence or agreement. The current regulatory setup lacks the necessary structure to address emerging issues in digital markets, posing potential risks such as dominance, market integration, and ease of coordination.

Regulators must adapt to these changes and find ways to effectively regulate digital markets. COMESA has been closely observing digital markets and has taken actions by reviewing and approving transactions with conditions to prevent excessive anti-competitive behavior. They also plan to update and review regulations to better address the challenges posed by digital markets.

In conclusion, a balanced approach is necessary in digital markets, ensuring both innovation and protection for the most vulnerable members of society. COMESA advocates for this balance through training staff, cooperating with national and regional authorities, and creating a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences.

Understanding market operations is crucial for conducting effective investigations and market analysis. Overall, while digital markets bring numerous benefits, it is important to address the challenges they pose to ensure fair and competitive markets.

Arguments

AI and algorithms can bring challenges for the market and individual privacy

Supporting facts:

• AI and algorithms can have huge impact on the economies

• They can be potentially harmful for individual data and privacy

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, Technology Regulation, Privacy

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Current system struggle to regulate and enforce policies on AI and algorithm companies

Supporting facts:

• Companies are often not based in the territory that tries to regulate them, posing jurisdictional and sovereignty issues.

• The fast pace of technological changes makes it difficult to create and enforce legislation

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, Technology Regulation

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Regulation should not hamper the innovation brought about by AI and algorithms

Supporting facts:

• Regulation is necessary but it should not negatively impact the innovation that has been critical for the growth of economies

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, Innovation, Technology Regulation

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European Union is actively working on AI regulation based on different levels of risk

Supporting facts:

• EU is discussing the world’s first AI regulation which includes risk-based levels such as unacceptable risks, high risks, limited risks

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, EU, Technology Regulation

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International Competition Network can provide a forum for discussing globally important topics, such as digital markets, algorithms, and artificial intelligence.

Supporting facts:

• The International Competition Network promotes best practices in antitrust.

• The book on The Law and Politics of Global Competition analyzes the dynamics of international cooperation.

Topics: International Cooperation, Global Competition, Digital Markets, Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence

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The process of defining best practices within the International Competition Network lacks transparency and may not reflect the interests of all countries, particularly developing ones.

Supporting facts:

• Concerns about who influences the draft of best practises and whether they are in the interest of all countries.

Topics: International Competition Network, Best Practices, Transparency

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Several main principles regarding the regulation of digital platforms should be preserved, such as market accessibility and contestability, fair competition, fairness, and preserving within-platform competition.

Supporting facts:

• UNCTAD has recently come to the adoption of recommended practices for digital platforms under the DA Global Initiative.

Topics: Regulations, Digital Platforms, Market Accessibility, Contestability, Fair Competition

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Report

The analysis focuses on the challenges and significance of regulating artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithms. The speakers highlight various concerns regarding the impact of AI and algorithms on economies and individual privacy. They argue that while AI and algorithms have the potential to bring great benefits to the market, they can also be harmful if not properly regulated.

One of the main concerns raised is the negative impact on economies. The analysis points out that AI and algorithms can have a huge impact on economies, but they can also pose risks. Fast-paced technological changes make it difficult to create and enforce legislation to regulate AI and algorithm companies.

The current system struggles with jurisdictional and sovereignty issues, as companies are often not based in the territory that tries to regulate them. Another important point raised is the need for regulation that does not hinder innovation. While regulation is necessary to ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI and algorithms, it should not stifle the innovation that has been crucial for the growth of economies.

The European Union is praised for actively working on AI regulation based on different levels of risk. This approach acknowledges that not all AI applications pose the same level of risk and allows for tailored regulation. This is seen as a positive step towards ensuring the safe and responsible use of AI.

The analysis also highlights the role of the International Competition Network in providing a forum for discussing globally important topics related to digital markets, algorithms, and AI. The network promotes best practices in antitrust and facilitates international cooperation. However, concerns are raised about the lack of transparency in the process of defining these best practices.

It is suggested that the interests of all countries, particularly developing ones, may not be adequately represented. Stakeholder engagement is emphasized as a crucial aspect of AI and algorithm regulation. The analysis highlights the importance of including stakeholders such as consumers, citizens, judicial authorities, lawyers, and the industry in discussions concerning regulation.

The European Union initiative on regulating AI is given as an example of a bottom-up approach that considers citizens’ priorities. Overall, the main principles for regulating digital platforms include market accessibility, fair competition, and preserving competition within platforms. The analysis also stresses the need for fairness and competition preservation within platforms.

In conclusion, the analysis underscores the importance of regulating AI and algorithms to address concerns regarding economies and privacy. It calls for a balance between regulation and innovation and highlights the need for international cooperation and stakeholder engagement in the regulatory process.

Arguments

The session today, named ‘Building Fair Markets in the Autonomous Age’, is aimed to delve into the effects of algorithms on competition and antitrust laws

Supporting facts:

• Satya Malik is the senior program manager at Dialogue, a newly established think tank focussed on technology law.

Topics: Technology Law, Data Privacy, Competition, Cybersecurity

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The session will consist of three themes revolving around the intersection of algorithms and competition, the pro-competitive effects of algorithms, and the direction forward

Supporting facts:

• The session is structured in such a way to cover various aspects of the role of algorithms.

Topics: Algorithms, Competition, Consumer Choice, Innovation, Data Privacy

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The aim is to build a market that prioritizes consumer welfare, healthy competition, and the protection of small businesses

Supporting facts:

• The talk will conclude with a discussion on the way forward in the market.

Topics: Consumer Protection, Small Businesses

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Balancing pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects of algorithms

Supporting facts:

• Pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects of algorithms and AI can be balanced

• The need for capacity building internally of policy makers and regulators

• Cooperation on a national, international, and regional level is important

Topics: Digital Platforms, Regulation, Algorithms

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Importance of internal capacity building

Supporting facts:

• Training of staff and developing digital case units can help build the capacity

• Cooperation on national, international and regional level can facilitate this

Topics: Policy Makers, Regulation

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Regulation of platforms and data

Supporting facts:

• AI and algorithms are largely being used by large platforms

• Focus on platform regulation is important

Topics: Platform Regulation, Data

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Importance of evidence and interdisciplinary research

Supporting facts:

• Legal and policy research combined with physics, chemistry and math can help provide better evidence

• Including developers in the conversation is important

Topics: Evidence, Interdisciplinary Research

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Collaboration and inclusive capacity building

Supporting facts:

• Need for everyone to come together and collaborate

• Don’t limit collaborations to policymakers only, but include experts, civil society, industry and citizens

Topics: Collaboration, Capacity Building

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Report

The session “Building Fair Markets in the Autonomous Age” focuses on the impact of algorithms on competition and antitrust laws. The session aims to explore three main themes: the intersection of algorithms and competition, the pro-competitive effects of algorithms, and the way forward in ensuring fair markets.

An important goal of the session is to create a market that prioritizes consumer welfare, healthy competition, and the protection of small businesses. This requires finding a balance between the positive and negative effects of algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) on competition.

To achieve this balance, it is crucial to build internal capacity among policy makers and regulators. This can be done through staff training and the development of digital case units. Collaboration at the national, international, and regional levels is also essential for addressing algorithm-related challenges effectively.

Regulating platforms and data is another significant aspect highlighted in the session. As algorithms and AI are increasingly used by large platforms, focusing on platform regulation becomes crucial to ensure fair and equitable markets. The session also emphasizes the importance of evidence and interdisciplinary research in understanding the impacts of algorithms on competition and market dynamics.

Combining legal and policy research with insights from physics, chemistry, and mathematics can provide better evidence. Involving developers in the conversation is also emphasized to gather valuable insights and analyze evidence effectively. Lastly, collaboration and inclusive capacity building are emphasized.

All stakeholders, including policymakers, experts, civil society, industry, and citizens, need to come together to collaborate effectively. This broader collaboration allows diverse perspectives to be considered, leading to better decision-making processes. In conclusion, the session on “Building Fair Markets in the Autonomous Age” explores the relationship between algorithms and competition.

It advocates for creating markets that prioritize consumer welfare, healthy competition, and the protection of small businesses. This requires balancing the pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects of algorithms, effective regulation, evidence-based research, and inclusive collaboration. Overall, the session aims to foster fair and transparent markets in the era of automation and algorithms.

Arguments

Algorithms and digital age bring a lot of disruptions and innovations

Supporting facts:

• Disruptions occur when there are certain market anomalies, such as a population that is not catered to

• Successful firms bound to cater to existing consumer base can inadvertently create a monopolistic trend

Topics: Algorithms, Digital Age, Innovation

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Algorithms bring immense benefits to consumers if regulated well

Supporting facts:

• Use of algorithms is prevalent in daily life— from communications through emails and chat apps, online trading, to online payment systems

Topics: Algorithms, Consumer Welfare, Regulation

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Technology is democratizing real power

Supporting facts:

• Access to most goods and services is provided worldwide

• There is a phenomenon of unused assets utilization

Topics: Digital Economy, Technology, AI, Machine Learning, Consumer Welfare

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Digital economy has challenges in regulation

Supporting facts:

• Digital economy has its uniqueness in regulation perspective

• Certain large companies operating within digital economy don’t operate within markets

Topics: Digital Economy, Regulation, Jurisdiction

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India still way behind in regulating data privacy

Supporting facts:

• Data sovereignty, privacy issues and data governance is a big concern in India

• Companies or agencies in rural areas are able to obtain private data easily due to tech illiteracy

Topics: Data Privacy, Data Governance, India

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Report

Algorithms and the digital age have brought about a plethora of both disruptions and innovations. It is important to strike a balance between innovation and the potential negative consequences of monopolistic practices. Successful firms, while trying to cater to their existing consumer base, can inadvertently create a monopolistic trend.

This occurs when there are market anomalies, such as a population that is not adequately served. Algorithms have become prevalent in daily life, from communication through emails and chat apps to online trading and payment systems. When regulated effectively, algorithms can immensely benefit consumers.

However, without proper governance, algorithms can have harmful effects. It is crucial to have the appropriate oversight to ensure that algorithms do not produce unintended consequences and pose risks to individuals and society as a whole. Technology is seen as a democratizing force that provides worldwide access to goods and services.

This accessibility has led to the phenomenon of unused assets utilization, which promotes economic growth and decent work opportunities. Regulating the digital economy poses challenges due to its unique nature. Certain large companies operate outside traditional market frameworks. To ensure fair competition, regulations must be adapted to the evolving digital landscape.

In India, a delicate balance must be maintained between being business-friendly and regulating dominant platforms. Key players in e-commerce, such as Flipkart, Amazon, Google, and Meta (formerly known as Facebook), have a significant market share. Adequate regulation is necessary to prevent market concentration and ensure fair competition.

However, the rapid pace of the digital economy often exceeds the development of laws and regulations, requiring a careful approach. Data privacy and governance are major concerns in India. Strengthening regulations in these areas is crucial to protect individuals’ personal information, particularly as companies or agencies in rural areas can easily obtain private data due to tech illiteracy.

Improvement in regulation in the digital age is necessary. This can be achieved through more research and human oversight. Understanding the complexities of regulating the digital economy and considering the ethical and social implications of technological advancements will contribute to effective regulation.

Punitive measures of regulation remain uncertain. Determining how to punish and what to punish, especially in the context of collusive practices, is a dilemma. Clear definitions and collaboration between stakeholders are essential to enforce regulations without stifling innovation and economic growth.

In conclusion, algorithms and the digital age bring both disruptions and innovations. Balancing innovation with the potential negative consequences of monopolistic practices is important. Regulations should be developed to ensure the beneficial use of algorithms while preventing harm. The unique nature of the digital economy requires adaptable regulations.

In India, a balance between being business-friendly and regulating dominant platforms is crucial. Strengthening data privacy and governance is necessary. Improved regulation requires research and human oversight. Collaborative efforts and clear definitions are necessary to enforce regulations effectively.

Arguments

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is simple and based on patterns and probability

Supporting facts:

• AI discovers patterns in a huge amount of data and makes predictions based on probabilities.

• Cites an example of how this works with flags of different nations.

Topics: AI, Patterns, Probability

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Ownership and provenance of AI knowledge should be fair, transparent, and shared.

Supporting facts:

• AI should point to the intellectual or writing source on which it is built.

• Example of how Diplo uses AI for constructive teaching and learning.

Topics: AI, Knowledge, Ownership, Provenance

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Scaling up the annotation and weights is technically feasible

Supporting facts:

• Parminder’s question was if it can be scaled up or can it become

• Jovan believes it is the question of the societal and political will

• Big players like Meta IBM are realizing that it’s not a good idea to centralize knowledge in the hands of a few companies

Topics: NetMundial, Artificial Intelligence, scaling, annotation, weights

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Preserving knowledge through annotation is important, especially for Ministries of Foreign Affairs

Supporting facts:

• Way of thinking about problems, framing the problems, solving the problems is also an asset and ought to be preserved

Topics: annotation, knowledge preservation

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The United Nations will soon face the question of which AI system to use

Supporting facts:

• The selection of AI can have significant implications, which was illustrated with UNDP’s supposed support for an AI system predicting the Israel-Palestinian conflict

Topics: AI technology, UN

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Report

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is highly praised for its ability to discover intricate patterns in vast amounts of data and make accurate predictions based on probabilities. This advancement is possible due to the simplicity of AI, which relies on patterns and probability.

The application of AI in various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, has brought about significant advancements and improvements. Competition in AI development is deemed necessary to prevent exclusive control and dominance by large companies. It is argued that when a few major players have complete control over AI development, it can hinder innovation and limit access to AI technologies and resources.

To address this, there is a growing call for the growth of open-source AI models, which would promote collaboration, knowledge sharing, and inclusivity in AI development. The ownership and provenance of AI knowledge have emerged as critical considerations. It is argued that AI should clearly point to the intellectual or writing source upon which it is built.

This ensures fairness, transparency, and shared ownership of AI knowledge. An example of this is demonstrated by Diplo’s use of AI for constructive teaching and learning, highlighting the importance of attributing the sources of AI knowledge. In the realm of education, AI is shown to have a positive impact on individual learning.

By assisting students in understanding how it thinks, AI enables them to grasp complex subjects more effectively. However, there have been concerns regarding the ban of AI in education. Instead, it is suggested that academic institutions focus on promoting critical thinking while utilizing AI as a beneficial tool for enhancing the learning process.

The scalability of AI annotation and weights is considered technically feasible. Experts believe that expanding the annotation and weight systems can contribute to the accuracy and usability of AI models. This advancement has the potential to further enhance the effectiveness of AI technologies across different sectors.

However, the computerization of political processes raises significant concerns. There is a belief that politics, being a fundamentally human activity, requires a human touch. Caution is urged regarding the quantification and use of AI as an additional tool in political processes, emphasizing the need to preserve the integrity and human element of political decision-making.

Preserving knowledge through annotation is particularly emphasized for Ministries of Foreign Affairs. The way of thinking about and solving problems is considered an asset that should be preserved. By properly annotating and documenting knowledge, Ministries of Foreign Affairs can ensure the continuous development and improvement of their policies and actions.

The selection of AI systems is an important decision that the United Nations will face. The implication of this choice was demonstrated with UNDP’s supposed support for an AI system predicting the Israel-Palestinian conflict. This highlights the significance and potential consequences that come with choosing the right AI technology.

In conclusion, AI’s ability to discover patterns and make predictions based on probabilities has revolutionized various industries. Nonetheless, there are important considerations related to competition, ownership, and provenance, education, politics, and knowledge preservation. The expanded summary provides a comprehensive overview of these key points, emphasizing the essential role and potential impact of AI in our society.

Arguments

Concerns on the annotation and weighting of information in political documentation

Supporting facts:

• The NetMundial final document was created by reading through the contributions and weighting them

• These weights were shown in the final text

Topics: NetMundial, political movements

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Report

The NetMundial final document has raised concerns regarding the annotation and weighting of information in political documentation. This has shed light on the challenges involved in annotating and weighting information within political environments. While this process is considered crucial for determining the significance and influence of different contributions, it is also fraught with difficulties due to the subjective nature of political decision-making and the potential for bias.

To create the NetMundial final document, various contributions were carefully read through and assigned weights. These weights were then taken into account in the final text. However, the specifics of the weighting process remain unclear. Workers and participants have emphasized the need to be part of the working groups to ensure that their views are properly represented and given appropriate weight.

They recognized the significance of having their perspectives incorporated into the final document and wanted to ensure they were given fair consideration. The sentiments surrounding this issue are negative and concerned. The negative sentiment stems from the challenges and potential pitfalls associated with annotating and weighting information in political environments.

The concerns are likely due to the subjective nature of political decision-making and the lack of transparency and fairness surrounding the process. It is important to note that the NetMundial final document touches on related topics such as political movements and the importance of political participation.

These topics are linked to the broader objective of SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), which promotes fair and inclusive governance systems. In conclusion, the NetMundial final document highlights concerns about the annotation and weighting of information in political documentation.

It acknowledges the significance of including diverse perspectives but also underscores the challenges and potential biases involved in the process. The negative and concerned sentiments reflect the need for transparency, fairness, and inclusivity in political decision-making.

Arguments

Concern on relying on pre-trained models due to bias

Supporting facts:

• Generative AI learns to learn patterns which get trained on big data even if finally it deals with small data

• Pre-trained models can contain certain biases

Topics: AI, Bias, Data

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Interest in the magnitude of reliance on external knowledge systems

Topics: AI, Knowledge systems

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Implication of small AI systems being dominated by larger systems

Supporting facts:

• Despite the value in small AI or small data systems, big systems generally conquer

Topics: AI, Market dominance

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Intrest in policy interventions for preserving identity of small AI systems

Topics: AI, Policy, Governance

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Preservation of data and source provenance in AI important

Supporting facts:

• Diplo is an AI node to be preserved

• Foreign Ministry should preserve its knowledge

• Nodes have the responsibility to protect the further sources within the system

Topics: Artificial Intelligence, Data Preservation, Provenance

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Report

In this analysis, the speakers explored several significant concerns and interests regarding artificial intelligence (AI). One of the primary concerns raised was the potential bias present in pre-trained AI models. They highlighted that generative AI learns patterns from extensive amounts of data, even though it ultimately deals with smaller datasets.

This phenomenon has raised concerns about the accuracy and objectivity of the patterns identified by pre-trained models. Additionally, they noted that these models can inadvertently perpetuate certain biases present in the training data, which can have serious ethical implications. Another topic of discussion was the dominance of big AI systems over smaller ones.

Despite the value that small AI or small data systems may offer, there is a general trend towards larger systems dominating the AI landscape. This has sparked concerns about the potential stifling or marginalisation of small AI systems. The implications of such dominance raise questions about innovation, diversity, and competition in the AI field.

The importance of policy interventions to preserve the identity of small AI systems was also highlighted. The speakers argued that without such interventions, small AI systems may struggle to maintain their individuality and distinctiveness in the face of larger, more powerful systems.

They proposed policy measures to ensure that small AI systems are adequately supported and given the opportunity to flourish. Another noteworthy aspect discussed was the preservation of data and source provenance in AI. The speakers emphasised the significance of retaining the knowledge generated by AI nodes and protecting the sources within the AI system.

They urged that AI nodes should be designated and that they have a responsibility to safeguard the underlying sources of data. This approach ensures the integrity and traceability of the information produced by AI systems. It aligns with a collectivist notion of preservation, where the responsibility lies with the nodes themselves.

Overall, the analysis covered concerns related to biases in pre-trained AI models, the dominance of big AI systems, the need for policy interventions to support small AI systems, and the importance of preserving knowledge and source provenance in AI. The speakers concluded that addressing these concerns and interests is crucial for the ethical and sustainable development of AI technology.

Arguments

Outsourcing the highlighting of important information to third-party tools risks misinterpretation and lack of control

Supporting facts:

• Many commercial tools offer text summarization and generation, and these tools are based on the work of other annotators.

• If an institute outsources to a third-party tool, they are allowing others to decide what is important for them.

Topics: AI, Data Annotation, Commercial Tools, Diplo, Outsourcing, Institutional Thinking

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Report

The debate centres around the outsourcing of important information highlighting to third-party tools. One speaker argues that this practice risks misinterpretation and a lack of control. They highlight that many commercial tools offer text summarisation and generation, but their reliance on other annotators could lead to inaccurate interpretation.

This suggests that when an institute outsources to a third-party tool, they are relinquishing control over what is considered important, and the process becomes vulnerable to potential misinterpretation. Furthermore, the speaker expresses a negative sentiment towards outsourcing, emphasising the potential risks involved.

By depending on third-party tools, the speaker argues that there is an increased risk of misinterpretation and a lack of control over the summarisation and highlighting of information. The argument suggests that important details may be overlooked, or not given the appropriate emphasis, potentially leading to misunderstandings or an incomplete understanding of the information at hand.

On the other side of the debate, another speaker takes a different stance, arguing that institutional thinking can only be strengthened by the individuals within the institute. They assert that institutional thinking is enhanced through the active participation of its members.

To support this claim, they provide an example from Diplo, which exemplifies how institutional thinking is nurtured when individuals within the institute are involved in decision-making and interpretation processes. From the analysis of these arguments, it can be inferred that while third-party tools offer convenience and efficiency in text summarisation and generation, there are inherent risks associated with outsourcing important information.

This can result in a loss of control over interpretation and the emphasis placed on certain details. Conversely, the importance of institutional thinking is highlighted as a means to strengthen decision-making and understanding within the institute. In conclusion, both sides present valid points in the debate.

The negative perspective emphasises the need for control and highlights potential risks associated with outsourcing important information to third-party tools. Conversely, the positive perspective underscores the value of institutional thinking and the role of individual participation in making informed decisions.

Ultimately, this debate reveals the significance of carefully considering the pros and cons of outsourcing when it comes to the highlighting of important information.

Arguments

Brazil has reached almost universal connectivity with more than 84% of the population online.

Supporting facts:

• Brazil has achieved a significant percentage of internet users, but meaningful use remains a challenge.

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Disparities exist in Brazil’s internet usage based on socioeconomic status, location, device availability, and digital skills.

Supporting facts:

• In Brazil, high-income households have virtually universal connectivity, whereas low-income households still face challenges in access. Majority of users are mobile only users, particularly in low-income households.

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Data and indicators are crucial in revealing and addressing digital inequalities.

Supporting facts:

• Brazil has been utilizing a range of indicators to track and monitor meaningful connectivity and digital inequalities, with data revealing significant disparities in access and use. Only 22% of internet users in Brazil have meaningful connectivity.

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Meaningful connectivity is more important than just bridging the digital divide

Supporting facts:

• Both regulator and Minister of Communication in Brazil embrace the idea of meaningful connectivity.

• Looking at the conditions and context of internet usage is important in the context of digital transformation and digital economy

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Quality and context of connectivity is important beyond achieving 100% connectivity

Supporting facts:

• Even if 100% population has connectivity, the type of connectivity and use is important

• Information on type of use and context can influence technology investment and capacity building decisions

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Brazil does not have a specific public policy for improvement of meaningful connectivity and equality for the older population

Supporting facts:

• Brazil has different ministries such as the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, that are working on ICT-related initiatives in their areas

• There are civil society organizations in Brazil that have taken up the responsibility of engaging the older population in internet use

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Small internet service providers (ISPs) are key to promoting inclusion and connectivity

Supporting facts:

• In Brazil, small enterprises are going into areas where big telecoms are not interested in offering services

• The growth of internet access in Brazil is linked to very small ISPs providing connectivity

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Report

Brazil has achieved significant progress towards universal connectivity, with over 84% of the population online. However, there are challenges in ensuring meaningful use of the internet. Disparities in access exist based on socioeconomic factors, location, device availability, and digital skills. While high-income households have almost universal connectivity, low-income households face difficulties accessing the internet.

The majority of internet users in Brazil rely on mobile-only access, particularly in low-income households. It is crucial to utilise data and indicators to address digital inequalities, as only 22% of internet users in Brazil have meaningful connectivity. Alexandre, an advocate for data-driven policy-making, emphasises the importance of quality and disaggregated data in identifying and addressing inequalities.

The regulator and the Minister of Communication in Brazil have shown support for meaningful connectivity and the incorporation of data into policy. The idea of meaningful connectivity being more important than just bridging the digital divide is supported, with an understanding of the contextual factors of internet usage.

Brazil currently lacks a specific public policy targeting meaningful connectivity and equality for the older population. However, various ministries and civil society organisations are working to engage the older population in internet use. Promoting meaningful connectivity requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving the government, private sector, academia, and civil society.

The role of small internet service providers (ISPs) in promoting inclusion and connectivity is recognised. These small ISPs have expanded their services into areas not covered by larger telecom operators, contributing to the growth of internet access in Brazil. Alexandre Barbosa argues for reducing entry barriers for small ISPs to enhance internet accessibility.

In summary, Brazil has made significant progress in achieving connectivity, but meaningful use of the internet remains a challenge. Disparities in access exist based on socioeconomic factors, location, device availability, and digital skills. Data and indicators are crucial in addressing these inequalities.

Collaboration among stakeholders is required to promote meaningful connectivity, and reducing entry barriers for small ISPs can enhance internet accessibility in Brazil.

Arguments

Introducing new technology like 5G can increase the digital divide, especially among developing and less developed countries

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Concern about significant need to improve digital connectivity and equality among older age group in Brazil

Supporting facts:

• Older age groups have lower meaningful connectivity in Brazil as shown in the presentation

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ICT is a cross-cutting enabler in different areas in Brazil

Supporting facts:

• ICT is seen as an enabler in fields like education, health, public safety in Brazil

• Specific plans are being developed for capacity-building among students, teachers, and healthcare professionals through the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education

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Needs for digital inclusion among older population in Brazil

Supporting facts:

• No specific public policy in place, but civil society programs are being implemented to engage older population in using the internet

• The older population faces barriers in making meaningful use of the internet

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Enforcing meaningful connectivity in small-scale ISPs

Supporting facts:

• Brazil has 11,000 internet service providers companies working all over the territory.

• The majority of these are small business, micro enterprise with up to nine persons employed.

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Report

The analysis of technology and connectivity in Brazil identifies several key points. One concern raised is the potential increase in the digital divide with the introduction of new technology, such as 5G. This issue is particularly relevant for developing countries, including Brazil.

It is argued that without proper measures in place, the introduction of new technology can further exacerbate existing inequalities. The need for a balance between development and controlling the digital divide is emphasized as crucial when introducing new technologies in developing and less-developed countries.

Another significant issue highlighted is the need to improve digital connectivity and equality among older age groups in Brazil. The analysis reveals that older age groups have lower rates of meaningful connectivity in the country, which raises concerns about the inclusion and access to technology for this demographic.

This issue is deemed essential and requires attention both domestically and internationally. Strategies to improve equality and digital connectivity for older age groups are recommended. The analysis also points out that ICT is seen as a cross-cutting enabler in various areas in Brazil, such as education, health, and public safety.

It is viewed as a tool that can contribute to achieving goals related to good health and well-being, as well as quality education. To realize the potential of ICT, specific plans for capacity-building among students, teachers, and healthcare professionals are being developed through the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education.

Furthermore, the need for digital inclusion among the older population in Brazil is acknowledged. Although no specific public policy is in place, civil society programs are being implemented to engage the older population in using the internet. However, barriers to making meaningful use of the internet are identified for this demographic, indicating the need for further initiatives and support.

The analysis argues for a multi-stakeholder approach in policy-making to effectively address these issues. It is suggested that policies require actions from different stakeholders, including the private sector, academia, and civil society. Such an approach can lead to more comprehensive and inclusive policies.

Another noteworthy observation is the presence of a large number of internet service providers (ISPs) in Brazil, with approximately 11,000 companies operating throughout the country. However, the majority of these ISPs are small businesses or micro enterprises, employing a limited number of individuals.

Therefore, ensuring meaningful connectivity in small-scale ISPs becomes a relevant focus area. A question is raised regarding the role of telecom operators in enforcing quality connection and meaningful connectivity. The analysis suggests that strategies for quality connection enforcement should be examined, with a focus on the role of telecom operators in this regard.

In conclusion, the analysis of technology and connectivity in Brazil highlights concerns about the potential increase in the digital divide, particularly with the introduction of new technology. There is a significant need to improve digital connectivity and equality among older age groups.

ICT is viewed as a crucial enabler across various sectors, while digital inclusion and a multi-stakeholder approach in policy-making are advocated for. Attention is also drawn to the role of small-scale ISPs and the responsibilities of telecom operators in ensuring quality connection enforcement.

Arguments

Importance of universal and meaningful connectivity

Supporting facts:

• Digital economy is dependent on digital connectivity

• Digital connectivity is a necessity for global and sectoral digital transformation

• Every human being should have a choice to be online and be safe when online

• 119 out of 169 sustainable development goals are driven directly by ICTs

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Digital Transformation’s impact on economic development

Supporting facts:

• Testimonial of a young woman from Burundi whose business thrived after taking it online

• Digital economy can provide global and sectoral transformation

• Digital economy is real, powerful and expected to grow rapidly

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Report

The importance of universal and meaningful connectivity in the digital economy is emphasised in the analysis. It is argued that digital connectivity plays a vital role in the functioning of the digital economy. In fact, the digital economy is heavily dependent on digital connectivity.

For the digital economy to thrive, it is crucial to ensure that every individual has the choice to access the internet and can do so safely. This highlights the significance of providing universal access to the internet. Furthermore, it is noted that ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) directly drive a significant number of sustainable development goals.

In fact, out of the 169 sustainable development goals, 119 are driven directly by ICTs. This underscores the transformative potential of digital connectivity in achieving various development goals, particularly in areas such as industry, innovation, and infrastructure, as well as quality education.

However, the analysis also raises concerns about the digital divide. Despite the advancements in technology, 2.6 billion people still remain offline. This digital divide is further exacerbated by various divides based on factors such as gender, location, age, and demographic. These divides create barriers to access and hinder the ability of certain populations to benefit from digital connectivity.

Lack of digital skills and limited coverage in remote areas are identified as significant reasons contributing to the digital divide. The need for enhanced security and awareness in the digital realm is another noteworthy point raised in the analysis. It is highlighted that during the COVID-19 pandemic, a majority of young women and women in general faced online harassment.

This underscores the importance of addressing issues related to cybersecurity and online abuse. Additionally, the analysis notes that many individuals are unaware of the potential benefits the internet can bring to their lives, and affordability remains a challenge for some.

Unstable and unreliable connectivity further hampers the ability of individuals to fully utilize the internet for their needs. On a positive note, a testimonial is presented in the analysis, illustrating the impact of digital transformation on economic development. The case of a young woman from Burundi is highlighted, who experienced the growth of her business after taking it online.

This serves as evidence for the potential of the digital economy to drive global and sectoral transformation. The analysis acknowledges the real and powerful nature of the digital economy, which is expected to grow rapidly in the future. In conclusion, the analysis highlights the importance of universal and meaningful connectivity in the digital economy.

It emphasizes the need to ensure that every individual has the choice to access the internet and can do so safely. The analysis also raises concerns about the digital divide, highlighting various divides based on factors such as gender, location, age, and demographic.

Furthermore, the need for enhanced security and awareness in the digital realm is underscored. Overall, the analysis presents a balanced view of the potential benefits and challenges associated with digital connectivity and transformation, contributing to a better understanding of the subject.

Arguments

Indonesia has ‘Digital Indonesia Vision 2045’ for connecting the country

Supporting facts:

• Indonesia aims to be one of the developed countries by 2045

• The Vision consists of four pillars: digital government, digital economy, digital society, and digital infrastructure, and places an emphasis on fiber optic cables, satellite technology, and wireless network

• They have spent $30 billion on fibre optic cable networks that stretch 26,000 kilometers across Indonesia, providing high-speed connectivity to 440 regions

• They launched a satellite, Satria 1, in June to provide connectivity, especially in the field of public infrastructure, education, and health facilities

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Aims for meaningful digital connectivity that is inclusive and empowering

Supporting facts:

• They provide trainings in three levels of digital literacy for the Indonesian people

• They ensure availability of access to digital space for all groups including children

• They are working towards providing a safe digital space for children

• They have plans to establish fair and transparent data governance to safeguard people from the misuse or abuse of digital technologies

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For Indonesia, 5G technology is mainly being used for industries and ‘Internet of Things’, while 4G continues to be the primary connectivity for regular connectivity needs such as students and small-medium enterprises (MSMEs).

Supporting facts:

• 5G is used mainly for industrial purposes

• Connectivity issues are distributed all over Indonesia, with 4G serving as the main focus.

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Report

Indonesia aims to achieve developed nation status by 2045 through its “Digital Indonesia Vision 2045” initiative. This comprehensive plan focuses on four pillars: digital government, digital economy, digital society, and digital infrastructure. With a budget of $30 billion, Indonesia has invested in a 26,000-kilometer fiber optic cable network, delivering high-speed connectivity to 440 regions.

Additionally, the launch of the Satria 1 satellite in June will further enhance connectivity, particularly in public infrastructure, education, and healthcare. The “Digital Indonesia Vision 2045” initiative has a positive sentiment as it prioritizes inclusivity and empowerment. Promoting digital literacy and skills development, Indonesia provides training in three levels of digital literacy and ensures equal access to digital spaces for all, including children.

The country also aims to establish fair and transparent data governance to safeguard individuals from digital technology misuse. Acknowledging the importance of connectivity skills and literacy, Indonesia strives to offer equitable, affordable, safe, and secure access to digital resources alongside the necessary skills.

While 4G remains the primary focus for regular connectivity needs like students and small-medium enterprises (SMEs), Indonesia recognizes the potential of 5G technology for industrial purposes and the Internet of Things. While fixed broadband is not a primary focus, Indonesia is committed to expanding 4G connectivity nationwide to ensure widespread and reliable connectivity.

By doing so, Indonesia can cater to the connectivity requirements of the general population while utilizing 5G technology for specific industrial applications. In conclusion, Indonesia’s “Digital Indonesia Vision 2045” initiative prioritizes connecting the country and achieving developed nation status by 2045. Through investments in digital infrastructure, including fiber optic cables and satellite technology, Indonesia demonstrates its commitment to improving connectivity.

The initiative also emphasizes digital literacy, skills development, and fair data governance in order to create an inclusive and empowering digital environment. By balancing 4G connectivity for regular users with the potential of 5G technology, Indonesia aims to meet immediate connectivity needs while harnessing the opportunities of emerging technologies.

Arguments

Universal and meaningful connectivity is imperative for digital transformation and meeting sustainable development goals

Supporting facts:

• Universal and meaningful connectivity enables access to educational resources, healthcare, government services and job opportunities

• Collaboration with the United Nations Office of the Secretary General’s Envoy on Technology and the European Commission

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Data is crucial for monitoring and making better decisions towards achieving universal and meaningful connectivity

Supporting facts:

• International Telecommunication Union and the Office of the United Nations Secretary General’s Envoy on Technology established aspirational targets for universal and meaningful connectivity

• There is a measurement challenge to assess the progress

• Online dashboard to track progress

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Report

Universal and meaningful connectivity is imperative for achieving digital transformation and meeting sustainable development goals. It allows individuals to access educational resources, healthcare, government services, and employment opportunities. Collaboration is taking place between the United Nations Office of the Secretary General’s Envoy on Technology and the European Commission to address this crucial issue.

In order to support the goal of universal and meaningful connectivity, data plays a crucial role. It is essential for monitoring progress and making informed decisions towards achieving connectivity targets. The International Telecommunication Union and the Envoy on Technology have established aspirational targets and implemented an online dashboard to track progress.

However, accurately measuring progress remains a challenge due to the complexity of the task. Advocacy is deemed necessary alongside measurement and capacity building efforts to ensure universal and meaningful connectivity. The project encompasses three main work streams: advocacy, measurement, and capacity building.

The expected outcomes of this initiative include increasing awareness, improving data dissemination, building statistical capacity, and developing better policies. Overall, universal and meaningful connectivity has the potential to facilitate digital transformation and effectively address sustainable development goals. Collaboration, data-driven decision-making, and advocacy are key components in achieving this important objective.

Arguments

South Africa has a history of economic disparity. Post 1994, the Government had to bring the majority of the population to participate in the broader and mainstream economic activities

Supporting facts:

• Underdevelopment in tier three towns, where majority of the population still resides

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Reliable electricity supply is crucial for effective internet connectivity.

Supporting facts:

• Unavailability and unreliable electricity supply has impacted negatively on consumers, especially students dependent on e-learning.

• Service providers need to put up backup equipment in their base stations to maintain network during electricity outages.

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Small and medium internet service providers are driving the expansion of fiber networks in underdeveloped regions in South Africa

Supporting facts:

• The layout of fiber networks infrastructure in the underdeveloped and tier two areas has been driven by the small and medium internet service providers

• These providers are also moving into developed areas at competitive prices which has driven big companies to reduce their prices

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Small enterprises have the potential to grow into medium-sized enterprises

Supporting facts:

• Small companies start by focusing on a particular region and then expand into districts and metropolitan areas becoming visible across the country

• As these small enterprises grow into bigger ones, they open up opportunities for new ones to fill the gap they leave behind in the rural areas

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Report

South Africa has a longstanding issue with economic inequality, and since 1994, the government has been making efforts to bring the majority of the population into mainstream economic activities. This has become a crucial goal for the country, given that underdevelopment is still prevalent in tier three towns where the majority of the population resides.

The South African government recognizes the key role it plays in promoting connectivity and economic parity. To achieve this, they have implemented various initiatives. One of these is the SA Connect program, which aims to ensure that every citizen has access to quality connectivity.

Additionally, they have introduced the Broadband Access Fund, which offers subsidized internet services in outlying and rural areas. Furthermore, the government provides subsidies to the private sector to encourage them to provide network infrastructure in underdeveloped areas. These efforts are seen as positive steps towards bridging the connectivity gap in the country and promoting economic equality.

Competition in the telecommunications sector is also seen as desirable to reduce the costs of internet access. Currently, high data costs are driven by a limited number of dominant telecommunications companies, resulting in a polystic market. However, there has been progress in this regard.

The release of Spectrum to the private sector in 2022 has led to a decrease in data costs. This development is seen as positive, as it indicates that increased competition can indeed lead to more affordable internet access for all South Africans.

However, it is important to note that the availability and reliability of electricity supply have a significant impact on internet connectivity. Unavailability and unreliable electricity supply negatively affect consumers, especially students who heavily rely on e-learning. Service providers have to implement backup equipment in their base stations to maintain network connectivity during electricity outages.

Therefore, it is crucial to have reliable electricity supply to ensure effective internet connectivity. In terms of infrastructure development, small and medium internet service providers are driving the expansion of fiber networks in underdeveloped regions. These providers are also moving into developed areas and offering competitive prices, which has compelled larger companies to reduce their prices.

This expansion of fiber networks is positive, as it brings improved connectivity to previously underserved areas, contributing to economic growth and development. Furthermore, the growth of small enterprises in the telecommunications sector can have a positive impact. These enterprises often start by focusing on a specific region and then expand into districts and metropolitan areas, becoming more visible across the country.

As they grow into medium-sized enterprises, they create opportunities for new enterprises to fill the gap they leave behind in rural areas. This trend not only promotes economic growth but also contributes to the development of a diverse and competitive market.

In conclusion, the South African government’s efforts to promote connectivity and economic parity are commendable. Initiatives such as the SA Connect program, subsidies for network infrastructure in underdeveloped areas, and increasing competition in the telecommunications sector are all steps in the right direction.

However, challenges related to electricity supply and the high costs of data still need to be addressed to ensure effective internet connectivity and economic equality for all. The growth of small and medium enterprises in the telecommunications sector presents an opportunity for further development and competition, fostering economic growth and inclusion.

Overall, there is room for all internet service providers in the market, and their growth from regional dominance to national visibility encourages healthy competition.

Arguments

Connectivity is essential for the digital economy.

Supporting facts:

• There is no digital economy without connectivity.

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The session will include practitioners sharing their experiences.

Supporting facts:

• In this session, we will hear from practitioners committed to advancing the digital agenda and connectivity in their respective roles.

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Thierry Geiger highlights the challenges faced by Indonesia in ensuring universal and meaningful connectivity due to its geographical diversity and large population.

Supporting facts:

• Indonesia has over 270 million people

• Over 17,000 islands compose Indonesia, 6,000 of which are inhabited

• Two-thirds of the adult population in Indonesia is already connected

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Thierry Geiger emphasizes the critical enablers of connectivity around skills, and safety and security.

Supporting facts:

• Ishwan describes the Digital Indonesia Vision 2045, which includes efforts to improve digital governance, extend digital economy, promote digital literacy and competence among the society, and develop digital infrastructure.

• Indonesia is investing heavily in fiber optic cables, satellite technology and wireless network to facilitate connectivity across the country, including remote and rural areas.

• Literacy and skill development programs have been initiated to make sure citizens can effectively use and benefit from digital connectivity.

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Thierry Geiger supports the importance and need for data in digital infrastructure policy implements and interventions

Supporting facts:

• The level of detail achievable through data measurements makes a strong case for investing in data infrastructure

• With rich data sets, policy and efficiency can be improved in interventions

• Geiger believes average numbers at country level do conceal disparities and urges for disaggregated data

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Importance of quality connectivity and meaningful access to digital services

Supporting facts:

• Mentioned that the quality of connectivity matters and just connecting everyone is no longer enough

• Mentioned the shift in global mindset towards quality of connectivity

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Progress in providing meaningful connectivity globally

Supporting facts:

• Acknowledges traction on the concept of meaningful connectivity

• Heard about solutions, financing, and interventions is improving things

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Report

During the session, multiple speakers reiterated the importance of connectivity for the digital economy. It was unanimously agreed that without connectivity, there can be no digital economy. The significance of achieving universal meaningful connectivity was highlighted, with a specific focus on the challenges faced by Indonesia due to its geographical diversity and large population.

Practitioners committed to advancing the digital agenda and connectivity in their respective roles shared their experiences, adding a positive aspect to the session. Dr. Cosmas Lokissensavasava, the Director of ITU’s Telecommunication Development Bureau, delivered the opening remarks. Efforts to improve connectivity and promote digital literacy in Indonesia were discussed, including the Digital Indonesia Vision 2045 and investments in digital infrastructure.

The critical enablers of connectivity, such as skills and safety and security, were emphasized by Thierry Geiger. The potential negatives of an over-connected society, such as data misuse or abuse and cyber security concerns, were acknowledged. The Indonesian government is actively addressing these issues through a fair and transparent data governance structure and investments in cyber security measures.

The importance of data in digital infrastructure policy implementation and interventions was highlighted, along with the need for disaggregated data to accurately assess progress in connectivity. The focus on quality connectivity, rather than only connecting everyone, was emphasized. The session concluded by acknowledging the progress made in providing meaningful connectivity globally and the emerging solutions, financing, and interventions.

Ongoing efforts and collaboration among stakeholders are necessary to ensure universal and meaningful connectivity for all.

Arguments

The EU’s Global Gateway to support investments in different kinds of infrastructures, including digital infrastructure.

Supporting facts:

• Global Gateway is expected to mobilize up to 300 billion euros in investments between 2021 and 2027.

• It covers both investments in hard connectivity, such as infrastructure, data centers, but also the enabling environment, the soft connectivity, which means investments into e-government, digital entrepreneurship, digital skills, the connection of schools, academia, data governance.

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The Global Gateway is designed for the needs of local people and economies, prioritizing undeserved regions.

Supporting facts:

• The Global Gateway is designed for local people, for the local economies and prioritizes undeserved regions.

• Countries should always keep ownership of it, and it should really be based on what they need and they feel important.

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Report

The EU’s Global Gateway is a comprehensive initiative aimed at supporting investment in various types of infrastructure, with a particular emphasis on digital infrastructure. It seeks to mobilise approximately 300 billion euros in investments between 2021 and 2027. These investments will encompass not only physical aspects like infrastructure and data centres but also the enabling environment, known as soft connectivity.

Soft connectivity encompasses investments in e-government, digital entrepreneurship, digital skills, and the connection of schools, academia, and data governance. This approach ensures a holistic development of both physical and digital infrastructure, which is crucial for sustainable economic growth. An important aspect of the Global Gateway is its commitment to addressing regional disparities and catering to the needs of underserved regions.

The initiative is designed to meet the specific requirements of local communities and economies. It emphasizes that countries should retain ownership of their infrastructure projects to ensure that they align with their priorities and aspirations. The Global Gateway also recognizes the significance of international cooperation in enhancing connectivity and promoting development.

It aims to strengthen partnerships between the EU, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa through the establishment of digital alliances and the implementation of strategic projects. For instance, the EU-Latin American-Caribbean digital alliance builds upon existing cooperation between Europe and Latin America, notably through the Bella cable, a 6,000-kilometer-long submarine fiber-optic cable.

The Bella cable project aims to connect academic research centres in Latin America, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing. Similarly, the Euro-Africa Gateway cable project aims to enhance digital sovereignty, infrastructure, and cybersecurity standards between the EU and Africa along the Atlantic coast.

The cable will facilitate the exchange of information, encourage collaboration, and contribute to the digital development of both continents. To conclude, the EU’s Global Gateway is an ambitious initiative focused on supporting investment in different infrastructure domains, particularly in digital infrastructure.

It aims to mobilise substantial funding, prioritize underserved regions, and foster international cooperation. Through digital alliances and strategic projects like the Bella cable and the Euro-Africa Gateway cable, the Global Gateway aims to enhance connectivity and promote development while ensuring digital sovereignty and cybersecurity.

Arguments

The African Union, AFCFTA, aims to boost digital trade to help the African economy.

Supporting facts:

• Digital trade is considered essential for the future of the African economy.

Topics: Digital Trade, Economy, African Union, AFCFTA

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AFCFTA aims to increase access to affordable digital devices.

Supporting facts:

• In the AFCFTA digital trade protocol, they are including aspects of digital inclusion, like access to affordable devices.

Topics: Digital Devices, AFCFTA, Digital Inclusion

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Digital trade is essential for the future of the African economy and it has the potential to transform economies.

Supporting facts:

• Digital trade facilitates economic growth and innovation.

• Digital trade can lead to job creation and new business opportunities.

• Digital trade can help in overcoming geographical barriers.

Topics: Digital Trade, Digital Economy, African Economy

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Collaborative efforts are needed to fully integrate digital trade.

Supporting facts:

• Digital trade cannot be done individually; it requires a collaborative approach.

• Public-private partnerships are necessary for successful digital trade implementation.

• Constant communication between countries and between governments and small businesses is crucial.

Topics: Digital Trade, Collaboration, Integration

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Accessible and affordable devices are needed for people to take full advantage of the digital economy.

Supporting facts:

• Accessibility to affordable devices enables people to transact business, educate themselves, and be a part of the digital economy.

• Africa has a youthful population who need affordable devices for their growth and development.

Topics: Affordable Devices, Digital Economy, Accessibility

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Report

The African Union and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) are collaborating to enhance digital trade in Africa, supporting the continent’s economy. Digital trade is considered essential for the future of Africa’s economy, and this collaboration aims to leverage digital technologies to drive job creation, overcome geographical barriers, and stimulate business opportunities.

The initiative includes increasing access to affordable digital devices, essential for individuals to participate fully in the digital economy. The AFCFTA’s digital trade protocol incorporates aspects of digital inclusion, focusing on providing affordable devices for transacting business, accessing educational resources, and contributing to economic growth.

The initiative also emphasizes developing indigenous value chains and intra-African cooperation in manufacturing, leveraging the unique strengths of African countries to create wholly African products. It aims to empower women and youth entrepreneurs by enabling them to utilize affordable digital devices to establish a digital presence and conduct cross-border transactions.

Collaboration and constant communication between countries, governments, and small businesses are essential for successful digital trade implementation. The African Union and AFCFTA are working on the digital trade protocol and establishing regulatory frameworks at the continental and regional levels, collaborating with regional economic communities and national governments.

Digital trade is essential for Africa’s future economy, and the collaborative efforts of the African Union and AFCFTA are crucial for its successful implementation. Accessible and affordable digital devices are integral to ensuring full participation in the digital economy, particularly for women and youth entrepreneurs.

By embracing digital technologies and fostering intra-African cooperation, Africa can establish sustainable indigenous value chains and drive economic growth.

Arguments

The age of digital transformation requires building blocks like connectivity and computing power

Supporting facts:

• First mobile phone call in Africa was made in 1987

• Devices need to have computing power to take advantage of AI, blockchains and other emerging technologies

Topics: connectivity, computing power, digital age

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Low levels of smartphone adoption in Africa are hindering inclusive growth for sustainable development

Supporting facts:

• High levels of smartphone adoption elsewhere but very low in Africa

• Only 25% of African population have access to mobile internet

Topics: Smartphones, Inclusive growth, Sustainable development

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Closing the mobile internet usage gap in Africa will take a significant amount of time

Supporting facts:

• Only 17% of mobile internet users in Africa use a smartphone

• Closing the gap could take between 35 to 70 years

Topics: Mobile internet usage gap, Digital divide

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A large divide exists in the technology used in Africa compared to the rest of the world

Supporting facts:

• While the rest of the world is shutting down 3G, 70% of Africans are still using 3G devices

• Only two thirds of the globe use 4G devices

Topics: Technology divide, Internet connectivity

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The telecom sector has carried the burden of building connectivity and stimulating demand for services, contributing to a late or delayed return on investment.

Supporting facts:

• GSMA has been dealing with this issue with their members

• The delay in Return on Investment is a challenge for Investors

Topics: Telecommunication, Investment, Connectivity, GSMA

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The youth, constituting the majority population in Africa, are digital natives with specific preferences for devices.

Supporting facts:

• 19 years is the average age of the continent, resulting in a majority under 19 population

• These Digital natives demand devices with larger storage (64 GB and above) to hold multiple applications

Topics: Africa, Digital Natives, Youth

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There is a balance to strike between affordability and demand satisfaction in manufacturing local devices.

Supporting facts:

• Survey revealed that youth need devices that are fit for purpose and not just cheap

• Initiatives to launch low cost smart feature phones were not successful as they just remain on the shelf

Topics: Affordability, Manufacturing, Local Devices

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Africa should not be left behind in the next 10 years.

Supporting facts:

• There’s a need for urgency in action to prevent Africa from being left behind.

Topics: Digital Divide, Africa Development

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Accelerate efforts to close the gap in terms of population with available devices.

Supporting facts:

• Cannot wait for 35 to 70 years to close the technological gap in Africa.

Topics: Digital Inclusion, Technology

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Adopt innovative and collaborative approaches.

Topics: Innovation, Partnership

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Report

The age of digital transformation necessitates the presence of crucial building blocks such as connectivity and computing power. However, Africa faces challenges in this regard. Low levels of smartphone adoption in the continent are impeding inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Currently, smartphone adoption rates in Africa are significantly lower compared to other parts of the world, with only 25% of the African population having access to mobile internet. This limitation restricts the ability of Africans to take advantage of emerging technologies like AI and blockchains, which rely on devices with computing power.

In addition, a significant mobile internet usage gap exists in Africa, with only 17% of mobile internet users in the continent having access to smartphones. It is estimated that closing this gap could take anywhere from 35 to 70 years. This time frame highlights the significant effort required to bridge the digital divide in Africa.

Furthermore, Africa lags behind the rest of the world in terms of technology adoption. While the global trend is shifting towards shutting down 3G networks in favor of 4G, around 70% of Africans still use 3G devices. This stark contrast underscores the technology divide present in the continent.

The telecom sector has played a vital role in building connectivity and stimulating demand for services in Africa. However, this has also posed challenges, with delays in return on investment hindering progress. This highlights the need for robust investment in the sector to ensure the development and expansion of infrastructure.

The youth population in Africa, which constitutes the majority, are digital natives with specific device preferences. They demand devices with larger storage capacity (64 GB and above) to accommodate multiple applications. Catering to the needs of this demographic is crucial for driving digital innovation and development.

When it comes to manufacturing, a delicate balance needs to be struck between affordability and demand satisfaction. Survey results indicate that the youth in Africa require devices that are fit-for-purpose, rather than simply cheap alternatives. Despite efforts to launch low-cost smart feature phones, these initiatives have proved unsuccessful, with such devices remaining unused on shelves.

To prevent Africa from being left behind in the next decade, urgent action is needed. Efforts to close the technological gap and increase the availability of devices for the population must be accelerated. Adopting innovative and collaborative approaches will be essential in driving progress and achieving developmental goals.

The African Union’s future development plan and the concept of co-creation by Africans for Africa’s development are positively reinforced. These initiatives highlight the importance of self-reliance and Africans taking ownership of their own development. In conclusion, Africa faces several challenges in the digital age.

Low levels of smartphone adoption, the existence of a significant technology divide, and the need to balance affordability and demand satisfaction pose obstacles to inclusive growth and sustainable development. However, by prioritising connectivity, investing in infrastructure, and adopting innovative approaches, Africa can bridge these gaps and ensure its development in the digital era.

Arguments

Affordability of services and devices is one of the main obstacles to universal meaningful connectivity

Supporting facts:

• 2.6 billion people still remain offline

• An entry-level data-only mobile broadband baske costs about 4.5% of the monthly income per capita

• The average cost of a smartphone in sub-Saharan Africa amounted to about 39% of the average monthly income in 2022

Topics: Affordability, Connectivity, ICT

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Link between capable devices and internet access is important for achieving affordable connectivity

Supporting facts:

• Not all mobile phones are smartphones or are capable of accessing the internet, limiting internet access figures

• Some networks in Africa and parts of Asia and the Pacific are still in 2G

Topics: Devices, Internet Access, Affordability

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ITU is working on making devices affordable to ensure more effective participation in the digital age

Supporting facts:

• ITU organizes the Global Symposium for Regulators to discuss important issues such as the cost of digital devices

• ITU promotes innovation and entrepreneurship as key elements to drive affordability

• ITU has started discussions on collaborative regulation

Topics: Digital inclusion, Affordable technology

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ITU promotes domestic empowerment and capacity development to avoid import dependency and make devices more affordable

Supporting facts:

• ITU is working with universities and has launched a project on acceleration centers for innovation and entrepreneurship

• IU encourages south-south and north-south knowledge transfer

• ITU looks to successful cases like India and China as models to follow

Topics: Domestic empowerment, Capacity development

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The Universal Service Fund subsidizes operators to bridge the urban-rural digital divide

Supporting facts:

• The fund is collected from licensed operators and used to subsidize operators who go to rural areas

• This is one of the measures ITU employs to make the devices more affordable for rural communities

Topics: Universal Service Fund, Urban-rural digital divide

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Not every individual must necessarily own a device for digital access

Supporting facts:

• Smart Village and Smart Islands projects are providing communal digital access

Topics: Smart Village, Smart Islands, technology accessibility, community-based technology

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Space technology plays a significant role in providing internet access

Supporting facts:

• Low earth orbit satellites are increasingly common and competition is driving down costs

Topics: Space technology, Low earth orbit satellites, Elon Musk’s star links

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Cybersecurity issues deter people from going online

Supporting facts:

• During COVID, many young women and girls fell victim to online harassment leading to offline harassment

Topics: Cybersecurity, Online harassment, Online safety

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Affordability remains a challenge for digital access

Topics: Affordability, Digital divide

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Government has a responsibility to stimulate digital demand and provide public services online

Topics: Government policies, Public services, Digital services

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Report

Affordability is identified as a significant obstacle to achieving universal meaningful connectivity. The cost of services and devices proves to be a major challenge, hindering access to the internet for many people. For instance, it is reported that 2.6 billion people still remain offline.

Moreover, an entry-level data-only mobile broadband basket costs around 4.5% of the monthly income per capita. Additionally, the average cost of a smartphone in sub-Saharan Africa amounts to approximately 39% of the average monthly income in 2022. The link between capable devices and internet access is highlighted as crucial for achieving affordable connectivity.

Not all mobile phones are capable of accessing the internet, which limits the figures for internet access. Furthermore, some networks in Africa and parts of Asia and the Pacific only have access to 2G technology, further hindering internet access. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is taking steps to address these challenges.

ITU organises the Global Symposium for Regulators, which discusses important problems like the cost of digital devices. They also promote innovation and entrepreneurship as key elements to drive affordability, recognising their significance in making devices more accessible to individuals by ensuring effective participation in the digital age.

In addition, ITU has initiated discussions on collaborative regulation, emphasising that it is not solely the responsibility of ICT sector regulators to ensure affordability. The entire ecosystem should be involved in promoting affordability. These discussions even touch upon the idea of allowing people to have their devices without being taxed.

To further reinforce affordability, ITU stresses the importance of domestic empowerment and capacity development. They are actively working with universities and have launched a project on acceleration centres for innovation and entrepreneurship. The aim is to avoid import dependency and make devices more affordable.

Successful cases like India and China are considered as models to follow. Encouraging young people to become entrepreneurs is a key strategy emphasised by ITU. They recognise that young people aged 15 to 24 are the most active online users. By fostering entrepreneurship, ITU aims to empower and engage the youth not only as users but as creators and contributors in the digital space.

To bridge the urban-rural digital divide, ITU employs measures such as the Universal Service Fund, which is collected from licensed operators and used to subsidise operators who extend services to rural areas. Additionally, projects like Smart Village and Smart Islands provide communal digital access, proving that not every individual needs to own a device to have digital access.

Space technology, particularly low earth orbit satellites, plays a significant role in providing internet access. The increased prevalence of low earth orbit satellites and competition within the industry have led to reduced costs, making internet access more accessible and affordable.

Nevertheless, cybersecurity issues pose a hindrance to online participation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many young women and girls fell victim to online harassment, which also resulted in offline harassment. Such incidents deter people from going online and highlight the need for improved cybersecurity measures.

Overall, while ITU’s efforts and various strategies have aimed to address the challenge of affordability and promote universal meaningful connectivity, it is acknowledged that more work needs to be done. Affordability remains a significant challenge for digital access. Government policies are also seen as crucial in stimulating digital demand and providing public services online.

Arguments

Lack of affordability is a key barrier to internet access in Africa

Supporting facts:

• According to the ITU, 37% of Africans are now online, showing a clear digital divide across the continent.

• The same United Nations report indicates that by 2050, Africa will have about 2.5 billion of the population, meaning that about 25% of the world’s population will be in Africa.

Topics: Digital Divide, Internet Access, Affordable Devices

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Report

According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), only 37% of Africans have access to the internet, highlighting a significant digital divide across the continent. This finding raises concerns as lack of affordability is identified as a primary barrier to internet access in Africa.

The high cost of internet services and devices presents challenges for many individuals and communities in Africa, hindering their ability to connect to the digital world. Furthermore, a United Nations report predicts that Africa’s population will reach approximately 2.5 billion people by 2050, accounting for around 25% of the world’s population.

This projection underscores the increasing importance of addressing the digital divide and ensuring equitable internet access in Africa. It also suggests that the impact of the digital divide in Africa will have global implications. Amidst these challenges, there is a positive sentiment towards fostering global cooperation and digital transformation through policy dialogues.

It is suggested that engaging in policy dialogues between African stakeholders and their counterparts worldwide could pave the way for advancing ideas and partnerships that drive prosperity. These dialogues hold significant potential for addressing key issues such as affordability, infrastructure development, and improving digital literacy in Africa.

By bringing together diverse perspectives and sharing best practices, policymakers can formulate strategies that prioritize accessible and affordable internet connectivity for all Africans. This approach would help bridge the digital divide and promote socio-economic development. In conclusion, the digital divide in Africa remains a pressing concern, with lack of affordability playing a crucial role in limiting internet access across the continent.

However, there is optimism regarding the potential of policy dialogues to foster global partnerships and cooperation towards digital transformation in Africa. By collaborating and finding innovative solutions, stakeholders can work towards overcoming the challenges hindering internet access and ensuring that all Africans can benefit from the opportunities brought about by the digital age.

Arguments

Kenya is focusing on enhancing connectivity as part of its transformation agenda

Supporting facts:

• Kenya has embarked on an accelerated transformation agenda focusing on five key areas, one of which being the digital superhighway and creative economy.

Topics: Digital Superhighway, Connectivity, Transformation Agenda

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Kenya has made significant progress in connectivity and diversity.

Supporting facts:

• Kenya has Abadan submarine capitals with six submarine capitals, the latest having capacity more than all the existing capitals.

• The country has over 55,000 kilometers of terrestrial capital, both by private and the public sector.

• 98% of the country’s land being covered by broadband, that is 4G coverage.

• Kenya became one of the first countries to launch 5G in the continent.

• In respect to mobile subscription, there are almost 66 million subscribers in the country.

Topics: Connectivity, Digital Superhighway

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There exists a gap in the availability and capability of digital devices among the Kenyan population.

Supporting facts:

• There is still a gap in terms of what kind of devices people are using in Kenya.

Topics: Digital Devices, Digital Gap

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Kenya plans to add 100,000 kilometers of fiber and manufacture affordable smart devices locally to boost digital access.

Supporting facts:

• Kenya is looking to unlock the digital superhighway potential by adding an additional 100,000 kilometers of fiber.

• Mobile network operators and partners have established an assembly plan in the country towards manufacturing world-class smartphones.

• The President launched the smartphone manufacturing initiative a few weeks before.

Topics: Digital Access, Manufacturing, Local Production, Smart Devices

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The electronic manufacturing industry will not only enhance accessibility but also create jobs and facilitate knowledge transfer.

Supporting facts:

• The device or electronic manufacturing industry will open up opportunities for job creation and wealth generation.

• The initiative will facilitate technology transfer within the continent.

Topics: Electronic Manufacturing, Job Creation, Knowledge Transfer

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Kenya is working to digitize government services and increase access to digital platforms

Supporting facts:

• By end of last year, December 2022, we had about 350 services from government being available to the citizens online

• We have since embarked on digitization and ensuring that citizen-facing interfaces are addressed so that we have citizens engaging government through their mobile phones

Topics: Digital Economy, Digitization, Kenya, Government Services

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Kenya has taken the initiative to provide affordable smart devices to its population, with special emphasis on the youth.

Supporting facts:

• Kenya has partnered with mobile network operators to facilitate the availability of affordable smartphones.

• A package that includes a $40 smartphone and an additional $20 for connectivity has been launched.

• The average age in the African continent is 19-20, making it a youthful population with potential to take advantage of the digital space.

Topics: Affordable smart devices, Youth engagement, Digital space

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Connectivity continues to be a key factor.

Supporting facts:

• Kenya facilitated private sector, particularly MNOs, through policy and incentives to manufacture and assemble devices within the country.

Topics: Digital Connectivity, Technology, Infrastructure

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Device manufacturing has been launched in Kenya with partnerships within the African continent.

Supporting facts:

• Private sector availed devices at an attractive price.

• Kenya’s universal service fund has been focused on connectivity in economically unviable areas.

Topics: Manufacturing, Digital Devices, Partnerships

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Affordable devices are the last link to enable connectivity.

Topics: Digital Connectivity, Affordability, Technology

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Taxes on devices is a conversational issue.

Supporting facts:

• Digital economy component not yet growing in Kenya.

• More significant contribution to GDP from traditional corridors like Mombasa, Nairobi, Malabar Road but digital platform contributions are less now.

Topics: Taxes, Digital Devices, Economy

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Kenya’s commitment to the digital space

Supporting facts:

• Sector working group initiated to update laws

• Enhancement of broadband connectivity using fiber and low-orbiting satellites

Topics: Digital economy, Regulatory and legislative environment

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Building digital hubs for skilling, jobs, and entrepreneurship.

Supporting facts:

• Plan to erect one digital hub in every ward, eventually increasing to four in every ward

Topics: Digital hub, Digital skilling, Digital jobs

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Report

Kenya is placing a strong emphasis on enhancing connectivity as part of its transformation agenda. The country is prioritising the development of its digital superhighway and creative economy, recognising their potential for driving economic growth and innovation. Kenya has already achieved significant progress in expanding connectivity and diversity.

In terms of connectivity, Kenya boasts an extensive network of terrestrial and submarine cables. It has six submarine cables, with the latest having greater capacity than all the existing ones combined. Additionally, the country has over 55,000 kilometres of terrestrial fibre optic cables, provided by both the private and public sectors.

Furthermore, broadband coverage, including 4G, spans across 98% of the country’s land area. This extensive coverage ensures that a large portion of the population has access to high-speed internet. Kenya has also made notable advancements in mobile connectivity. The country became one of the first in Africa to launch 5G, showcasing its commitment to staying at the forefront of technological advancements.

Currently, there are almost 66 million mobile subscriptions in Kenya, highlighting the widespread use of mobile devices for communication and accessing digital services. To further enhance digital access, Kenya has plans to add an additional 100,000 kilometres of fibre optic cables. This expansion will help bridge the connectivity gap in underserved areas and improve internet access for more people.

Additionally, the country is strategically focusing on manufacturing affordable smart devices locally. Mobile network operators and partners have established an assembly plant in Kenya to support the production of world-class smartphones. This initiative not only aims to increase the availability of affordable devices but also contributes to job creation and facilitates technology transfer within the continent.

The government of Kenya is actively digitising services to enhance accessibility to digital platforms. By the end of 2022, approximately 350 government services were already available online. The aim is to allow citizens to engage with the government through their mobile phones, streamlining processes and increasing convenience.

This digital transformation of government services will not only improve efficiency but also empower citizens by providing easier access to important resources and information. Recognising the importance of affordable internet connectivity and devices, Kenya is working towards providing them in public spaces.

Affordable connectivity options are being made available in markets and public spaces, and public Wi-Fi is being installed in marketplaces and broadcast stages. The goal is to have digital hubs – approximately 1,450 – in every ward, ensuring that people have access to digital resources and opportunities.

The initiative to provide affordable smart devices, with a particular emphasis on the youth, is another notable aspect of Kenya’s efforts. Through partnerships with mobile network operators, Kenya has facilitated the availability of affordable smartphones. A package including a $40 smartphone along with an additional $20 for connectivity has been launched, making these devices more accessible to a wider population.

This focus on the youth is significant as the average age in Africa is between 19-20, indicating the potential for this youthful population to leverage the digital space for economic and personal growth. In conclusion, Kenya’s transformation agenda places a high importance on enhancing connectivity and leveraging the digital landscape for economic development.

Through the expansion of fibre optic infrastructure, manufacturing affordable smart devices, and digitising government services, Kenya aims to increase digital access and empower its citizens. The initiatives also have the potential to create employment opportunities, facilitate knowledge transfer, and drive economic growth.

By ensuring affordable internet connectivity and devices, particularly in public spaces, Kenya is taking steps to bridge the digital divide and enable its population to fully benefit from the advantages of digitisation.

Arguments

Local manufacturing and good policy is key to making affordable devices

Supporting facts:

• 30 to 40 percent of a device cost is usually taxes when it’s being shipped into the country

• India has been able to reduce the cost of a smartphone dramatically, while increasing the number of smartphones people have access to

• They’ve done that by following the same pattern that Kenya is starting on, which is accelerating local manufacturing and then putting in the right policies

Topics: Local Manufacturing, Policy, Affordable Devices

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Latiff Cherono believes that it is possible for Africa to manufacture its own devices

Supporting facts:

• Many other countries have followed this path of manufacturing their own devices.

• Latif suggests building unique African devices.

Topics: Manufacturing, Technology

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The pace at which the capacity for building devices in Africa (outside of South Africa and Egypt) is growing rapidly and shows promise.

Supporting facts:

• Five years ago, hardly anyone on thecontinent was doing device manufacturing outside of South Africa and Egypt, but in the past two years capacity has grown.

Topics: Technology Development, Economic Growth

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With the right policies, this growth in capacity could be accelerated even faster.

Topics: Policy Making, Technology Development

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Report

The analysis highlights the importance of local manufacturing and good policies in making affordable devices in Kenya and Africa. It references the success story of India, which has managed to dramatically reduce the cost of smartphones while increasing accessibility through a focus on local manufacturing and appropriate policies.

This success serves as a model for Kenya, which has taken positive steps towards incorporating local manufacturers and implementing favourable policies. The speaker expresses optimism about the acceleration of great policies in Kenya, aimed at bringing local manufacturers into the value chain sector and ensuring cost-effective manufacturing.

The analysis also mentions the growth in capacity for building devices in Africa, specifically outside of South Africa and Egypt. Just five years ago, only a small number of countries on the continent were involved in device manufacturing, but in the past two years, there has been a rapid expansion in capacity.

This bodes well for the future and demonstrates the potential the continent holds in the field of technology development. One of the speakers, Latiff Cherono, believes that Africa has the potential to manufacture its own devices. However, he suggests that the focus should be on creating affordable, value-added devices that are tailored to the African context.

He emphasizes the need for devices that may not be identical to those used in the USA or Japan, but rather offer relevant features at the right price. Building capacity over time is seen as a crucial part of this journey.

The analysis concludes on an optimistic note, highlighting the panel’s discussions and their shared belief in the future of technological development and capacity growth in Africa. It points out that the key to accelerating this growth lies in implementing the right policies.

It suggests that with the right approach, Africa has the potential to become a major player in the global technology market. However, a “spark” in the form of innovation and support is required to ignite this potential. Overall, the analysis emphasises the significance of local manufacturing, favourable policies, and context-specific solutions in making affordable devices in Kenya and Africa.

It also underscores the rapid growth in capacity for device manufacturing in Africa and the need for the right policies to further accelerate this progress. The analysis concludes optimistically, foreseeing a promising future for technological development and capacity growth in Africa, provided the necessary support and policies are in place.

Arguments

There is wide support for the establishment of a global digital compact resting on the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Agenda 2030

Supporting facts:

• Issue paper was circulated in the beginning of September

• The compact should aim at strengthening digital cooperation, closing the digital divide, and ensuring an inclusive, open, safe, and secure digital future for all

• Digital development benefits and risks of digitalization were emphasized

• The compact should enable the attainment of the sustainable development goals

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Importance of a bottom-up approach to digital cooperation with link to the policy and to the member states

Supporting facts:

• Experience from the IGF in Kyoto shows the effectiveness of a bottom-up approach

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Addressing the weaknesses and gaps in the existing system

Supporting facts:

• Identifying and filling these gaps is an important part of the GDC discussion

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Role of regional organizations like the Eurasian Economic Union in driving economic growth using digital tools

Supporting facts:

• The Eurasian Economic Union is already working on these issues

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Interconnection between digitalization and climate change

Supporting facts:

• Recognizes the need to include the sustainability of the digitalization and its impact on climate as a cross-cutting issue in the GDC

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Anna-Karin Eneström expresses agreement and inspiration from the deep dives and proposals

Supporting facts:

• Mentioned looking into details that Chula discussed

• Emphasized on committing to multi-stakeholder process and appreciating interaction with all these stakeholders

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AI will be integrated into the entire global digital compact and the council will work with the Secretary General’s advisory body on it

Supporting facts:

• Advisory Body met for the first time physically and will come up with predictions and proposals to help them develop the global digital compact.

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Report

The establishment of a global digital compact is gaining widespread support. The aim of this compact is to strengthen digital cooperation, bridge the digital divide, and ensure a secure and inclusive digital future for all. It should be based on the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Agenda 2030, which outlines the SDGs.

It is important to note that the compact should not duplicate the work of existing organisations such as the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and United Nations World Summit on the Information Society (WISIS).

The discussion also highlighted the importance of a bottom-up approach to digital cooperation, drawing from the experiences and effectiveness of the IGF in Kyoto. This approach should be linked to policy and member states to ensure their active participation and input.

Addressing weaknesses and gaps in the current digital system was another key aspect raised in the discussion. It is crucial to identify and fill these gaps as part of the global digital compact discussion in order to enhance and improve the existing system.

The role of regional organisations, such as the Eurasian Economic Union, in driving economic growth through the use of digital tools was emphasised. These organisations are already working on these issues and their involvement can contribute significantly to achieving the SDGs.

Furthermore, the discussion recognised the interconnection between digitalisation and climate change. The sustainability of digitalisation and its impact on climate change should be considered as a cross-cutting issue within the global digital compact. A bold and innovative approach to the global digital compact was deemed necessary.

Switzerland’s active participation and input in the discussions further highlighted the need for this approach to drive effective digital cooperation. Commitment to a multi-stakeholder process is essential, involving continuous proposals and engagement from various stakeholders. The past multi-stakeholder events in Geneva and Kyoto were mentioned as examples, emphasising the invitation and encouragement of good proposals.

Artificial intelligence (AI) will play an integral role in the global digital compact. The Secretary General’s advisory body, which met physically for the first time, will provide predictions and proposals to aid in the development of the compact. In conclusion, there is strong support for the establishment of a global digital compact that aims to bridge the digital divide and ensure a secure and inclusive digital future for all.

This compact should be based on established international frameworks, while avoiding duplication of existing work. A bottom-up approach to digital cooperation, addressing weaknesses and gaps, and involving regional organisations are crucial aspects. The interconnection between digitalisation and climate change should be considered, and a bold and innovative approach is needed.

Furthermore, a commitment to a multi-stakeholder process, including the integration of AI, will be pivotal in achieving the goals of the global digital compact.

Arguments

AI firms should not be self-regulating, governments and intergovernmental organizations must intervene without stifling innovation

Supporting facts:

• UK’s Prime Minister mentioned that AI firms cannot be left to mark their own homework

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Need to shift focus from prevention of harms to addressing major issues like digital and physical divide

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Report

During the discussion on AI regulation, the speakers emphasised the importance of government intervention to prevent self-regulation by AI firms. The Prime Minister of the UK expressed the view that AI firms cannot be left to mark their own homework, implying that an external entity, such as the government or intergovernmental organisations, should step in to regulate them.

In addition to government intervention, the speakers advocated for civil society and expert community-driven initiatives. They highlighted the need for these initiatives to play a significant role in regulating AI, as they bring together a wide range of stakeholders and encourage transparency and accountability.

Furthermore, the establishment of a global trusted third-party AI assurance market was proposed as a way to ensure that AI systems are evaluated and tested for safety and ethical considerations. The speakers also addressed the need to shift the focus from merely preventing harms to addressing major issues such as the digital and physical divide.

They argued that while preventing harm is crucial, there is a broader impact of AI on society that needs to be addressed. In particular, they highlighted the digital and physical divide, which refers to the inequalities and disparities in access to technology and infrastructure.

The speakers asserted that it is essential to bridge these divides to ensure that the benefits of AI are distributed more evenly. Moreover, there was a strong call for the transformation of organisational structures and practices of public sectors and multilateral organisations.

The speakers advocated for changes that promote collaboration, innovation, and responsiveness to the challenges posed by AI. They emphasised that these changes would enable public sectors and multilateral organisations to effectively adapt and utilise AI technologies to achieve their goals.

In conclusion, the discussion on AI regulation stressed the importance of government intervention to prevent self-regulation by AI firms. The need for civil society involvement, expert community-driven initiatives, and a global trusted third-party AI assurance market was also highlighted. Additionally, the speakers underscored the significance of addressing major issues like the digital and physical divide and transforming organisational structures and practices in the public sector and multilateral organisations.

The overall message conveyed by the speakers was the necessity of a balanced approach that ensures the responsible and ethical use of AI while fostering innovation and societal progress.

Arguments

Chola Milambo emphasizes the significance of the current period in which dramatic technological changes are taking place.

Supporting facts:

• Mentions developments like quantum computation and miniaturization of the transistor. Argues that such changes could forever alter the world’s trajectory.

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Chola Milambo acknowledges the risks of this digital transition.

Supporting facts:

• Points out the concentration of data in a few centers and the existence of a digital divide with 2.7 billion people still unconnected.

• Warns that these risks could potentially result in a wider digital divide.

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Chola Milambo calls for a global framework to collaborate on digital matters.

Supporting facts:

• Argues that to harness the benefits of the digital transition and guard against its risks, a collaborative global framework is necessary.

• Emphasizes that the global digital compact process is set to start in earnest, involving all stakeholders.

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Chola Milambo makes an appeal for wide participation in the Global Digital Compact process, emphasizing involvement of all stakeholders.

Supporting facts:

• Emphasises the need for involvement of all stakeholders, including those from the Global South, Global North, tech communities, women, youth, and disabled individuals.

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Recognition of existing work and build upon it

Supporting facts:

• Mentions the need to build upon the hard work that has gotten to the current point

• Implicit need for collaboration and knowledge transfer

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Requirement of global political will at the highest level

Supporting facts:

• Political will is identified as a key factor in the implementation of the Global Digital Compact and its enforcement mechanisms

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Dynamic nature of digital technological innovation

Supporting facts:

• Mentioned Eurasia Economic Union’s practice of updating laws to keep up with technological changes

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Balance between possessing safeguards and fostering innovation in laws

Supporting facts:

• Discussed the challenge of lawmaking in step with innovation

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Regional approach to data infrastructure is efficient

Supporting facts:

• Eurasia Union’s statement on using a regional approach to data infrastructure

---

Wants the issues on the successor to IGF post-2025 and data governance discussed

Supporting facts:

• States that these issues are debated in the negotiation process

---

The digital development tax proposed by Global Digital Justice Forum is an interesting idea to finance infrastructure in a sustainable way

Supporting facts:

• Taxes are a political question

• Taxation in the digital space is difficult due to cross-border issues and determining where value is created

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AI governance could be a unifying factor if done right

Supporting facts:

• Other areas of governance could piggyback on a successful AI governance framework

• AIH Lab is working on creating such a framework

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Report

Chola Milambo argues that the current period is of significant importance due to the technological changes taking place, such as quantum computation and miniaturisation of the transistor. These developments have the potential to forever alter the trajectory of the world.

Milambo acknowledges the risks associated with this digital transition, including data concentration and the existence of a digital divide with 2.7 billion people still unconnected. It is important to address these risks in order to prevent a wider digital divide from forming.

To effectively harness the benefits of the digital transition and mitigate its risks, Milambo calls for a collaborative global framework. This framework should involve all stakeholders, including those from the Global South and Global North, tech communities, women, youth, and disabled individuals.

The aim is to foster inclusivity and ensure that the digital transition benefits everyone. Political will is identified as a key factor in the implementation of the Global Digital Compact and its enforcement mechanisms. It is crucial to build upon the existing work that has already been done to make progress in digital matters.

Milambo recognises the dynamic nature of digital technological innovation and the challenge of creating laws that strike a balance between possessing safeguards and fostering innovation. Inefficiency through the duplication of tasks should be avoided. Rather, an open, transparent, and inclusive engagement process should be embraced.

This will ensure that diverse perspectives are taken into account and that decisions are made collectively. Milambo highlights the efficiency of a regional approach to data infrastructure, as demonstrated by the Eurasia Economic Union’s practice of updating laws to keep up with technological changes.

It is believed that this approach can be replicated in other regions to enhance data infrastructure. While digitisation is often associated with the digital economy, Milambo states that its ultimate goal is to improve life. It should contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, such as good health and well-being, and the eradication of poverty.

Milambo also advocates for the discussion of important issues such as the successor to IGF post-2025 and data governance. These topics should be debated, taking into account the negotiations that have already taken place. The proposal for a digital development tax by the Global Digital Justice Forum is seen as an interesting idea to finance infrastructure in a sustainable way.

This could help address the challenges posed by cross-border issues and determining where value is created in the digital space. AI governance is viewed as an important factor, with the potential to serve as a unifying factor if implemented correctly.

Additionally, the concept of AI insurance is seen as having potential, and a multi-stakeholder process is supported to ensure that diverse perspectives are heard and considered in decision-making. In conclusion, Chola Milambo emphasises the significance of the ongoing technological changes and the need to address the risks associated with the digital transition.

Collaboration, inclusivity, efficient infrastructure, and effective governance are highlighted as crucial elements in navigating this transformative period. The aim is to use technology to improve lives and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

Arguments

Indonesia extends congratulations on the co-facilitator’s appointment for the Global Digital Compact

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In light of the Tunis agenda and Paris Agreement, Indonesia seeks insight into the vision for the negotiation processes of the GDC

Supporting facts:

• Tunis Agenda was the result of multi-stakeholder negotiations

• Paris Agreement had prolonged negotiation processes

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Indonesia is curious if GDC or any future framework for digital cooperation could act as a potential successor to the IGF?

Supporting facts:

• IGF mandate is concluding in 2025

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Indonesia enquires how GDC role would be? Is it going to be a moral compass of all existing digital cooperations?

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Report

Indonesia has extended its congratulations on the appointment of the co-facilitator for the Global Digital Compact, showing their support for the upcoming negotiation process. They are particularly interested in the vision for the negotiation processes, taking into account the Tunis Agenda and the Paris Agreement as important benchmarks.

Understanding that the Tunis Agenda resulted from multi-stakeholder negotiations and that the Paris Agreement underwent lengthy negotiation processes, Indonesia seeks insights into how these agreements can inform the negotiation processes of the Global Digital Compact. Indonesia is also curious about the potential role of the Global Digital Compact or any future framework for digital cooperation in relation to the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), especially since the IGF’s mandate is concluding in 2025.

They wonder if the Global Digital Compact, or a similar initiative, could serve as a successor to the IGF. Moreover, Indonesia is interested in understanding how the Global Digital Compact fits into the landscape of existing digital cooperations. They inquire about whether the Global Digital Compact would act as a moral compass for all existing digital cooperations, providing guidance and direction.

Lastly, Indonesia expresses a positive stance and a desire to contribute to the inclusive process of the Global Digital Compact. They believe in ensuring inclusivity and aligning with the goals of reducing inequalities, promoting peace and justice, and fostering partnerships for the goals.

In summary, Indonesia’s engagement with the Global Digital Compact demonstrates their interest in the negotiation processes, curiosity about the future of digital cooperation, and commitment to an inclusive and equitable approach.

Arguments

There is a need for new paradigm to control corporations that have become too powerful and protect democratic structures.

Supporting facts:

• The technology leap, when driven by profits, can threaten the democratic structures.

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UN ECOSOC’s decision of July 21 should support and reinforce the ‘unfinished agenda’ of enhanced cooperation.

Supporting facts:

• The ‘unfinished agenda’ of enhanced cooperation is both distinct and complementary to the IGF.

---

There should be a digital development tax to finance public digital infrastructure in developing countries.

Supporting facts:

• This financing can be done from the compulsory contributions from large corporations.

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Interoperability of digital platforms and investment in alternative platform data and AI models are crucial.

Supporting facts:

• Interoperability and investment in AI models ensure information integrity and plural credible media.

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Report

In this analysis, several important points are raised by the speakers. The first speaker argues that the power of corporations threatens democratic structures and calls for new measures to control these powerful entities. This issue is of particular concern when technology advancements driven by profits contribute to the erosion of democratic processes.

The speaker suggests the need for a new paradigm to protect democratic structures from the undue influence of corporations. The second speaker emphasizes the importance of supporting and reinforcing the “unfinished agenda” of enhanced cooperation. This agenda is regarded as distinct yet complementary to the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and requires the support of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (UN ECOSOC).

The speaker asserts that the decision of UN ECOSOC on 21st July should be directed towards endorsing and strengthening the “unfinished agenda” of enhanced cooperation. The third speaker proposes the implementation of a digital development tax to finance public digital infrastructure in developing countries.

It is suggested that this financing could be obtained through compulsory contributions from large corporations. By levying a digital development tax, resources can be directed towards addressing the digital divide and promoting inclusive digital development, in line with the goals of reduced inequalities and industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

The fourth speaker underscores the importance of interoperability and investment in alternative platform data and AI models for information integrity and credible media. Interoperability of digital platforms ensures the seamless sharing and exchange of information, while investment in AI models supports the creation of reliable and diverse sources of information.

This approach can contribute to the promotion of plural credible media and ensure the accuracy and integrity of information. The final speaker contends that the Global Digital Cooperation (GDC) follow-up processes should be clear, transparent, and foster genuine multi-stakeholder participation.

By establishing clear guidelines and promoting transparency, these processes can help distinguish and clarify the roles, responsibilities, and powers of non-state actors. This approach is essential to prevent corporate dominance and maintain a balanced and inclusive digital ecosystem. In conclusion, this analysis highlights various perspectives on critical issues in digital governance and cooperation.

The speakers emphasize the need to protect democratic structures from corporate influence, advance enhanced cooperation, finance digital infrastructure, promote information integrity, and ensure multi-stakeholder engagement. By addressing these challenges effectively, it is believed that a more equitable and inclusive digital landscape can be achieved.

Arguments

The CSTD can continue to make a useful contribution to the Global Digital Compact as negotiations move forward

Supporting facts:

• The CSTD provided input to the open consultations on the GDC and has accumulated knowledge about digitalization over 20 years of WSIS implementation

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Previous discussions and declarations have provided a solid basis for navigating the complexities of the digital world of the future

Supporting facts:

• The WSIS and the follow-up WSIS-10 affirmed the multi-stakeholder model of Internet Governance and identified strategies for digital cooperation

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Internet has shown significant growth since the start of the WSIS, indicating the success of the current governing model

Supporting facts:

• When WSIS concluded in 2005, there were 1 billion Internet users around the globe. Today, there are more than 5 billion users.

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IGF could be used to mobilize the entire Internet community

Supporting facts:

• The Kyoto IGF held in Kyoto last month had more than 9,000 registered participants and discussed nearly every topic on the global digital agenda

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Report

The analysis highlights several key points regarding the Global Digital Compact (GDC) and the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). Firstly, it emphasizes the contribution that the Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD) can make to the GDC as negotiations progress.

With over 20 years of WSIS implementation, the CSTD has accumulated knowledge about digitalisation, making it a valuable resource in shaping the future of the GDC. This positive sentiment is supported by the fact that the CSTD has provided input to open consultations on the GDC.

Furthermore, the analysis underscores the significance of the multi-stakeholder model of Internet Governance and strategies for digital cooperation. Previous discussions and declarations, such as the WSIS and the follow-up WSIS-10, have endorsed and affirmed this model. These discussions and declarations have laid a solid foundation for navigating the complexities of the digital world of the future.

This positive sentiment is based on the fact that the multi-stakeholder model has proven effective in addressing the challenges of Internet Governance. The analysis also highlights the remarkable growth of Internet usage since the establishment of WSIS. Starting with just 1 billion Internet users in 2005, the number has now exceeded 5 billion users globally.

This exponential growth demonstrates the success of the current governing model and affirms the positive impact of the WSIS. This evidence strengthens the argument that the WSIS has played a crucial role in the expansion and accessibility of the Internet.

Another noteworthy observation is the potential of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to mobilize the entire Internet community. The recent Kyoto IGF, with over 9,000 registered participants, covered a wide range of topics on the global digital agenda. This illustrates the IGF’s capacity to gather stakeholders and foster dialogue on key issues related to Internet governance.

The analysis suggests leveraging the IGF as a platform for mobilization and collaboration in addressing the challenges of the digital world. Additionally, the analysis suggests that the Global Digital Compact and future summits aim to align the WSIS process more closely with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

By linking these two entities, it is believed that progress towards achieving the SDGs can be accelerated. Looking ahead, the analysis proposes WSIS plus 20 in 2025 as an opportunity to delve into the details of digital cooperation. This suggests that future discussions will focus on addressing the specific challenges and opportunities associated with digital cooperation.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the CSTD’s potential contribution to the GDC, the endorsement of the multi-stakeholder model of Internet Governance, the remarkable growth of Internet usage since the start of WSIS, the mobilization potential of the IGF, and the importance of aligning the WSIS process with the SDGs.

These insights shed light on the significance of the WSIS and its ongoing efforts to shape the digital landscape towards a more inclusive and sustainable future.

Arguments

Shift to digital economy is seen as a driver for economic growth in Eurasian Economic Union.

Supporting facts:

• Outlining main areas for implementing digital agenda until 2025.

• Planning to use a regulatory sandbox framework for controlled experimentation.

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Personal data protection is handled at a national level within Union’s member states.

Supporting facts:

• Adjusting laws and approaches to address digital issues.

---

Internet establishment seen as crucial infrastructure in the global information society.

Supporting facts:

• Discusses the need for an impartial governance system for the internet.

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Report

The Eurasian Economic Union regards the transition to a digital economy as a crucial driver for economic growth. To achieve this objective, the Union has outlined key areas for implementing a digital agenda until 2025. This demonstrates the Union’s commitment to embracing digitalization and capitalizing on its potential benefits for economic development.

To facilitate innovation and progress in the digital sector, the Union plans to adopt a regulatory sandbox framework for controlled experimentation. This approach allows for the testing of new technologies and business models in a controlled environment, fostering innovation while ensuring consumer protection and market stability.

Regarding personal data protection, responsibility lies at the national level within the Union’s member states. This indicates a decentralized approach, where individual countries within the Union possess the flexibility to tailor their laws and approaches to address digital issues while safeguarding personal data.

Recognizing the internet as a critical infrastructure in the global information society, the Union emphasizes the requirement for an impartial governance system. This aims to ensure equitable and unrestricted internet access, and to prevent discriminatory practices that may hinder its potential as a tool for social and economic development.

The digitization and establishment of a digital economy are not only seen as drivers of economic growth but are also expected to contribute to the enhancement of socio-economic well-being. By harnessing the power of digital technologies and promoting their adoption across various sectors, the Union aims to create a more inclusive and economically prosperous society.

Addressing the issue of the digital divide is also a priority for the Union. It recognizes the necessity to reduce the gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not. Additionally, to promote responsible conduct in the digital sphere, the Union emphasizes the need to develop criteria for regulating the activities of digital giants.

This implies the need for stricter oversight and regulations to ensure fair competition and consumer protection. In conclusion, the Eurasian Economic Union actively embraces the digital economy, acknowledging its potential for economic growth. Through the outline of a digital agenda, the adoption of a regulatory sandbox framework, and an emphasis on personal data protection, internet governance, and socio-economic well-being, the Union takes steps towards creating a more inclusive, innovative, and responsible digital landscape.

Arguments

Maxime Stauffer is curious about the place of AI governance in the GDC

Supporting facts:

• AI governance is mentioned in the policy brief and in consultations

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Report

The analysis examines the perspectives of two individuals, Maxime Stauffer and an unidentified person, on the role of AI governance in the GDC (Global Governance of Data, Algorithms, and Compute). Maxime Stauffer expresses curiosity about the place of AI governance in the GDC and believes it could be a unifying thread encompassing governance of data, algorithms, compute, development of principles for safe AI, and preserving space for innovation.

AI governance is mentioned in the policy brief regarding the GDC, highlighting its importance in global governance. Consultations also address the significance of AI governance, confirming its relevance in GDC discussions. The unidentified person supports Maxime Stauffer’s stance and emphasizes that AI governance is crucial for achieving Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.

This indicates that effective governance of AI has a direct impact on advancements in these areas. Furthermore, the analysis lacks specific supporting evidence for Maxime Stauffer’s perspective. However, it is noteworthy that Maxime Stauffer suggests comprehensive AI governance, covering dimensions such as data, algorithms, compute, and principles for safe AI development.

This implies that AI governance should address various aspects and concerns related to AI. Overall, the analysis underscores the importance of AI governance within the GDC context. The inclusion of AI governance in the policy brief and consultations highlights its significance in global governance discussions.

The viewpoints presented support the idea of comprehensive AI governance to ensure safe and responsible AI development while promoting innovation.

Arguments

Mia appreciates ITU’s arrangement of meetings and UNCTAD for hosting the meeting which gathered members and multi-stakeholders

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Global Digital Compact is an integral part of chapter 3, Pact of the Future, but will be negotiated separately and annexed later

Supporting facts:

• The Global Digital Compact is part of the Chapter 3, and will have a reference in that chapter, but it will be negotiated separately as a separate process, and then be annexed to the Pact of the Future.

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Negotiations and consultative part of the negotiations will start in February, with a timeline extending to end of June

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Report

The analysis delves into various topics, starting with the appreciation expressed towards the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for organizing meetings and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for hosting them. These meetings successfully brought together members and multiple stakeholders.

Additionally, the analysis highlights the significance of the Global Digital Compact, which is part of Chapter 3, referred to as the Pact of the Future. Although it is an integral part of the chapter, it will undergo separate negotiations and be annexed to the Pact of the Future at a later stage.

This distinct negotiation process ensures focused discussions and proper attention to the Global Digital Compact. The analysis also mentions that negotiations and consultative components are scheduled to commence in February and conclude by the end of June. This timeline provides a structured framework for discussions and decision-making.

Furthermore, the importance of striking a balance between data protection and governance and the free flow of data for economic growth and progress is highlighted. The argument put forth suggests that data protection and governance should be balanced to support economic growth while allowing individuals to have control over the collection, processing, and storage of their data.

This approach acknowledges the need for data protection while considering the potential benefits of open data flows for innovation and development. The supporting evidence underscores the notion that individuals should have control over the collection, processing, and storage of their data, aligning with the principles of privacy and personal autonomy.

Overall, the analysis provides valuable insights into the appreciation for ITU’s meeting arrangements, UNCTAD’s hosting of the meetings, the separate negotiation process for the Global Digital Compact, the timelines for negotiations and consultations, and the importance of balancing data protection with the free flow of data.

These insights contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the discussed topics and their implications for the stakeholders involved in these processes.

Arguments

Data governance is essential to achieve the objectives of the Global Digital Compact

Supporting facts:

• Data governance is expected to outline shared principles for an open, free, and secure digital future for all

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Data governance should offer a balance between protection and desirable openness

Supporting facts:

• Data governance should position between necessary protections of sensitive data and personal data, but also a desirable openness

---

Global data governance should be achieved through a distributed system

Supporting facts:

• Global data governance should be achieved with a distributed system, similar to the technical infrastructure of the internet

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Report

Data governance is considered crucial in achieving the goals set forth by the Global Digital Compact. The aim of data governance is to establish a set of shared principles that will ensure an open, free, and secure digital future for all.

It involves implementing guidelines and mechanisms to govern the use, access, and protection of data. The sentiment surrounding the importance of data governance is generally positive, and there are several arguments supporting its significance. One argument is that data governance should strike a delicate balance between safeguarding sensitive and personal data while also encouraging openness.

It is essential to protect data to ensure privacy and security, while also allowing for transparency, access, and innovation. By finding this equilibrium, data governance can create an environment where individuals and organisations can rely on data for various purposes, while having their privacy and security concerns addressed.

Another key point is that global data governance should be achieved through a distributed system, similar to the technical infrastructure of the internet. A distributed system can promote inclusivity and flexibility, enabling participation from multiple stakeholders across different geographical locations.

This approach fosters collaboration and partnership, which are crucial in addressing the complex challenges associated with global data governance. Additionally, the Datasphere Initiative, a non-profit organisation working on data governance, wants to contribute its views and insights to the ongoing data governance process.

This initiative recognises the importance of incorporating diverse perspectives and expertise to ensure effective and comprehensive data governance. Their positive sentiment towards inputting their views indicates a desire for collaboration and inclusivity in shaping data governance policies and practices. In conclusion, data governance plays a vital role in realising the objectives of the Global Digital Compact.

It is perceived as an essential framework for guiding the responsible use and management of data, ensuring a balance between protection and openness. By adopting a distributed system and involving various stakeholders like the Datasphere Initiative, a more comprehensive and effective approach to global data governance can be achieved, paving the way for a secure and sustainable digital future.

Arguments

The governance of data must look beyond privacy and data protection of the individual to include questions of data and the intelligence derived from it, group privacy, and ownership and value of aggregate data

Supporting facts:

• Aggregate data, for instance, the transactions data that Amazon collects, enables companies to make business decisions

• Insights from large swathes of data can affect people who may not have even been involved in that particular data collection exercise

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The consultative process in the run-up to the GDC and beyond should ensure actual participation and not become a proxy for multinational entities

Supporting facts:

• Accountability measures for big tech platforms, including their financing and taxation, needs to be established

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The GDC should become the moment to ensure the right kind of digitalization and that it should become entrenched in global policy discussions for a shared vision

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Report

The governance of data must go beyond concerns about individual privacy and data protection. It is necessary to consider broader issues such as group privacy, ownership, and the value of aggregate data. This includes recognizing the significance of aggregate data, such as the transaction data collected by companies like Amazon, which enables businesses to make informed decisions.

The argument is that the governance of data should incorporate questions surrounding the intelligence derived from data and its impact on individuals who may not have been directly involved in its collection. The consultative process leading up to the establishment of the Global Data Commons (GDC) and beyond should prioritize genuine participation and avoid being influenced by multinational entities.

The aim is to ensure that the process does not become a mere proxy for these entities but rather actively involves stakeholders from various backgrounds. This is particularly important to establish accountability measures for big tech platforms, including issues related to their financing and taxation.

It is believed that the GDC should serve as a platform to address these concerns and foster transparency and responsibility within the digital landscape. The GDC is seen as an opportunity to shape the future of digitalization in a way that aligns with global policy discussions and shared visions.

It is suggested that the GDC should play a key role in promoting the right kind of digitalization, ensuring that it is in line with the values and goals of various international initiatives. By embedding the principles of shared vision, the GDC can help foster a more inclusive and equitable digital ecosystem.

However, there are some concerns about the potential for private corporations to enclose data, especially aggregate data. The argument is made for shared ownership and value of data to prevent the monopolization and exclusive control of data by private entities.

It is important to address these concerns to protect the interests of both individuals and society as a whole. In conclusion, the governance of data should encompass a wider range of considerations beyond individual privacy and data protection. The consultative process leading up to the establishment of the GDC should prioritize genuine participation and avoid being influenced by multinational entities.

The GDC should strive to promote the right kind of digitalization and ensure alignment with global policy discussions and shared visions. Additionally, the shared ownership and value of data, particularly aggregate data, should be emphasized to prevent the exclusive control and monopolization of data by private corporations.

Establishing accountability measures for big tech platforms is crucial in ensuring responsible and transparent practices within the digital realm.

Arguments

The ITU has been actively engaged and supportive in the digital and space issues sector, contributing to the UN Secretary General’s Common Agenda Report and roadmap for digital cooperation

Supporting facts:

• In September of 2021 attention was given to digital and space issues in the UN Secretary General’s Common Agenda Report

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There is already a lot of successful and productive work happening within the WSIS ecosystem including the IGF and the WSIS Forum that can be utilized as we move towards the summit of the future

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There are new digital divides opening up with the adoption of new technologies which emphasizes the importance of work on infrastructure, capacity building, and access to services

Supporting facts:

• 2.6 billion people remain offline today

• In high-income countries 89% of people have 5G coverage while it is nearly absent in low-income countries

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The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of key points related to digital and space issues, highlighting the active engagement and support of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in these sectors. The ITU has contributed to the UN Secretary General’s Common Agenda Report and the roadmap for digital cooperation, demonstrating its commitment to promoting global collaboration in addressing these challenges.

Additionally, the analysis acknowledges the successful work within the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) ecosystem, including the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and the WSIS Forum. These platforms have facilitated productive discussions and fostered partnerships in digital cooperation, serving as potential models for future summits.

However, the analysis also highlights the emergence of new digital divides associated with the adoption of new technologies. The disparities in infrastructure, capacity building, and access to services are exacerbated by technological advancements. The importance of addressing these issues, particularly in low-income countries, is emphasised.

Investments in infrastructure development, knowledge sharing, and enabling access to digital services are crucial to ensure inclusive and equitable digital development. The analysis includes statistics showing that 2.6 billion people still lack online access and 5G coverage is significantly uneven between high and low-income countries.

Lastly, the analysis showcases the ITU’s commitment to supporting the Global Digital Cooperation (GDC) process. It demonstrates the ITU’s readiness to contribute and collaborate with co-facilitators and Member States. Overall, the analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape of digital and space issues, emphasising the ITU’s role, successful work within the WSIS ecosystem, emerging digital divides, and the ITU’s commitment to global digital cooperation.

Bridging the digital divide through infrastructure development, capacity building, and enhanced access to services is crucial, particularly in low-income countries.

Arguments

Digitalization is a prerequisite for inclusive and sustainable development, crucial for bringing the 2030 agenda back on track.

Supporting facts:

• The pact of the future offers an opportunity to recommit to existing principles and amplify the uptake of the main building blocks of an inclusive policy framework.

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The Global Digital Compact (GDC) should reiterate member states’ commitment to bridge digital gaps and promote internet connectivity.

Supporting facts:

• Flexible and forward-looking policy and regulatory approaches can help enable investments across the digital value chain.

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The GDC should encourage the maintenance of an open, interconnected, and interoperable internet.

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Establishing trust and minimizing disruptions in data flows are important for leveraging benefits of digitalization.

Supporting facts:

• The GDC should call for unjustified obstacles to cross-border data flows to be removed while addressing privacy and data protection.

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Inquiry about the interaction between the broader Chapter 3 title that includes science, technology, and innovation and digital cooperation, and the GDC process.

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The Global Digital Compact (GDC) aims to drive inclusive and sustainable development through digitalization. It emphasizes the need for member states to bridge digital gaps and promote internet connectivity to ensure universal access to digital resources and opportunities. To achieve this, the GDC calls for flexible and forward-looking policy and regulatory approaches that enable investments across the digital value chain.

The GDC also supports the maintenance of an open, interconnected, and interoperable internet, promoting information exchange and collaboration. In the digital age, data flows are crucial for leveraging the benefits of digitalization. The GDC recognizes the significance of establishing trust and minimizing disruptions in cross-border data flows, while also addressing privacy and data protection concerns.

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) strongly supports the GDC and advocates for a multistakeholder governance model. Acknowledging the global nature of the internet, the ICC believes that an effective governance model should be open, inclusive, and transparent, allowing diverse voices and perspectives to contribute to policy processes.

Additionally, the GDC process explores the interaction between science, technology, and innovation, and digital cooperation. Understanding this relationship is essential for shaping policies and strategies that promote sustainable development in the digital era. Overall, the GDC presents a vital opportunity to foster inclusive and sustainable development through digitalization.

By addressing digital gaps, promoting internet connectivity, ensuring an open and interoperable internet, and facilitating data flows while considering privacy aspects, the GDC aims to enhance people’s lives and contribute to the achievement of the 2030 agenda. The support for a multistakeholder governance model further strengthens the GDC’s commitment to transparency and inclusivity.

Arguments

United Nations provides a very appropriate platform to develop a global digital compact

Supporting facts:

• Switzerland has been very actively engaging in this process

• Switzerland is convinced about the role of UN

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The multi-stakeholder approach is more relevant than ever

Supporting facts:

• We are really living in an age of digital interdependence where silo thinking and top-down approaches are inadequate.

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Avoid creation of any duplications in institutions and processes in the digital world

Supporting facts:

• Switzerland supports the development of the GDC based on existing work streams and fora

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Appropriate digital governance, including of AI and data governance

Supporting facts:

• Switzerland identified the GDC as an opportunity to gain this

• There is also a need for a responsible handling of new technologies

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GDC should build on already existing agreements

Supporting facts:

• The work of the high-level panel on digital cooperation and the UN Secretary-General’s roadmap for digital cooperation are recommended

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Switzerland actively supports the development of a Global Digital Compact (GDC) through the United Nations (UN). The country firmly believes that the UN provides an appropriate platform for developing a global digital compact. Switzerland recognizes the importance of addressing the challenges and opportunities of the digital age on a global scale, and it has actively engaged in this process.

In today’s age of digital interdependence, the multi-stakeholder approach is seen as more relevant than ever. Switzerland emphasizes the need to move away from silo thinking and top-down approaches, as they are inadequate for addressing the complexities of the digital world.

Involving multiple stakeholders from different sectors and backgrounds is essential for finding comprehensive and effective solutions. However, Switzerland advises caution to avoid creating duplications in institutions and processes within the digital world. It believes that efforts should be made to harness and build upon existing workstreams and fora, thereby preventing unnecessary overlaps and ensuring a streamlined and efficient approach to digital governance.

Switzerland sees the GDC as an opportunity to address not only the overall governance of the digital sphere but also the specific areas of artificial intelligence (AI) and data governance. The country recognizes the significance of these emerging technologies and the need for responsible handling.

It views the GDC as a means of fostering appropriate digital governance that takes into account the ethical and societal implications of AI and data usage. Furthermore, Switzerland emphasizes the importance of building upon already existing agreements and initiatives to avoid reinventing the wheel.

The work of the high-level panel on digital cooperation and the UN Secretary-General’s roadmap for digital cooperation are seen as valuable resources that can inform the development of the GDC. This approach ensures coherence and compatibility with existing global efforts, facilitating collaboration and progress.

Additionally, Switzerland advocates for a strong focus on human rights online. It underscores the importance of ensuring broad access to new technologies and promoting sustainable development in the digital era. By placing human rights at the forefront of discussions and decision-making processes, Switzerland believes that the GDC can contribute to reducing inequalities and empowering individuals in the digital space.

In conclusion, Switzerland actively supports the development of a Global Digital Compact through the United Nations. It advocates for a multi-stakeholder approach that recognizes the challenges and opportunities of the digital age. Switzerland advises against creating duplications and emphasizes the need for appropriate digital governance, including AI and data governance.

Building upon existing agreements and focusing on human rights online are seen as crucial elements for a successful GDC. By fostering collaboration and addressing ethical considerations, the GDC has the potential to drive positive change in the digital world.

Arguments

Digital infrastructure can be more effective with a regional approach

Supporting facts:

• A regional approach to data infrastructure could lead to economies of scale and use of shared strengths and infrastructure

• Eurasia Union is considering this approach

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The ultimate goal of digitization is to improve life

Supporting facts:

• The statement made by the Eurasia Union puts emphasis on improving life rather than just focusing on the digital economy

• Putting people at the center is core to the digitization process

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The upcoming digital economy report will focus on the environmental footprints of the emerging digital economy

Supporting facts:

• UNCTAD’s next digital economy report is set to launch in May

• There is a lack of data on this important issue

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The Eurasia Union is considering a regional approach to data infrastructure, which has the potential to bring about economies of scale and maximize the utilization of shared strengths and infrastructure. This collaborative effort aims to enhance the effectiveness of digital infrastructure in the region, fostering improved connectivity and technological advancements.

The primary goal of digitization is to enhance the quality of life. The Eurasia Union’s statement emphasizes the importance of prioritizing life improvement rather than solely focusing on the digital economy. Placing people at the center of the digitization process ensures that technology is effectively leveraged to improve quality of life, support well-being, and address societal needs.

The Global Digital Council (GDC) is committed to reducing duplication and efficiently filling gaps in the digital infrastructure system. Their agenda includes identifying and addressing areas of duplication, enhancing efficiency, and ensuring optimal utilization of resources. Involving high-level policymakers is crucial for the success of these initiatives, highlighting the importance of effective collaboration.

UNCTAD is set to launch its upcoming digital economy report in May, with a focus on the environmental footprints associated with the emerging digital economy. This inclusion demonstrates a commitment to responsible consumption and production. The report seeks to address the lack of available data on this important issue and shed light on the environmental impact of the digital economy.

In conclusion, the Eurasia Union’s consideration of a regional approach to data infrastructure has the potential to enhance its effectiveness by capitalizing on economies of scale and shared infrastructure. Furthermore, prioritizing life improvement in digitization efforts ensures that technology serves to improve people’s lives and address societal needs.

The GDC’s commitment to reducing duplication and filling gaps efficiently highlights the importance of collaboration and resource optimization. Lastly, UNCTAD’s upcoming digital economy report emphasizes the need for responsible consumption and production by focusing on the environmental footprints of the emerging digital economy.

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