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Session report

Gareth Maclachlan

Trellix, which was formed around a year ago, is the result of a merger between FireEye and McAfee. It is a global organization serving approximately 45,000 enterprises. Human exploitation in cyber threats revolves around three main tactics: familiarity, urgency, and personal or corporate cost. Cyber attackers use familiar elements to manipulate users into making decisions that benefit the attackers. They create a sense of urgency, forcing users to act quickly without thinking critically. Additionally, they exploit the personal or corporate cost associated with certain actions, making users more likely to react as desired by the attackers.

One common type of cyber attack is VIP impersonation, where attackers use a text message from a CEO or executive, requesting the recipient to perform unusual activities. However, this tactic is often ineffective as such activities are typically not part of regular business practices.

Credential phishing, on the other hand, is a common and highly effective cyber attack method. Attackers run campaigns focused on obtaining users’ credentials, often using pop-ups or fake login pages that mimic reputable companies. The stolen credentials can be valuable to the attackers for further malicious activities.

Another approach used by cyber attackers is exploiting usual business activities. For example, they may send invoices or resumes through email, taking advantage of the fact that users are more likely to trust such communication as everyday business practices. By doing so, the attackers bypass users’ natural suspicion towards email and successfully launch their attacks.

Security firms should focus on assisting customers in safeguarding their organizations from cyber threats. It is crucial to avoid blaming users for system failures, as this approach creates a culture of fear and discourages individuals from reporting potential threats. Gareth Maclachlan argues for a different perspective on cybersecurity, emphasizing the need to investigate how an attack bypassed the system, rather than blaming individuals who may have clicked on malicious links or fallen victim to other tactics.

Traditional phishing training methods may inadvertently desensitize employees to actual threats. Research suggests that employees feel they understand the risks and may miss genuine threats as a result. It is important to consider alternative approaches to phishing training, such as personalizing the training using AI and LLMs, to increase its effectiveness.

Recognizing and praising individuals who successfully identify and report genuine cyber attacks can encourage a behavioral norm of recognizing that security is everyone’s responsibility. This proactive approach to positive reinforcement could decrease the likelihood of mistakes in the future.

Psychologists can also play a role in understanding and dealing with cognitive biases that impact data security. Gareth Maclachlan contemplates the role of psychology in this context and acknowledges his own biases in his perspective.

When considering digital transformation in regions like the Kingdom, it is essential to view security from a broader perspective beyond just enterprise security. Gareth Maclachlan highlights the large scale of digital transformation in the Kingdom and suggests that minds should open to consider security in relation to systems and spaces beyond individual enterprises.

During incidents, it is important to focus on learning from system failures rather than blaming users. This approach promotes growth and improvement in security practices.

Publicly celebrating and recognizing employees when they correctly report potential threats can contribute to a culture of security awareness and employee engagement.

Performing regular checks on all applications, particularly hosted software-as-a-service applications, is crucial to avoid compromise. Organizations can be compromised if a customer or individual uploads a hostile file.

In conclusion, the summary highlights the importance of understanding how cyber attackers exploit human vulnerabilities and the need for security firms to prioritize assisting customers in protecting their organizations. It emphasizes the significance of taking a system-focused approach to cybersecurity rather than blaming users for system failures. Additionally, the summary explores alternative approaches to phishing training, the role of psychologists in addressing cognitive biases, and the need for a broader perspective on security in the context of digital transformation.

Moderator – Lucy Hedges

The threat of cyber attacks in today’s interconnected and digital world is larger than ever before. Cyber criminals are taking advantage of human cognitive vulnerabilities, exploiting weaknesses in human nature within cyber systems. They employ various tactics to exploit human fallibility and compromise cybersecurity.

To address these vulnerabilities, industry-industry collaboration is crucial. By working together, industries can explore elements of human error and gain insights into the psychological factors that make humans susceptible to attacks. This collaborative approach can lead to the development of effective strategies and measures to reduce cyber vulnerabilities.

One area where human vulnerability is evident is in the realm of social networks. Many people are unaware of the extent to which they reveal personal information on these platforms. This lack of understanding puts individuals at risk, as attackers can exploit this information for malicious purposes. Attackers are becoming increasingly sophisticated and can use personal data shared on social media platforms to impersonate friends and family members, effectively deceiving individuals. This highlights the importance of being selective and cautious with the information shared online.

Lucy Hedges, a cybersecurity expert, emphasises the significance of understanding and managing the information shared online. She shares anecdotes of individuals who have fallen victim to cyber attacks as a result of their personal information being exploited. While living in the online world can be beneficial, it is crucial to exercise caution and be mindful of the information we share.

Furthermore, there is a need for workplaces to promote caution and awareness towards potential cybersecurity threats, particularly those that come through emails. Hedges recalls an incident at her former workplace where a cyber attack occurred due to an employee interacting with a malicious link. It is essential for organisations to create a culture that encourages vigilance and provides training on identifying suspicious emails and other potential threats.

In conclusion, the threat of cyber attacks is ever-present in today’s digital world. Human cognitive vulnerabilities are exploited by cyber criminals, and it is vital to address this issue through industry collaboration. Individuals must be cautious about the information they share on social networks, as attackers can use personal data for malicious purposes. Additionally, workplaces should promote awareness and caution towards cybersecurity threats, especially those via email. Being alert and proactive is essential in combating cyber vulnerabilities and protecting personal and organisational data.

Prof. William H. Dutton

The discussions focused on important themes such as cybersecurity and cognitive biases, highlighting several key points and arguments.

One significant issue that was discussed is the confirmatory bias, which is the tendency for individuals to believe information that confirms their existing beliefs. It was emphasized that this bias can be exploited, as people are more likely to accept and share information that aligns with their preconceived notions. This poses a challenge in combatting misinformation and propaganda, as individuals tend to seek out information that reaffirms their own opinions.

The emergence of cognitive politics was identified as a consequence of cognitive warfare. It was revealed that in the past, attitude shaping was common, but now the focus has shifted towards shaping beliefs about a particular subject matter. This manipulation of beliefs through cognitive tactics raises concerns about the trustworthiness of information on the internet and its impact on society.

Blaming users for succumbing to cyber threats was strongly argued against. It was emphasized that blaming individuals solely for falling victim to cyber attacks absolves others who are involved in cybercriminal activities. Instead, open communication and collaboration were suggested as necessary approaches to rectify and avoid future issues. By discussing suspicions or experiences with phishing or scams, people can collectively learn from each other’s mistakes and work towards a safer online environment.

The adoption of a cybersecurity mindset was identified as an increasing trend among internet users. There is a growing awareness of the cybersecurity implications of every action taken online, as people are becoming more conscious of the threats and seeking to protect themselves. This shift in mindset is encouraging and demonstrates a proactive approach towards personal cybersecurity.

Addressing cybersecurity threats was viewed as an ongoing process that requires an ecosystem-wide approach. It was recognized that everyone, from the top to the bottom of an organization, has responsibilities towards cybersecurity. This highlights the need for collective efforts to ensure a secure online environment.

Psychologists were seen as playing a significant role in cybersecurity by educating users about their psychological tendencies. It was noted that human bias and the tendency to confirm existing biases play a significant role in the propagation of misinformation. Therefore, educating individuals about these biases can help them recognize and mitigate the impact of these tendencies on their online behavior.

While acknowledging the positive aspects of social media, such as networking and information exchange, it was suggested that more support should be given to smaller organizations and individuals outside the corporate sector. Data showed that smaller organizations and individuals in non-corporate sectors did not receive as much support as larger organizations and SMEs. Addressing this disparity in support is crucial to ensure that all entities have the necessary resources and knowledge to protect themselves online.

In conclusion, the discussions highlighted the need for individuals to take an active role in ensuring cybersecurity. The confirmatory bias, cognitive politics, and the importance of a cybersecurity mindset were all significant points of focus. Open communication, collaboration, and the involvement of psychologists were recognized as important measures in combating cyber threats. Notably, addressing cybersecurity challenges were seen as requiring a collective effort that involves individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.

David Chow

David Chow, an experienced IT expert, provides valuable insights into the complexities of cybersecurity, with a particular emphasis on the human aspect. He highlights the challenge posed by the human factor, stating that while technical aspects such as patching and network assessments can be effectively managed, the human element presents a bigger challenge. Exploiting cognitive vulnerabilities, such as appealing to emotions or curiosity, can be a significant avenue for cyberattacks.

Chow gives an example of potential scams that exploit human nature, such as seeking donations or manipulating curiosity. This underscores the need for individuals to be vigilant and aware of these cognitive vulnerabilities to prevent falling victim to such attacks.

Furthermore, Chow discusses the importance of background checks and personal security measures in mitigating cognitive vulnerabilities. Drawing from his experience at the White House, he explains that extensive background checks, FBI reviews, and financial assessments are crucial in making informed decisions and minimizing risks associated with those who may exploit cognitive vulnerabilities.

Regarding news consumption, Chow observes a clear pattern where different political administrations tend to prefer news channels aligned with their political ideologies, demonstrating confirmation bias. During Republican rule, Fox News, a conservative news channel, is the preferred choice, while CNN is commonly watched during Democrat rule. This highlights how political biases can shape news consumption and potentially influence public opinion.

Addressing user responsibility, Chow argues against solely blaming IT professionals for cybersecurity breaches. He conducted a phishing exercise that revealed the need for users to be more vigilant and take responsibility in ensuring cybersecurity. He emphasizes that everyone plays a role in cybersecurity and that it is a collective effort.

Chow also warns against excessive sharing of personal information on social media, as it can make individuals vulnerable to frauds and scams. He shares a personal experience of receiving a fraudulent text asking for an Apple gift card, which targeted him based on the information he had shared about his new job on social media. This highlights the importance of exercising discretion and being mindful of the information shared online.

In conclusion, Chow’s analysis underscores the multifaceted nature of cybersecurity, highlighting the need to address the human aspect and cognitive vulnerabilities. Measures such as background checks and personal security are essential in mitigating risks. Awareness of confirmation bias in news consumption and the importance of user responsibility contribute to establishing a strong cybersecurity culture. Lastly, his experience with social media scams serves as a reminder to exercise caution and respect individuals’ privacy when sharing personal information online.

Philippe VALLE

The analysis highlights several key points regarding cybersecurity and social engineering. One important aspect is the prevalence and impact of attacks based on human vulnerability, commonly known as social engineering. Attackers exploit the information available on social networks to gain the trust of their victims. This underscores the need for awareness and education to combat social engineering attacks. The analysis suggests that training sessions within companies could play a crucial role in educating individuals about social engineering techniques and how to identify and avoid falling victim to them.

However, it is also mentioned that blaming the user for cybersecurity breaches is counterproductive. Human error is an inevitable factor in any system, and it is unrealistic to expect individuals to be perfect in preventing all cyber threats. Instead, it is argued that a system-based approach should be adopted to address the root causes of cyber attacks. This observation underscores the importance of having robust cybersecurity measures in place, such as implementing multi-factor authentication and regularly updating access management policies.

The analysis further suggests that companies should establish quick incident reporting systems to effectively respond to cyber incidents. Time is of the essence in handling incidents, and prompt reporting can enable response teams to address the issues in a timely manner. This recommendation aligns with the notion that incident management should prioritize quick reporting and response rather than focusing on blaming individuals.

When it comes to application design, the analysis emphasizes the need for a balanced approach that considers both security and user-friendliness. Applications that are too difficult to access or operate may be bypassed, while those perceived as easily accessible may be seen as weak in terms of security. Therefore, application designers should aim to strike a balance between ensuring the security of transactions and providing a user-friendly experience.

Regarding data and application access, the analysis highlights the importance of clear and strong access management policies that focus on segmentation or zero trust. Defining who has access to what in terms of applications and data is crucial in controlling security, and monitoring access levels is considered good practice. Additionally, the implementation of multi-factor authentication is seen as crucial for organizations to enhance security and prevent unauthorized access. These measures can significantly contribute to safeguarding sensitive information.

An additional noteworthy observation is the need for regular updates to access management policies when people change roles within a company. As responsibilities change, so should access rights, ensuring that individuals only have access to the data and applications necessary for their current position.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the significance of addressing social engineering attacks, the importance of implementing robust cybersecurity measures, the need for quick incident reporting systems, the balance between security and user-friendliness in application design, and the crucial role of access management policies and multi-factor authentication in maintaining data security.

Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Moderator – John Defterios

The participation of high-level officials in the Global Cybersecurity Forum (GCF) signifies the importance of secure cyberspace for Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. This demonstrates the country’s recognition that cyberspace is an integral part of the security apparatus, especially in conflict-ridden areas. The Middle East and North Africa region is currently experiencing upheavals due to ongoing conflicts, further highlighting the significance of addressing cybersecurity.

Saudi Arabia also acknowledges the need to address cybersecurity in the Global South. The initial reactions to the start of the pandemic were more focused on protecting one’s own citizens, without considering the global community. However, just like a pandemic, situations in cyberspace can cross boundaries, and Saudi Arabia sees the necessity for the Global South to be protected digitally as they continue to develop. The country recognizes the growth opportunity within the Global South and the importance of safeguarding it digitally.

Emphasis is placed on collaboration and a global perspective when addressing cybersecurity needs in the Global South. John Defterios, a prominent figure, suggests adopting a global approach to tackle the cybersecurity challenges faced by developing nations, particularly within the Global South. He draws parallels between cyber issues and the global nature of a pandemic, emphasizing the need for a coordinated and collaborative effort.

Despite regional unrest, there is trust in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States’ ability to maintain stability. The Gulf States have a history of 35 years of coverage during which stability has been maintained, and this track record instills confidence. This trust extends to Saudi Arabia’s ambitious 2030 plan, which emphasizes cybersecurity, educational reforms, and global integration despite the prevailing regional instability.

The progress of reforms and the 2030 vision in Saudi Arabia has seen remarkable transformation over the past seven years. Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision encompasses various reforms aimed at achieving sustainable economic growth and promoting peace and justice. However, there are concerns about the continuity of the 2030 plan amidst the regional uncertainty.

In conclusion, the increased participation of high-level officials in the Global Cybersecurity Forum highlights the importance of secure cyberspace for Saudi Arabia and the Middle East. The country recognizes the significance of addressing cybersecurity in the Global South, emphasizing collaboration and a global perspective. Despite regional unrest, there is trust in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States to maintain stability. The progress of reforms and the 2030 vision in Saudi Arabia has shown significant transformation, although questions remain about the plan’s continuity in the face of regional uncertainty.

H.E. Adel Al-Jubeir

This analysis focuses on the various topics discussed by H.E. Adel Al-Jubeir, highlighting the importance of cybersecurity, global cooperation, and the future of Saudi Arabia. It underscores the significance of collaboration, international cooperation, and global stability in addressing various global challenges.

One of the main points emphasised in the analysis is the critical role that cybersecurity plays in both local and global prosperity. It is highlighted that cybersecurity impacts every aspect of life, including education and the economy. The argument presented is that cybersecurity is essential for both local and global prosperity. The supporting facts for this argument include the assertion that Saudi Arabia is a major player in the international system, and its success affects global stability.

Another main point discussed is the need for global cooperation to solve world challenges. The argument put forth is that challenges such as climate change and pandemics affect everyone, regardless of their country or religion, and that success in facing these challenges depends on global cooperation and transparency. The sentiment towards this point is positive, and supporting facts include the statement that challenges like climate change and pandemics impact the entire world, and thus, a cooperative approach is necessary.

The future of Saudi Arabia is another significant topic discussed, with an emphasis on diversification and empowerment. The argument made is that the future of Saudi Arabia depends on diversifying the economy and empowering women and youth. Vision 2030, a plan to transform Saudi Arabia by diversifying the economy and empowering women and youth, is referenced as a means to achieve this. Moreover, it is mentioned that the country seeks to attract both domestic and international investments.

Additionally, the analysis highlights the vital role that Saudi Arabia can play as a bridge builder between China and the United States. The supporting facts state that Saudi Arabia has strategic relations with the United States and that China is Saudi Arabia’s largest trading partner. The sentiment towards this point is positive.

The analysis also acknowledges the necessity for a transition from confrontation to cooperation and a shift from competition to a sum-sum game in which all parties benefit. The sentiment towards this point is neutral, and the supporting facts suggest that the international system is better served when the two largest economies, the U.S. and China, cooperate and avoid confrontation.

Another topic discussed is the need for scientific, rational, and logical approaches to addressing climate change and cybersecurity issues, rather than being emotional and hypocritical. The sentiment towards this point is negative, and the argument posits that it is essential to approach these issues using scientific reasoning and rationality. The supporting facts mention the history of climate change discussions and cybersecurity resolutions.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the pressing need for quick agreements on cybersecurity definitions, dangers, and international conventions. The argument suggests that multilateral cooperation should be accelerated to counter cyber threats. The supporting facts state that cyber issues relate to extremism recruitment, child pornography, money laundering, and the compromise of critical institutions.

H.E. Adel Al-Jubeir is mentioned as viewing the establishment of a center for cybersecurity as beneficial. The supporting facts suggest that the center will play a critical role in highlighting the importance of dealing with cybersecurity, formulating effective measures, and facilitating the global exchange of ideas.

The importance of cybersecurity is further reiterated, with the assertion that it should rank among the top three policy issues. This sentiment is supported by the mention of common reliance on internet access for essential needs and a comparison of cybersecurity with the rising concern for climate change.

The analysis also emphasizes the necessity of global cooperation to combat cyber threats. It highlights the need for a cooperative way forward, as exclusivity does not benefit anyone.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging technologies is also discussed. It is stated that the speed of technological development and the emergence of new technologies is outpacing our ability to regulate and secure them. The sentiment towards this point is concerned, and the argument suggests that there is a need for transparency and regulation in AI and cybersecurity to avoid confusion and chaos. The supporting facts mention the potential for AI to create simulations of real people saying things they didn’t and the possibility of misrepresenting world leaders.

The analysis also highlights the importance of finding global solutions to cyber protection, particularly for the Global South. It mentions that the world is moving towards globalization and that no single country can solve global problems alone. The sentiment towards this point is positive.

Furthermore, the analysis emphasizes the significance of global collaboration and interconnectedness. It mentions Saudi Arabia’s focus on connecting itself with the world and participating in reciprocal learning, allowing for better understanding, trade, investment, and cultural exchange. The sentiment towards this point is positive.

The stability of Saudi Arabia amidst regional disturbances is also emphasized, with the sentiment being positive. It is mentioned that Saudi Arabia has been consistent in its progress and reforms, regardless of regional unrest.

The participation of Saudi Arabia in global institutions, such as the G20 and BRICS, and the hosting of global events like the World Cup, is also highlighted. The sentiment towards this point is positive, and the argument suggests that there is no contradiction between participating in global institutions and hosting global events.

The analysis further underscores the importance of increased cooperation among nations, leading to better understanding, trade, investment, and cultural exchange. It states that Saudi Arabia is participating in global forums to build bridges and that increased understanding leads to global stability and prosperity.

Lastly, the analysis emphasizes the critical importance of maintaining trust in societal systems, particularly in areas such as e-commerce, aviation, and vital infrastructure like power and water systems. The sentiment towards this point is positive, and the argument asserts the significance of trust in maintaining societal stability.

In conclusion, the analysis highlights the importance of cybersecurity, global cooperation, and the future of Saudi Arabia. It emphasizes the need for transparency and regulation in AI and cybersecurity, as well as the necessity for global solutions to cyber protection. The analysis also underscores the significance of maintaining trust in societal systems and the role of education and awareness. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of collaboration, international cooperation, and global stability in addressing various global challenges.

Speakers

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Session report

Ken Naumann

The speakers in the analysis delved into the intersection of AI and cybersecurity, exploring various key aspects. They expressed concerns about the potential manipulation and poisoning of AI systems by hackers, which can have negative consequences. Hackers continuously find new ways to access AI and manipulate its data, resulting in erratic or even malicious behavior of AI systems. This highlights the alarming issue of AI systems becoming challenging to control once they have been manipulated.

The analysis also highlighted the regulatory challenges associated with AI technology. It was noted that regulations and standards for AI often struggle to keep up with the rapid pace of technological development. The adoption of generative AI has surprised the speakers considerably over the last year and a half, emphasizing the need for regulations and standards to effectively oversee and ensure the responsible use of AI.

The discussion further addressed the importance of establishing standards for the role of AI in cyber activities. The cyber community was urged to collaborate and develop these standards to effectively harness AI’s potential in enhancing cybersecurity, shaping the ethical and safe implementation of AI in the cyber domain.

Additionally, the analysis explored the significance of secure cross-border data sharing for improving AI. The speakers highlighted the role of data sharing, emphasizing the need to share data across country borders securely. This step would optimize AI capabilities and enable greater global collaboration in AI-driven initiatives.

The analysis also examined the role of leadership in determining AI’s responsibilities. It was agreed that leaders need to make careful decisions about when to entrust more responsibility to AI technology. Safety, honesty, and the protection of current job holders were stressed as paramount considerations when integrating AI into various sectors.

Moreover, the analysis discussed differing perspectives on the timeline and approach to integrating AI into various roles. While some individuals believed AI could take over the analyst role in a short period of three to five years, others argued for a more measured and gradual process.

An interesting observation was made regarding the evolving role of cybersecurity specialists. It was suggested that their responsibilities might expand beyond protecting the environment to include safeguarding AI systems. This evolution reflects the increasing significance of cybersecurity in the context of AI technology.

In conclusion, the analysis highlighted the potential risks and challenges associated with AI and cybersecurity. The importance of addressing the manipulation and control of AI systems, bridging the gap between regulations and rapid technological advancement, establishing standards for AI in cyber activities, and promoting secure cross-border data sharing were emphasized. Additionally, the need for careful decision-making by leaders and the evolving role of cybersecurity specialists in protecting both the environment and AI systems were discussed.

Moderator – Massimo Marioni

Title: The Critical Role of AI in Securing the Future

Summary:
The panel discussion titled “AI’s role in securing the future” focused on the importance of leveraging AI to identify and address cybersecurity vulnerabilities in a constantly evolving online landscape. The panelists stressed the need for advanced systems capable of early risk detection and effective communication to individuals.

With the rapid pace of technological advancements, integrating AI is crucial in enhancing online safety. The session highlighted how AI can proactively identify and resolve security issues before they cause significant harm. Dr. Helmut Reisinger, CEO of EMEA and LATAM at Palo Alto Networks, provided impressive examples of how AI is currently being used to address cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

However, Ken Naumann, CEO of NetWitness, discussed the challenges of manipulative tactics used to exploit AI systems. Understanding these tactics is critical in safeguarding the integrity and security of AI systems.

Looking ahead, the panel discussed the potential of AI to make cyberspace safer. They emphasized the importance of talent development to further advance AI capabilities. As AI evolves rapidly, individuals must receive adequate training and education to keep up with developments in the workplace.

The panel also addressed the complex issue of global collaboration in establishing regulations for AI. Despite differing opinions on AI usage, finding a way to set regulations is essential. The example of Italy wanting to ban a specific AI technology highlighted the complexity of this challenge. The panel agreed that international cooperation is necessary to establish and enforce regulations across borders.

The session concluded with a discussion on striking a balance between promoting innovation and mitigating risks. The panelists, as senior leaders, offered insights on implementing rules to achieve this balance effectively.

In summary, the panel discussion emphasized the significant role of AI in identifying and mitigating cybersecurity vulnerabilities. It underscored the importance of talent development, global collaboration, and effective regulation to harness the potential of AI while managing associated risks. Safeguarding the future of digital security necessitates strategic implementation of AI technologies.

Sean Yang

The analysis focuses on the importance of AI governance and training in preparing for AI in the workplace. It emphasizes the need for different stakeholders to receive tailored training and awareness to effectively fulfill their responsibilities. This includes AI users, technical vendors or providers, government regulators, third-party certification bodies, and the public. Stakeholders must have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities in relation to AI.

Decision makers, such as executives who make policies and strategies, need to improve their awareness about AI and understand the risks associated with AI applications. A top-down approach to AI governance is often employed, where executives play a crucial role in making informed decisions. Therefore, it is necessary for decision makers to possess a comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with AI.

Furthermore, the analysis highlights the need to review and update traditional engineering concepts, such as software engineering, security engineering, and data engineering, in light of the rapid development of AI technology. The integration of AI into various industries necessitates the adaptation and improvement of existing concepts and practices.

The role of universities and educational institutions is also emphasized. It is noted that many universities still utilize outdated textbooks in their AI and software engineering courses. To bridge this gap and ensure that graduates have the necessary skills for the industry, universities should update their training materials and curriculum to align with current industry practices. This collaboration between industry and academia can help address the skills gap and ensure that graduates are well-prepared for the AI-driven workplace.

Another important point made in the analysis is that AI is a general enabling technology and should be viewed as such, rather than as a standalone product. The focus should not only be on AI technology itself but also on the management of its applications and scenarios. This highlights the need for AI governance to manage the entire AI lifecycle, from design to operations, to maximize its potential benefits and mitigate risks.

The analysis concludes with the assertion that AI is a people-oriented technology. It highlights the potential of AI to support and serve people, as well as the importance of AI governance in improving its applications. This perspective underscores the need for responsible and ethical development and deployment of AI to ensure positive impacts on society and individuals.

Overall, the analysis emphasizes the significance of AI governance and training in effectively preparing for AI in the workplace. It provides insights into the specific needs and responsibilities of different stakeholders, the importance of decision makers’ awareness of AI risks, the need to update traditional engineering concepts, the importance of collaboration between universities and industry, and the people-centric nature of AI. These insights can guide policymakers, businesses, and educational institutions in developing strategies and frameworks to harness the potential of AI while ensuring its responsible and beneficial use.

Helmut Reisinger

The analysis reveals several key points regarding the role of AI in cybersecurity. Firstly, AI is essential in dealing with the rapidly growing cyber threat landscape as it enables faster detection and response. Palo Alto Networks, for example, detects 1.5 million new attacks daily, and with the use of AI, the meantime to detect is reduced to just 10 seconds, and to repair is reduced to one minute. This highlights the significant impact that AI can have in combating cyber threats.

It is argued that reliance on AI for cybersecurity is inevitable due to the speed, scale, and sophistication of threats. In the past, the time between infiltration and exfiltration of data was 40 days in 2021, but AI reduced it to 5 days last year. It is believed that AI has the potential to further reduce this time to a matter of hours, demonstrating its importance in responding effectively to cyber threats.

Additionally, machine learning and AI are regarded as crucial for cross-correlation in cybersecurity. By cross-correlating telemetry data across various aspects such as user identity, device identity, and application, machine learning algorithms can provide valuable insights for detecting and preventing cyber attacks.

The analysis also highlights the need to consolidate security estate for end-to-end security. With around 3,500 technology providers and medium to large enterprises using 20 to 30 different security tools on average, the cybersecurity sector is currently fragmented. This fragmentation leads to a lack of intercommunication between tools, which hinders the effectiveness of security measures. Therefore, it is important to streamline and integrate security tools to ensure comprehensive and cohesive protection against cyber threats.

Challenges arise with the use of open-source components in coding. While open-source coding is prevalent, with 80% of code created in the world utilising open-source components, the presence of malware in just one open-source library can have a significant snowball effect, compromising the security of the entire system. This highlights the need for caution and thorough security measures when working with open-source components.

Furthermore, the analysis underscores the importance of considering regional regulations and governance in cybersecurity. While cybersecurity is a universal topic, different regions and countries may have varying standards and regulations. For example, Saudi Arabia has specific governance on where data needs to be stored. Adhering to and adapting to these regulations is crucial to ensuring compliance and maintaining the security of data.

The analysis suggests that convergence of global standards on cybersecurity, data governance, and AI regulation is expected in the future, although it may not happen immediately. This convergence would provide a unified framework for addressing cybersecurity challenges worldwide and supporting global collaboration.

Real-time and autonomous cybersecurity solutions are deemed crucial in the current landscape. As the time between infiltration and exfiltration of data shrinks, the ability to respond in real time becomes increasingly important. AI is seen as a prerequisite for highly automated cybersecurity solutions that can effectively detect and mitigate threats in real time.

It is highlighted that the effectiveness of AI in security is reliant on the quality of data it is trained on. Good data is essential for achieving the desired outcome of rapid detection and remediation. Therefore, organizations should ensure that they have access to the right telemetry data to maximize the effectiveness of AI in cybersecurity.

Policy makers are advised to encourage the growth of AI in cybersecurity while being aware of its risks. AI is a driver on both the cybersecurity and attacker side, with an observed 910% increase in faked/vulnerable chat websites after the launch of GPT chat. Therefore, policies should address the potential misuse of AI while promoting its benefits in enhancing cybersecurity.

Lastly, the analysis highlights the interdependence of cybersecurity and AI for the safety of digital assets. Both are crucial for providing real-time cybersecurity solutions. However, the integration of AI and cybersecurity is necessary, as AI without cybersecurity or cybersecurity without AI will not be as effective in protecting digital assets.

In conclusion, the analysis emphasizes the importance of AI in addressing the growing cyber threat landscape. It provides evidence of AI’s effectiveness in faster detection and response, cross-correlation in cybersecurity, and the consolidation of security measures. However, challenges with open-source components and regional regulations need to be considered. The convergence of global standards is expected in the long run, but real-time and autonomous cybersecurity solutions are currently crucial. The quality of data used to train AI is essential for its effectiveness, and policymakers should encourage AI growth while mitigating risks. Ultimately, the interdependence of cybersecurity and AI is crucial for safeguarding digital assets.

Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Dr. Albert Antwi-Boasiako

The issue of jurisdiction and sovereignty in cyberspace poses significant challenges. With the advent of the digital transformation, traditional concepts of jurisdiction in physical spaces clash with the borderless nature of the internet. This creates difficulties in defining jurisdiction in cyberspace. The lack of clear boundaries makes it challenging to attribute cybercrimes to specific individuals or entities. The growing use of IP spoofing and AI-enabled systems in cybercrime further complicates attribution. As a result, identifying and holding cybercriminals accountable becomes increasingly difficult.

To effectively combat cybercrime, there is a need for international cooperation and legal harmonisation. Ghana’s membership in conventions and treaties, such as the Budapest Convention and the African Union Convention, highlights the importance of global collaboration. By joining these international efforts, Ghana recognises the necessity of unified action against cybercrime. Moreover, the mention of an international treaty to counter the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in cybercrime underscores the significance of a coordinated global response.

Unfortunately, bureaucratic responses to cybercrime often lag behind the speed of hackers. The slow pace of decision-making and lack of urgency from world leaders hinder the effective addressing of cybercrime challenges. Ransomware attacks and organised criminal networks continue to thrive due to the insufficient urgency exhibited by policymakers and officials. There is a clear call for faster action and a more proactive approach from world leaders to tackle the ever-evolving cyber threats.

Addressing cybersecurity requires concerted efforts at multiple levels. Countries need to establish strong national legislation to combat cyber threats effectively. However, aligning this legislation with sub-regional and global instruments is crucial for comprehensive cybersecurity measures. Ghana’s recent passage of a cybersecurity act in 2020 demonstrates its commitment to addressing cyber risks at the national level. To further strengthen cybersecurity, collaboration and coordination are needed at sub-regional and international levels.

The difficulties in accessing data from big tech firms also raise concerns about data governance and sovereignty. Domestic laws may be enacted to compel these companies to keep data within the country, asserting data sovereignty. Balancing the need for cooperation with big tech firms and the desire for self-reliance in managing data poses a complex challenge for governments worldwide.

The private sector’s cooperation with states is essential for progress in tackling cyber threats. Recognising that the private sector possesses valuable expertise and resources, collaborating with them can enhance cybersecurity measures. This cooperation can pave the way for more effective cybersecurity strategies and the identification of emerging threats.

Ghana’s hosting of the Global Conference on Cyber Capacity highlights its ambition to lead cybersecurity efforts on the African continent. The conference, organised by the World Bank in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, GFC, and Cyber Peace Institute, brings together international delegates to explore and promote cyber capacity building. Ghana’s hosting of this significant event aligns closely with its vision to play a leading role in strengthening cybersecurity in Africa.

In conclusion, the challenges of jurisdiction, attribution, and legal harmonisation in cyberspace demand international cooperation and proactive measures. Efforts at multiple levels, from national to international, are required to effectively combat cybercrime. Collaboration between states and the private sector is vital for developing robust cybersecurity strategies. Ghana’s involvement in international conventions and its hosting of the Global Conference on Cyber Capacity underpin its ambition to lead cyber capacity building on the African continent. Overall, it is clear that addressing cyber threats and safeguarding cyberspace is a complex and multifaceted task that demands a unified and coordinated global response.

Prof. Marco Gercke

Jurisdiction is a crucial aspect of cybersecurity, allowing for the fight against cybercrime and ensuring overall security. However, the jurisdictional limits of enforcement agencies are often defined by national borders, which can create limitations in cooperation between countries. This is especially true when countries have different classifications of crimes, leading to limited cooperation in criminal matters.

Cooperation plays a significant role in addressing cyber threats, extending beyond the criminal field. It can take various forms, such as information exchange and collaboration in cybersecurity. Fostering collaboration across sectors and disciplines is key to effectively addressing these threats.

Jurisdictional limitations also serve a purpose by allowing different criminal systems worldwide. Different countries can criminalize activities that may not be criminalized elsewhere, addressing issues based on their societal needs and values.

Both regional and global cooperation are seen as potential solutions to tackle cyber threats. Regional cooperation has already shown positive results, with successful collaborations between governments in different parts of the world. Prof. Marco Gercke advocates for private sector involvement, highlighting the benefits of multinational companies assisting law enforcement agencies in accessing crucial data.

The advent of cloud services has brought both opportunities and risks to cybersecurity. Initially, there were concerns about restricting access to suspects’ data. However, law enforcement agencies soon realized they could approach cloud service providers directly for necessary information, opening new possibilities in data sharing and investigation.

Solutions for cybersecurity challenges can be pursued at national or international levels. Some propose addressing issues through national legislation, while others suggest involving larger international organizations such as the United Nations. Combining different approaches may be the way forward.

Cooperation at various levels, sectors, and regions is vital in addressing cyber threats. Ghana’s Cyber Security Act of 2020 demonstrates the importance of national-level legislation in bridging gaps in cybersecurity. Sub-regional instruments, like those implemented by ECOWAS, contribute to enhanced cooperation. While global expectations should be realistic, basic cooperation frameworks remain essential.

Efforts to establish effective cooperation frameworks require exploration and evaluation. Existing frameworks and avenues for cooperation can be assessed to develop more robust mechanisms. If negotiations for cooperation fail, it may be necessary to reassess and develop new strategies.

It is important to note that cybersecurity is linked to various areas of concern, from attacks on critical infrastructure to child sexual exploitation. Each area presents different levels of cooperation required and unique challenges.

While regional cooperation has yielded positive results in cybersecurity, a comprehensive global approach is still needed. Many emphasize the need for broader international cooperation to effectively address cyber threats.

In conclusion, jurisdiction is a critical aspect of cybersecurity, enabling the fight against cybercrime and ensuring overall security. However, jurisdictional limits at national borders can limit cooperation. Cooperation plays a significant role in addressing cyber threats and can extend beyond the criminal field. Jurisdictional limitations allow for different criminal systems worldwide. Regional and global cooperation, along with private sector involvement, are potential solutions. The advent of cloud services brings both opportunities and risks. Solutions can be pursued at national and international levels. Cooperation at various levels, sectors, and regions is vital. Efforts to establish effective cooperation frameworks require exploration. Cybersecurity is linked to various areas of concern. While regional cooperation has shown promise, a comprehensive global approach is still needed.

Sheikh Salman bin Mohammed Al Khalifa

The analysis examines different perspectives on the importance of cooperation and legal protections in tackling cybercrime. It cites an example of cooperation between the Kingdom of Bahrain and the UK to address online child abuse, highlighting the positive sentiment towards cross-border collaboration in combating cybercrime.

Effective cybercrime cooperation is believed to be achieved through inter-regional, international, and cross-regional agreements. The GCC agreement in Bahrain is presented as an example that supports the investigation and resolution of online crimes, reinforcing the argument for effective cross-border collaboration.

Some argue that there is no need to wait for the UN to address cybercrime, suggesting that regional bodies and cross-regional cooperation can take the lead. This neutral stance indicates confidence in the effectiveness of regional collaboration without relying solely on international organizations like the UN.

The significance of legal protection for companies sharing information in cybercrime cases is emphasized. It is noted that private sector companies may face legal consequences, such as being sued under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), if they share information without proper authorization. This underscores the need for proper authorization and legal safeguards when combatting cybercrime.

Furthermore, there is support for establishing global or regional mechanisms to minimize the legal risks faced by companies in cybercrime cases. It is seen as a positive step towards SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). However, no specific evidence or supporting facts are provided in this regard.

The importance of international cooperation in combating ransomware attacks is also highlighted, with 40 countries signing up for collaboration to stop paying ransomware and share critical information. The ability to respond quickly to attacks through inter-regional cooperation is also emphasized.

There is a negative sentiment towards cybercrime due to its impact on individuals and companies globally. The need to extend laws and regulations to protect organizations and individuals from cybercrime, particularly ransomware, is emphasized. It is mentioned that laws supporting cybercrimes related to children are already in place.

In conclusion, the analysis emphasizes the significance of cooperation between countries and regions in addressing cybercrime. It highlights the importance of legal protections, agreements, and regional collaboration as effective strategies in combatting cybercrime. The negative impact of cybercrime on individuals and organizations necessitates the extension of laws and regulations to safeguard against these attacks. Overall, the analysis offers valuable insights into various perspectives on cybercrime cooperation and legal protections.

Bernardo Pillot

In this discussion on cybercrime, the speakers raise concerns regarding jurisdiction and the challenge it poses in addressing cybercriminal activities. They highlight the complex nature of cybercrime, with perpetrators operating in one country, using infrastructure located in another country, and victims scattered across multiple countries. This leads to difficulties in the law enforcement community in navigating and effectively addressing such crimes. The argument is made that jurisdiction is a significant problem in cybercrime.

However, Interpol is recognized as playing a vital role in facilitating collaboration and the exchange of information across jurisdictions. As an international organisation, Interpol has 195 member countries, each with a national central bureau for communication. They emphasise that Interpol’s role is to establish programmes and provide training to law enforcement agencies worldwide to enhance their capacity and knowledge in fighting cybercrime.

Cultural differences are also acknowledged as affecting international cooperation on cybercrime. The speakers note that the handling of this issue varies due to differing legal frameworks and regional challenges. Interpol adopts a regional model that provides tailored support addressing specific challenges and threats in each region.

The speakers express support for Interpol’s role on the UN Ad Hoc Committee as the global law enforcement voice, giving a voice to the law enforcement community. They highlight Interpol’s active involvement in the UN Ad Hoc Committee process. However, they also acknowledge that in such negotiations, many countries are represented by diplomats rather than the people directly involved in using the mechanisms being discussed.

The potential of public-private partnerships is explored as a means to aid in cybercrime investigations in the absence of a global legal framework. The speakers mention Project Gateway, which involves collaboration between Interpol and 13 companies. These companies possess the intelligence necessary for law enforcement agencies to push forward with investigations. The evidence presented supports the argument that private sector involvement can be beneficial in addressing cybercrime.

The speakers place an emphasis on immediate cooperation in cases related to child sexual abuse, which is considered a top priority. They mention that child sexual exploitation material is handled with utmost priority by Interpol.

On the other hand, challenges related to information exchange during ransomware attacks are highlighted. Law enforcement agencies often face limitations when it comes to sharing essential information, indicating the complexity surrounding such incidents.

In conclusion, there is a consensus among the speakers on the need for improved trust and cooperation among international organisations to effectively combat cybercrime. They believe that addressing the challenges of jurisdiction, cultural differences, and information exchange will require collaborative efforts and the active involvement of organisations like Interpol. The speakers’ insights shed light on the complexities of cybercrime and the importance of international cooperation in effectively combating this global threat.

Speakers

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Session report

Felix A. Barrio Juárez

The European Union’s Next Generation Action public policy aims to stimulate economic recovery through increased investment in research and development (R&D). This policy recognizes that investment in R&D is crucial for post-COVID economic recovery, specifically in the area of digital transformation.

In Spain, one in three euros invested through the Next Generation Action programme is allocated to digital transformation. This highlights the recognition of the importance of digital transformation for economic growth and recovery. Furthermore, Spain has spent over 224 million euros on R&D for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), supporting their role as a successful strategy for market catalysation.

The digital transformation and cybersecurity sector’s contribution to Spain’s economic growth has risen from 12% to 22% in just three years. This demonstrates the significant impact that digital transformation and cybersecurity have on Spain’s national economic growth.

Cybersecurity is not only essential for economic growth but also plays a crucial role in national technological sovereignty. It allows for independence in terms of national technology and ensures the protection of critical infrastructure and sensitive data.

However, there are concerns about standards becoming barriers for smaller businesses and new entrants in the digital market. The establishment of strict standards may put small companies at a disadvantage and limit the entry of new players into the market. It is essential to strike a balance between setting standards and allowing for the participation of new entrants to foster innovation and competition.

Building cybersecurity capabilities is a top priority, and there is a call for the private sector to step up in this field. Felix emphasizes the importance of prioritising the development of cybersecurity capabilities and highlights the need for private initiative in building these capabilities.

Additionally, public services have a role to play in empowering vulnerable sectors, such as consumers, to be part of the cybersecurity solution. By focusing on the more vulnerable sectors and involving the public in cybersecurity efforts, Felix believes that public services can contribute to promoting peace, justice, and strong institutions.

In conclusion, the European Union’s Next Generation Action public policy recognises the importance of investment in R&D for economic recovery, particularly in digital transformation. Spain is investing significantly in digital transformation and supporting the growth of SMEs through R&D funding. The digital transformation and cybersecurity sector are playing an increasingly important role in Spain’s economic growth. However, there are concerns about standards becoming barriers for smaller businesses and new entrants. Building cybersecurity capabilities and empowering the public are crucial aspects of addressing these challenges.

Ir. Dr. Megat Zuhairy bin Megat

In 2020, Malaysia established a cybersecurity strategy with a five-year plan to create a secure, trusted, and resilient cyberspace. The strategy is built upon five pillars: effective governance and management, legislative strengthening and enforcement, innovation R&D, capacity and capability building, and global collaboration. It aligns with the Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint and the IR 4.0 policy, supporting the nation’s goals of industry, innovation, and infrastructure.

One argument in favor of Malaysia’s cybersecurity strategy is that it supports other nations’ strategies and policies, highlighting the importance of partnerships and collaboration in addressing cyber threats. The strategy also aims to build a strong cybersecurity workforce by promoting it as a career choice among students and collaborating with industry and academic institutions.

However, there is a concern that an excessive focus on standards might impede innovation. While standards are crucial for efficiency and consistency, too much emphasis on them could limit the rate of innovation. Striking the right balance between standards and innovation is essential for an environment that fosters both safety and technological advancement.

In conclusion, Malaysia’s cybersecurity strategy, with its five pillars and alignment with national strategies, reflects the country’s commitment to a secure cyberspace. By focusing on education, industry collaboration, and capacity building, Malaysia aims to effectively tackle cyber threats and build a robust cybersecurity workforce. It is crucial to maintain a balance between adhering to standards and promoting innovation to ensure continued growth in the sector.

Eng. Walid A. Abukhaled

The importance of cybersecurity is highlighted in the provided data, with it being described as a top priority. There is a consensus among the arguments that cybersecurity is of utmost importance and should be taken seriously by organizations and nations alike. Daily cyber attacks targeting strategic companies and assets are a major concern, indicating the widespread risk posed by cyber threats. It is emphasized that no organization is immune from these attacks, with a cautionary message to those who believe it cannot happen to them.

SAMI, a defence system, recognizes the significance of cybersecurity and takes it seriously. It is stated that SAMI develops state-of-the-art technology to ensure independence and incorporates cybersecurity into its day-to-day business operations. This indicates a proactive approach to maintaining a robust cybersecurity strategy.

Furthermore, the argument is made that education on cybersecurity is crucial. It is stated that education is the number one issue, and the role of cybersecurity in educating people is tremendous. This underscores the need for raising awareness and ensuring that individuals are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to protect themselves and their organizations from cyber threats.

The data also highlights the vulnerability of Saudi Arabia to cyber attacks. It is mentioned that Saudi Arabia was previously one of the most targeted countries. This demonstrates the need for a robust cybersecurity infrastructure and strategies to protect national assets and interests.

Another noteworthy argument is the creation of a regional or global command and control centre for cybersecurity. The data suggests that establishing such a centre would facilitate the identification, sharing, and prevention of cyber threats. It is also mentioned that this centre would serve as a platform for sharing best practices and regulatory reforms, contributing to the development of future cybersecurity leaders.

The relationship between foreign investments and the safety and security of a nation is brought up as well. The argument posits that there is a direct link between safety, security, and prosperity, emphasising the importance of protecting strategic assets and investments for the future economy.

The role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in supporting larger organizations and fostering innovation in the cybersecurity industry is recognised. It is highlighted that SMEs play a crucial role and can bring new and innovative ideas to the table. To support SMEs, the suggestion is made that regulations should be in place to allocate a certain percentage of contracts from large companies to support them. This would create a more level playing field and encourage the growth of SMEs in the cybersecurity sector.

The value of human capital is emphasised, with Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia prioritising investment in human capital. This indicates recognition of the importance of developing and nurturing talent in the cybersecurity field.

Furthermore, the issue of salary inflation in the cybersecurity industry is raised. It is mentioned that cybersecurity specialists with four years of experience are demanding CEO-level salaries. This suggests a growing concern regarding the escalation of salaries in the industry.

Trust is identified as an integral component of the cybersecurity industry. The data highlights the need for a regulatory framework to earn trust and address issues such as data breaches, loss of personal information, and concerns about privacy infringements through apps.

Lastly, the data points out the benefits of global cooperation in cybersecurity. It is mentioned that the Global Cybersecurity Forum provides an opportunity to learn from global mindsets, indicating the value of knowledge exchange and collaboration in addressing the challenges of cybersecurity.

In conclusion, the extended summary highlights the importance of cybersecurity as a top priority, the need for increased security in the face of daily cyber attacks, and the recognition of cybersecurity by organizations and nations alike. It emphasizes the crucial role of education, the vulnerability of Saudi Arabia to cyber attacks, and the potential benefits of establishing a regional or global command centre for cybersecurity. The relationship between foreign investments and the safety and security of a nation is underscored, along with the support needed for SMEs and the value of human capital in the cybersecurity industry. The concerns of salary inflation and the importance of trust and global cooperation are also addressed. Overall, the data presents a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of cybersecurity and its significance in today’s world.

H.E. Eng. Abdulrahman Ali Al-Malki

Cybersecurity plays a vital role in safeguarding assets and systems, although it can be costly. The protection of these valuable assets necessitates a significant budget allocation. Moreover, constant losses after cyber attacks can be mitigated through proper financial investment in cybersecurity. This perspective highlights the importance of cybersecurity measures despite the associated expenses.

A substantial cybersecurity budget not only ensures the protection of assets but also has the potential to attract global solutions and foreign companies. Nations with significant investments in cybersecurity have been successful in enticing international solutions. Additionally, a strong cybersecurity infrastructure instills confidence in foreign companies, thereby encouraging their investment. This stance emphasizes the positive outcomes of allocating a high budget to cybersecurity.

Furthermore, it is crucial to provide support and cooperation to Saudi Arabia’s Cooperation Council in their leadership role in cybersecurity. Expressing support for their efforts signifies the importance of collaboration in creating effective cybersecurity measures. This cooperative approach fosters positive outcomes in achieving cybersecurity goals.

In Qatar, a comprehensive plan has been implemented to ensure sovereign security at a national level, particularly in relation to the World Cup. This comprehensive plan encompasses a national security framework that extends across all institutions, ministries, and select private sector companies. Vigilant monitoring of the framework’s implementation on a daily basis ensures the highest level of security. Implementing such a plan demonstrates Qatar’s commitment to national security.

During the World Cup, Qatar actively cooperated with international partners, receiving support from teams of other countries. This collaborative approach involved sharing problems and challenges with friendly nations and receiving analyzed data on security threats. This exchange of information and support during the World Cup helped strengthen Qatar’s security measures.

Even after the World Cup, Qatar continues to maintain relationships with the countries they cooperated with. Ongoing sharing and receiving of data on sovereign security exemplify Qatar’s commitment to sustaining these relationships. This enduring partnership remains essential in safeguarding national security.

Building capabilities and licensing workers in the field of cybersecurity is a priority in Qatar. The country has studied two directions in this realm, focusing on enhancing cybersecurity skills and knowledge, as well as licensing workers. These efforts span across different levels, including companies, organizations, as well as individual workers and engineers. By prioritizing these actions, Qatar aims to develop a workforce proficient in cybersecurity.

Identifying and managing risks within the supply chain is critical for maintaining uninterrupted services. Even the smallest entity within the supply chain has the potential to cause complete failure of the service. Neglecting to thoroughly study and address supply chain risks can lead to significant problems. This highlights the necessity of recognizing and effectively managing risks within the supply chain.

In conclusion, cybersecurity is indispensable for protecting assets and systems, despite its associated expenses. A high cybersecurity budget attracts global solutions and foreign companies, promoting economic growth. Supporting Saudi Arabia’s Cooperation Council in their cybersecurity efforts is crucial for collaborative and effective measures. Qatar has implemented a comprehensive national security plan, ensuring sovereign security at a national level. The country actively cooperated with international partners during the World Cup and continues to maintain relationships with these countries. Additionally, building capabilities and licensing workers in the field of cybersecurity is a priority for Qatar. Identifying and managing risks in the supply chain is critical to avoid service failures. These insights shed light on the importance of cybersecurity and collaborative efforts in maintaining security and economic growth.

Moderator

Summary:

Cybersecurity plays a critical role in protecting strategic companies and assets from daily attacks. Saudi Arabian Military Industries (SAMI) is developing its defense system with a commercial mindset, ensuring cyber resilience and extreme protection. Education is crucial in mitigating cybersecurity risks, as people often underestimate the likelihood of being targeted. Clear regulations and policies are necessary to provide a framework for effective cybersecurity. International cooperation and collaboration are key to combating cyber threats, with suggestions for the establishment of regional/global command centers and sharing of threat intelligence. Consumer protection, support for SMEs, and finding a balance between standards and innovation are important considerations. Qatar has a comprehensive plan for sovereign security, while international collaborations during events like the World Cup demonstrate the importance of working together. Building trust, capacity, and capability in the cybersecurity field are also emphasized.

Speakers

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Session report

Excellency Mr. Yusuf Albanyan

Mr. Yusuf Albanyan, a former minister of education with a background in the energy and chemical industry, aims to enhance global cybersecurity through public-private partnerships. He sees himself as a catalyst between the public and private sectors and wants to target the enhancement of global cybersecurity issues. This aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9 and 17, which focus on industry, innovation, infrastructure, and partnerships for the goals.

Mr. Albanyan believes that cybersecurity education should be integrated into the education system as a change management program. He argues that the current youth generations are dealing with cybersecurity daily in their communications and learning materials and that their future lives are linked to cybersecurity issues. By incorporating cybersecurity education into the curriculum, students will be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate the challenges of the digital world.

Furthermore, Mr. Albanyan emphasizes the role of families and the community in developing responsible online behavior. He believes that a lack of awareness and a weak sense of caution are major challenges to cybersecurity. Therefore, community contributions to the entire transformation plan are important. This highlights the need for collaboration and cooperation between various stakeholders in society, including families, to effectively tackle cybersecurity issues.

The Saudi Arabian government is also prioritizing cybersecurity. It is focusing on creating an ecosystem to address these challenges, and the Ministry of Education is actively involved in this effort. This demonstrates the recognition of cybersecurity as a crucial aspect of national security and the development of a future-ready workforce.

In terms of the education system, teachers play a fundamental role. Development programs are being set up to provide teachers with the necessary training and knowledge to handle cybersecurity issues. Additionally, digital literacy and AI are considered essential tools to enhance teachers’ skills and research capabilities.

The use of distance learning and digital tools is expected to be an integral part of the future education system. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of these tools, and the view of digital education needs to evolve from an emergency model to an integral part of the educational experience.

Private sector involvement in education is seen as a necessity rather than a luxury. Mr. Albanyan believes that the private sector and government should work together and complement each other’s roles to provide quality education and prepare future generations for the challenges of the digital era.

In conclusion, Mr. Yusuf Albanyan’s vision for enhancing global cybersecurity through public-private partnerships and integrating cybersecurity education into the education system reflects a proactive approach to addressing the challenges of the digital world. The emphasis on collaboration, cooperation, and value-driven transformation highlights the importance of involving all relevant stakeholders, including families, communities, and the private sector, in ensuring a safe and secure digital environment for everyone.

Moderator – Nisha Pillay

In the discussion, the importance of cybersecurity education and awareness was emphasised. Living in an age of increasing cyber threats, developing a cybersecurity mindset is critical. Education was seen as crucial in improving cybersecurity, but it was also recognised that implementing cybersecurity knowledge can be challenging due to various addictions, such as internet and social media. The addictive nature of social media poses a hurdle in adapting to a cybersecurity mindset.

Starting cybersecurity education from an early age was deemed fundamental as children need to be introduced to cybersecurity as soon as possible in the face of burgeoning cyber threats. Efforts should be made to educate young people about responsible online behavior given that they are born into a digital world and often take it for granted. The addictive nature of much of social media makes it challenging for them to develop responsible online behavior, but it is still crucial to teach them about responsible digital citizenship.

Several programs are in place to enhance cybersecurity awareness. One program mentioned is AMIN, which involves the National Cybersecurity Authority (NCA), the Ministry of Education, and the Saudi Arabian Vision 2030 Cybersecurity Center (SAVIC). The program includes conducting nationwide exhibitions, providing virtual and physical lectures, and having ambassadors spread the importance of cybersecurity.

The approach to cybersecurity needs to change, viewing it not just as a system or policy issue but as a personal responsibility for the safety and future of individuals. It was proposed to instill values in security awareness programs, making it more of an emotional appeal rather than just a list of dos and don’ts.

The idea of banning phones in schools to increase student engagement was raised. Excessive phone usage can distract students and hinder their engagement, so limiting phone usage in schools could lead to increased focus and participation.

When it comes to education and awareness, the focus should shift from policy enforcement to cyber education and awareness. The younger generation is born into a digital era and views it as business as usual. Therefore, efforts should be directed towards a transformational awareness program that educates and empowers individuals regarding cybersecurity, rather than relying on fear tactics.

The role of teachers in a digitised education system was highlighted. Teachers may not have grown up in the digital age and may need additional support to effectively teach cybersecurity. Therefore, it is important to address the role and needs of teachers in a digitised education system.

Furthermore, the value of digital literacy and cybersecurity training for teachers was discussed. A comprehensive program is in place to provide teachers with the necessary training and support, covering topics such as digital literacy, cybersecurity, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education. Equipping teachers with digital skills is essential for them to effectively teach cybersecurity to their students.

The potential benefits and ethical implications of AI in education were explored. AI can enhance the skillsets and research capabilities of teachers and university faculty, but it is important to balance the opportunities and threats associated with AI in the learning environment. With proper control and implementation, the risks of educational technology can be minimised.

Ethical considerations in AI implementation were mentioned, with global leaders expressing concerns. A strong platform is needed to manage the risks associated with AI and ensure its ethical use in education.

The role of the private sector in cybersecurity was also discussed. Private companies collaborating with the government are crucial in enhancing cybersecurity measures. The private sector plays a significant role in developing innovative solutions and technologies to tackle cyber threats.

Additionally, the value of digital education, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, was acknowledged. Distance learning has played a vital role in ensuring the continuity of education during challenging times.

Overall, the discussion highlighted the importance of cybersecurity education and awareness in combating cyber threats. It emphasised the need to start cybersecurity education from a young age, develop responsible online behavior, and introduce values into security awareness programs. The role of teachers, the potential benefits and ethical implications of AI in education, the role of the private sector, and the value of digital education were also discussed. Collaboration between stakeholders, including the government, private sector, and educators, is crucial in achieving cybersecurity goals and ensuring a safe digital future.

Speakers

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Session report

Ryan Chilcote

The discussions revolved around several key topics related to cybercrime and AI. Firstly, the rising costs of combating cybercrime were a cause for concern. The former president of Estonia expressed worries about the escalating expenses in fighting cybercrime globally and specifically in his country. In Estonia, the budget for combating cybercrime has grown five-fold over the past five years. This highlights the financial strain that governments face in dealing with the ever-evolving nature of cyber threats.

Another area of discussion focused on the use of AI by attackers to create sophisticated, zero-day attacks. Zero-day attacks refer to attacks that have no prior fingerprint, making them difficult to detect and defend against. It was noted that attackers do not need to be cybersecurity experts to utilise AI in their attacks. New attacks using AI are being invented on a daily basis, posing a significant challenge to cybersecurity professionals and organisations.

To address the potential misuse of AI, there was a consensus that regulation is necessary. Notably, AI is considered an uncontrollable technology, and there are ongoing efforts by the UN and governments to find ethical ways to regulate it. The goal is to prevent malicious actors from harnessing AI for nefarious purposes, while still allowing for its beneficial applications.

However, regulating AI is not an easy task due to its fast-changing nature. AI technology evolves rapidly, and as a result, regulations need to be constantly updated to keep pace. There was expressed doubt about whether enough time exists to develop comprehensive AI regulations, as it took the European Union nine years to create GDPR regulations.

The need for international cooperation in addressing cybercrime was emphasised. It was highlighted that 40 countries have agreed not to pay ransom during cyber-attacks, showcasing a concerted effort to refuse ransom payments. This unity in refusing to pay ransoms aims to discourage cybercriminals and reduce their financial incentives.

One of the notable points of discussion was the practical implications and boundaries of banning ransom payments. Ryan Chilcote questioned whether a policy of banning ransom payments would also apply to individuals who are threatened with the release of sensitive personal information. This raised considerations about striking a balance between protecting individuals and preventing further harm caused by ransomware.

In conclusion, the discussions brought attention to the challenges posed by cybercrime, the use of AI in sophisticated attacks, the need for regulation to prevent AI misuse, the difficulties in regulating a fast-changing technology, and the importance of international cooperation to counter cyber threats. The rising costs of combating cybercrime were seen as a pressing concern, while the practical implications of banning ransom payments highlighted the complexities of finding effective solutions. The analysis shed light on the ongoing efforts to tackle cybercrime within the framework of peace, justice, and strong institutions.

Mohammad Abdulaziz Boarki

The analysis reveals that the healthcare sector, emerging technologies, and oil sectors are highly susceptible to high asset cyber attacks. The healthcare sector has become a prime target for ransomware attacks, disrupting surgeries and compromising patient data. Similarly, emerging technologies, such as IoT systems, are connected to wide networks, making them attractive targets for cyber attacks. Additionally, systems holding sensitive or valuable information, including government entities, are frequently targeted.

Countries with poor infrastructure face significant challenges in protecting their cyber space due to budgetary constraints and lack of resources. A global effort is needed to protect these countries from cyber threats. Awareness training and capability building in cyber space are crucial in enhancing cybersecurity. Adequate budgetary allocations are necessary to combat cybercrime and protect institutions and citizens. Cybersecurity is now one of the top three priorities for any country, and countries need to invest more in cybersecurity.

Regulating artificial intelligence (AI) is complex due to its fast-changing nature. However, it is important to establish and adapt regulations to ensure ethical and safe use of AI. The decision to pay ransomware depends on the value and impact of the stolen data, and each country has the right to make decisions based on national interest.

In conclusion, this analysis highlights the vulnerability of various sectors and systems to high asset cyber attacks. The importance of global collaboration, awareness training, budgetary allocations, and investments in cybersecurity is emphasized. Adequate regulation of AI and thoughtful decision-making regarding ransomware are crucial in ensuring cybersecurity. By addressing these issues, countries can protect their institutions, citizens, and national interests in the digital landscape.

Dan Cîmpean

Phones, tablets, and laptops are considered the most vulnerable devices to cyber attacks because they are in close proximity to humans. The aggressive digital transformation in recent years has resulted in the installation of numerous applications and tools on these devices, making them prime targets for malicious activities. These devices also contain a significant amount of data and are constantly used, further increasing their susceptibility to cyber threats. Protecting personal devices from such threats is crucial as any negative impacts can have serious consequences on productivity, finances, and daily activities.
The healthcare sector is another area particularly vulnerable to cyber attacks. The consequences of such attacks can have a direct and harmful impact on human lives. There have been documented cases, such as a hospital in Germany being subjected to a ransomware attack, which resulted in a patient’s death. The potential disruption caused by cyber attacks on healthcare systems can render hospitals unable to handle patient cases, leading to tragic outcomes. Consequently, there is a need for greater investment and focus on improving the cybersecurity of healthcare systems. The healthcare sector, being relatively less mature from a cybersecurity perspective, requires increased financial resources to ensure the safety and well-being of patients and medical professionals. It is recommended that the cybersecurity of healthcare systems should be given priority by national competent authorities.
Privacy protection, especially among young people, presents a significant challenge. While young people are often proficient in using digital technologies, they tend to overlook the regulatory landscape. However, it is noteworthy that young people also play a vital role in knowledge transfer to older generations when it comes to online safety. They are often the ones teaching their parents and grandparents how to behave safely online, as they possess more experience and understanding of digital technologies. Consequently, there is a call to invest more in educating young people about cybersecurity, given their proficiency and their potential to bring about a paradigm shift in the dissemination of digital knowledge.
Regulatory measures are crucial in combatting cybercrime; however, the ever-evolving nature of technology poses a constant challenge in enforcing effective measures. Cyber criminals exploit the vulnerabilities of technology, causing harm that is often difficult to prevent and mitigate. It is recognized that the education and resilience of regular internet users play a significant role in reducing cybercrime. With millions of users directly or indirectly needing protection, their behavior on the internet, as well as the resilience of critical infrastructures, become crucial factors in preventing cyber attacks. In order to achieve this, there is a need to improve the education of internet users and enhance their ability to respond effectively to potential threats.
Dealing with the ransomware phenomenon is an intricate issue that presents complex problems with no clear or effective solution at present. There are debates surrounding whether paying ransoms to cyber criminals should be prohibited or encouraged. It is acknowledged that paying ransoms can perpetuate the cybercrime economy; however, finding alternative solutions to tackle ransomware remains a challenge. There are difficulties in cascading down decisions of not paying ransomware at an individual or organizational level, highlighting the complexities of addressing this issue.
In conclusion, protecting personal devices from cyber threats and ensuring the cybersecurity of critical sectors like healthcare is of paramount importance. Education and awareness, particularly among young people, play a crucial role in combating cybercrime. Regulatory measures need to be continually updated and enforced to keep up with the ever-evolving nature of technology. Additionally, efforts to deter cybercrime include the banning of ransomware payments to discourage the growth of the cybercrime economy. Overall, a comprehensive approach that combines investment, education, regulation, and cooperation is essential for effectively addressing the challenges posed by cyber threats and protecting individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.

Dr. Ahmed Abdel Hafez

Cyber attacks have both direct and indirect impacts on humans, affecting both individuals and digital services. Individual loss of control over data, such as banking credentials and social engineering details, can greatly affect individuals. Furthermore, cyber attacks on digital services like healthcare, intelligent transportation systems, and other emerging service systems that are being digitised can have direct or indirect impacts on human beings.

The psychological impact of cyber attacks and digital dependency is becoming prevalent. The fear of losing a mobile phone, known as “nomophobia,” is a psychological issue that is on the rise. In addition, issues such as cyber bullying cause harm to people, particularly vulnerable individuals like young girls.

The increasing dependency on mobile phones is a concern as well. People’s lives are now heavily reliant on their phones, which contain their bank details, personal information, and social accounts. Even the loss of battery life in a phone can cause stress in individuals.

Awareness plays a crucial role in combating cybercrime. Dr Hafez suggests that teaching people how to handle digital transformation safely is crucial and can reduce cyber attacks by 80 to 90 percent. This highlights the importance of educating individuals about cybersecurity risks and best practices.

Strict regulations and laws are necessary to control cybercrime. Dr Hafez believes in implementing strict rules and regulations that should be followed by individuals and government officials. In Egypt, for example, anti-cybercrime laws and data privacy laws have been enacted.

A Child Online Protection strategy is essential to help children access the internet safely, especially considering that 40% of the population in Egypt is under 18. This underscores the need to protect vulnerable individuals from the potential harms of the internet.

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber attacks is significant. AI can be used to invent new sophisticated attacks, including zero-day attacks, which complicates the task for cybersecurity professionals. Additionally, the scope of potential attackers has expanded with AI, as individuals do not need to be cybersecurity experts to use it.

The ethical use and control of AI are important considerations. Currently, AI is seen as an uncontrollable technology, leading governments and organizations like the United Nations to work on managing its use in an ethical manner.

Ransomware attacks pose a significant issue, with losses reaching three trillion US dollars last year. Nations’ efforts to control ransomware have become crucial in mitigating the impact of these attacks.

Data has become the most important asset in the global economy, on par with oil. As such, responsible data management and protection are essential for economic sustainability.

Strong data backup control measures and international collaboration are necessary to effectively combat cybercrime. Dr Hafez emphasizes the importance of a three-to-one backup for data assets to prevent ransomware attacks. Furthermore, increased collaboration among nations is necessary since cybersecurity is a cross-border activity that requires cooperation and collaboration.

Overall, cyber attacks and their various impacts on human beings are significant considerations in today’s digital world. From the direct impact on individuals to the societal implications of digital dependency, it is crucial to address these issues through awareness, regulation, protection strategies, and international collaboration.

Speakers

Knowledge Graph of Debate

Session report

Joy Chick

Phishing and social engineering attacks are prevalent across various industries, including healthcare, government, and finance, due to people’s busy schedules and lack of attention. These attacks have become the easiest way for criminals to obtain sensitive information and credentials. The increasing volume, scope, and sophistication of social engineering attacks are a concern, as attackers continue to evolve their strategies.

It is important to note that cyber attacks can happen to anyone, regardless of their level of technical knowledge. Therefore, individuals must remain vigilant and take necessary precautions to protect themselves and their information online.

The use of emerging technologies like Gen AI and machine learning by cyber criminals has enhanced phishing attacks. These technologies allow for automated and personalized campaigns that are difficult to detect and deceive people. This underscores the need for individuals to stay informed about the latest cyber threats and adopt robust security measures.

However, AI and Gen AI can also be used to enhance cybersecurity efforts. Companies like Microsoft employ AI to evaluate the security of user identities, devices, networks, and data. This technology can detect anomalies and breaches by analyzing vast amounts of information, while Gen AI automates these processes and reduces the burden on cybersecurity specialists.

To effectively combat social engineering attacks, individuals are advised to use phishing-resistant multi-factor authentication (MFA) and remain cautious of potential threats. However, it is important to recognise that MFA is not foolproof, as attackers have found tactics, such as SIM jacking and creating fake websites, to bypass these security measures. Maintaining a high level of vigilance is therefore essential.

The inconvenience of managing multiple passwords poses another challenge. Remembering different passwords for various accounts can be difficult and can lead to security risks. Password management solutions are necessary, and individuals should avoid reusing passwords and credentials across multiple accounts.

Responsibility for online protection should not solely rest on users. Collaboration among industries, authorities, and society as a whole is crucial for implementing effective cybersecurity measures. Biometrics and device-based authentication methods, such as Fast Identity Online (FIDO), are increasingly being adopted to securely verify users’ identities.

A zero-trust approach to identity verification and security is essential. This approach involves continuously verifying identities, granting minimal privileges, and assuming that breaches can occur, focusing on prompt detection and remediation.

In the era of cloud services, protecting workload identities is crucial. As more customers transition to the cloud, safeguarding non-human identities becomes increasingly important. Streamlining and decentralising verifiable credentials are necessary to ensure robust protection.

AI has the potential to revolutionise the security industry by identifying anomalies, detecting breaches, and taking real-time action. It simplifies the work of cybersecurity professionals by reducing reliance on multiple tools and logs.

Overall, security is a collaborative effort that requires the active participation of various stakeholders. By staying informed, adopting robust security measures, and fostering cooperation among industry players and societies, we can effectively combat the growing threat of cyber attacks and safeguard our digital ecosystem.

Moderator

In a recent discussion on the topics of smoke and mirrors, social engineering, and sophisticated phishing, Joy Chick, the President of Identity and Network Access at Microsoft, and Lucy Hedges, a technology journalist and TV presenter, explored the intricacies of cyber attacks and the necessary steps to protect against them. The discussion provided insights into the deceptive tactics employed by cyber criminals, including the use of smoke and mirrors to create illusions and misdirect attention. These tactics often result in successful social engineering attempts, where attackers manipulate individuals into revealing sensitive information or compromising security.

Both speakers stressed the critical importance of educating people about the various tactics employed in cyber attacks. By raising awareness and promoting digital literacy, individuals can become more vigilant and better equipped to identify and defend against deceptive strategies. Chick emphasised the need for organisations and individuals to invest in comprehensive cybersecurity training covering topics such as phishing awareness, safe browsing habits, and password hygiene.

Furthermore, the discussion highlighted the increasing sophistication of phishing techniques, noting that attackers are constantly evolving their methods to outsmart security measures. Traditional approaches to identifying phishing emails, like checking for spelling errors or suspicious links, are no longer sufficient. Cyber criminals have become adept at crafting highly convincing and targeted emails that are nearly indistinguishable from genuine communications. This necessitates the implementation of advanced security measures that go beyond traditional email filters and firewalls.

In conclusion, the discussion underscored that smoke and mirrors, social engineering, and sophisticated phishing are persistent threats that require continuous improvement in cybersecurity practices. Education and awareness are key to mitigating these risks, and organisations should prioritize implementing robust security measures to counter the evolving tactics employed by cyber criminals. By staying informed and proactive, individuals and businesses can enhance their defenses and safeguard their sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands.

Lucy Hedges

Social engineering and sophisticated phishing attacks are emerging as increasingly concerning threats to our digital society. These attacks exploit human vulnerabilities and security gaps and are executed by highly skilled perpetrators. It is worth noting that emerging technologies, such as Gen AI, are accelerating the innovation curve in these attacks.

To effectively defend against these threats, it is crucial to have a deep understanding of how social engineering and phishing attacks work and how they are evolving. These attacks are becoming more sophisticated, necessitating individuals and organizations to stay informed and updated on the latest tactics employed by cybercriminals. Without this knowledge, countering these threats becomes increasingly difficult.

In this context, Lucy Hedges implicitly praises Joy Chick, highlighting her authority in the security landscape and her exceptional leadership role in managing Microsoft’s Identity and Network Security Solutions. With oversight of the largest user base in the world, encompassing both consumers and commercial entities, Joy Chick’s leadership underscores the importance of expertise in combating security threats.

Lucy Hedges emphasizes the evolution of social engineering attacks over time, noting their increased intricacy and sophistication. It is crucial to recognize that cyber attacks can happen to anyone, regardless of their technological knowledge or industry of work. This serves as a reminder that no one is immune to such threats and that everyone must take precautions to protect themselves and their data.

In conclusion, the escalating threats of social engineering and sophisticated phishing attacks present a significant risk to our digital society. The evolving nature of these attacks calls for continuous education, awareness, and the adoption of advanced security measures. Strong leadership, exemplified by Joy Chick, plays a pivotal role in navigating and mitigating these risks. Cybersecurity is a collective effort that demands vigilance from individuals and organizations alike.

Speakers